******** Exam 4

Global self-esteem, an overall evaluation of self-worth, tends to decline at about 11 years of age, reaching its lowest point at about 12 or 13and then rises. Furthermore, declines are associated with school transitions.

True

In communities with persistent poverty, frequent violence, and gang activity, rates of adolescent delinquency are especially high.

True

Mismatches between ideal and actual selves are associated academic and socioemotional difficulties.

True

Parents can promote high academic achievement in middle and high school students by being active and involved, such as knowing their teens' teachers, monitoring their progress, ensuring that their teens are taking challenging and appropriate classes, and expressing high expectations.

True

Self-concept is influenced by experiences in the home, school, and community. A strong connection to one's ethnic group is also important.

True

Serotonin and dopamine are neurotransmitters associated with impulsivity, novelty seeking, and reward salience.

True

Abby is a 9-year-old girl who is described by her teachers as confrontational, impulsive, and has a difficult time taking the perspective of others. She very often takes the ball away from children who are playing kickball and runs around the playground with it playing "keep away." At school conferences, the teacher has documented that her parents show her little affection and are suspected of using harsh discipline. What type of child is Abby considered?

aggressive-rejected

Daniel has little understanding of how others feel. He assumes that everyone is trying to be mean to him, and reacts in anger toward his peers. He is described by his teachers as impulsive and hyperactive. What peer status does Daniel's behavior describe?

aggressive-rejected

John is a boy who is always acting out in class. One day on the playground, someone accidentally hit him with a ball. He walked up to the boy who threw the ball and yelled at him for hitting him deliberately. What type of child is John considered?

aggressive-rejected

A major milestone of adolescence is the desire of children to make their own decisions which is called ______.

autonomy

Ryan's parents are both very intrusive. They are so overprotective that they do not let him go outside alone, even though he is 9 years old. They are very critical of him and nag him daily about trivial things. Based on Ryan's home environment, he is most likely going to ______.

be a victim of a bully

Randy is the tallest boy in his class. He is very assertive and impulsive. He is confident when talking to other people, and tends to make friends easily. Randy tends to get angry very quickly when he perceives someone criticizing him. Randy is most likely a ______.

bully

Steven attends the Boys and Girls Club in his neighborhood every day after school. It helps to foster his resilience. Which type of factor associated with resilience does that fall under?

community

The ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test them, and draw conclusions is called ______.

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Adolescents misdirect their own preoccupation about themselves on to others and assume that they are the focus of others' attention. This audience that adolescents are feeling, but others cannot see is called__________ ____________.

imaginary audience

Diane is the mother of twin 8-year-olds. She has found that when she explains the consequences of their actions, such as telling them if they don't wear their coats they will be cold, they are more likely to comply with her requests. What discipline technique does Diane use?

inductive

Parents of school-age children are more likely to use which style of parenting?

less direct management and more sharing of power with their children

How many adolescents engage in at least one delinquent, or illegal, act, such as stealing, without coming into police contact?

nearly all

________ ________ is adolescents' belief that they are special, unique, and invulnerable

personal fable

Jada lives in a high crime area. Her father and brother both were in a gang and are now in prison. She gets good grades in school and has a best friend that lives next door. She knows when she is about to get upset so she talks about it with her friend or her mother. Which trait does Jada have?

resilience

Stopping well-learned reactions when they are inappropriate to a situation describes ______.

response inhibition

Children raised by LGBT parents have been found to ______.

score higher in social and academic competence

Richard and Johan have been married for 4 years, and have just adopted 3-month-old Matilda, who joins her older sister, 2-year-old, Gracie. Richard and Johan can expect that, as they grow up, Matilda and Gracie are likely to ______.

score the same as other children on measures of emotional development

Jeannie thinks that she is a good friend. She explains that she is popular because she helps other people and smiles at people. She understands that when she is in a bad mood she is more likely to be rude, but she apologizes afterward. Jeannie's description is describing ______.

self-concept

In terms of school attendance, severe peer victimization, health problems, and family instability are examples of ______.

severe stressors that can cause students to drop out

A boy's first ejaculation is called ______.

spermarche

Postconventional moral thinkers recognize that their self-chosen principles of fairness and justice may sometimes conflict with ______.

the law

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are defined by an excessive concern about body ______.

weight

Permissive parenting style are associated with poor academic performance.

True

The GED exam is a ______.

high school equivalency test

Postconventional moral reasoning involved individuals choosing behavior based on ______.

respect for individual rights above all else

Isaac tends to sit by himself at lunch and plays alone on the playground. He is described as timid and anxious. He only talks to teachers at school and only if he is called on. He has never been invited to a birthday party or sleepover. What peer status does Isaac's behavior describe?

withdrawn-rejected

Adolescents only need about 7 hours of sleep each night to support healthy development.

False

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of ______.

Binge eating

A tightly knit peer group that consists of a few six close friends is called a ______.

Clique

Authoritarian parenting supports healthy adolescent adjustment.

False

Like cliques, crowds are based on intimate friendships.

False

Synaptic pruning occurs at a much slower rate during adolescence as compared with childhood and adulthood.

False

Males are how many times more likely than females to commit suicide?

Four

A sense of membership to an ethnic group including the attitudes, values, and culture associated with that group is called ethnic ______.

Identity

How can siblings influence each other's development?

They can help them show more emotions and open up more. They can also teach them things that parents wouldn't teach them. They can also help each other grow and develop more as they age.

Adolescents learn that they can describe themselves in multiple ways that often are contradictory and that they show different aspects of themselves to different people.

True