exam 4 biology

In both cases, it is a symbiotic relationship which allows plants to get nutrients through roots that they would not be able to receive alone.Mycorrhizae is a type of fungus that infects plant roots and grows thin threads, increasing SA/V and allowing for more nutrient absorption. Root nodules are a symbiotic relationship in which a bacteria infects the roots to form nodules which take in nitrogen for the plant and converts ammonia so the pant is able to process it. Nodules are formed from a symbiotic relationship when a bacteria called Rhizobia infects the roots of a plant. The bacterium then takes in nitrogen from the atmosphere and transforms it into ammonia which the plant can use. The plant then gives energy to the bacteria through carbohydrates. Mycorrhizae is different because it is a type of fungus that infects the roots. It expands beyond the original root, allowing for a larger surface area in which it can efficiently absorb more water and nutrients for the plant. The plant gives energy in return as well.

How are mycorrhizae different from root nodules?

Plant: Transport water, sugar, and nutrients Xylem- transports water (only goes in one direction, up) Phloem- transports sugars (can go in either direction, up or down) (source to sink- turgor pressure gradient) No pump- water potential gradient- high to low water potential Water pulled up by cohesion/ tension System is open 2 systems Plant system goes from cell to cell consists of many parallel vessels rigid and is set up to deal with tensions (and some pressure) Animal: System is closed Serves several purposes Animal system has no barriers along the way starts as one large vessel and branches into smaller ones flexible and is set up to deal with pressures Both: conduct water and nutrients to cell use a liquid as transport medium. connect different parts of the body to each Other. movement of materials into or out of vessels is via concentration gradient. animals and plants need to minimize water loss while maximizing gas uptake

How are plant and animal transport systems the same or different?

Depending on your type of mouth, properties of the digestive tract will be different. In human and some animals for example have the mechanism of using saliva and teeth to break down food in order for it to get through the intestines/ digestive tract. The digestive tract is designed depending on how big or small the food coming through will be. If the food is big (does not have teeth or saliva to break it down), then the digestive tract will have the properties of enzymes which help to break down the food. The digestive tract depends on your mouth and how well you can break down food in the first step of the digestion process (which is your mouth)

How do the properties of the digestive tract depend on the type of mouth?

Root pressure is generated as active transport of ions brings more water into the root than is lost via transpiration and can cause guttation. Guttation Is the loss of water droplets from the leaf or stem of the plant that are closest to the roots. Water is brought up into the leaves and is stored in the vacuole of the leaf cells Stomata allows for saving amount of water lost - cuticle as well The leaves is where food is produced for the plant using sunlight and carbon dioxide. When transpiration occurs, water gets evaporated from the leaves, resulting in more water being pulled from the root. The xylem tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and the phloem tissue transports food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant.

How does leaf structure relate to the water transport systems in plants?

Sugar in phloem Water in xylem Water flows one way Sugar flows either way

How does sugar and water transport in plants differ?

Phloem Cells are alive (but no nucleus or vacuole) Xylem Cells are dead Both One xylem and one phloem= vascular bunch Both located in the stem of a plant Xylem is made up of dead cells, and phloem is made up of living tissue. Phloem cells have cross walls, and xylem cells don't have cross walls which allows for a continuous flow of water. This allows for more rapid transport within the xylem vessels.

How are phloem and xylem cells the same or different?

no, low SA/V means that the animal is bigger and if a bigger animal has an open circulatory system, the blood could not get around to the whole body as easily- a closed syme would be better to pump the blood to all parts of the body No, due to the fact that they are bigger, animals with a low SA/V require more energy to be distributed throughout their body. The blood transfers faster in the closed system, thus oxygen, nutrients, and wastes transport fast also being more suitable for animals with a low SA/V. Open circulatory systems requires less energy for distribution.This system is more suited to animals that have a slower metabolism and a smaller body.

Could an animal with a low SA/V be able to have an open circulatory system? Why or why not?

The wider the vessel, the faster the movement of water- more likely to embolize ((form an air bubble which prevents water from moving up) Tracheids are more narrow, so the slower the the movement- however the water is less likely to embolize The stem structure in a plant will determine how much water the plant will receive and how fast they obtain it. Narrow tracheids are less prone to have air bubbles to form, but they are also thin and narrow which prevents a large intake of water. Wide vessels are able to take in more water, but are susceptible to water vapor bubbles that can cause damage to components of the stem and a loss of efficiency.

How does stem structure in plants relate to water transport? What are the trade-offs between wide vessels and narrow tracheids?

Our body has a closed system in which our heart pumps the blood through our body As the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, called the circulatory system. The vessels are elastic, muscular tubes that carry blood to every part of the body. Blood is essential. In addition to carrying fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to your body's tissues, it also takes the body's waste products, including carbon dioxide, away from the tissues. This is necessary to sustain life and promote the health of all the body's tissues. The heart serves as a pump. Everytime the heart beats, it pumps blood through vessels in the circulatory system that brings the blood to its designated area. When the left ventricle contracts it pushes red blood cells into the aorta, the body's largest artery. Smaller arteries carry the oxygen-rich blood away from the heart until it reaches a capillary. Here oxygen molecules detach from the red blood cells and slip across the capillary wall into body tissue. Then, blood begins its return to the heart through veins. Veins get bigger throughout the process to the heart, and will eventually reach the right atrium. It enters the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the lungs, to pick up more oxygen. Oxygenated, blood re-enters into the left ventricle, and the blood's journey begins again.

How does the heart in humans relate to how blood is moved around our bodies?

Epiphytic plants include mosses, liverworts, lichens, algae, and ferns. They differ from parasitic plants because the do not negatively affect their host. Epiphytic plants grow on other plants and get nutrients from the air or dust and depend on the other plant for physical support. Parasitic plants live on or in the other organisms and harm them directly by taking nutrients from it for themselves. Main difference epiphytic do not harm host while parasitic do Epiphytic plants grow onto other host plants. They do not need soil to grow. They gain their nutrients from the air, rain, or compost. They use their host plant as physical support, but don't cause any damage or harm to them. Parasitic plants benefit at the expense of a host plant, deriving the nutrients from the host by living in or on them. The host plant will be affected because the parasite will damage its organisms and interfere with metabolic functions. A parasitic plant is completely dependent on its host plant, and cannot survive without one.

How is an epiphytic plant different from a parasitic plant?

Yes it is possible without a pump, sometimes gravity works against it but it can be done Water pulled up by Cohesion/ tension High to low concentration gradient Water pressure Trees are able to do this because they use a water potential gradient instead of a pump system. The water potential gradient allows water to come up through the root, through the plant and evaporate into the atmosphere through the process of perspiration.

How is it possible that water can be moved up a tree to a height of 300 feet even though there are no pumps and it is impossible to suck water up that high?

Phloem Movement in both directions of sugar Living tissue Xylem Movement in one direction of water Live tissue but with no nucleus Both One xylem and one phloem vascular bunch Both located in the stem of a plant tissues in a plant that transport food and water. Both are vascular tissues and when they work together to effectively transport food, water and minerals they form a vascular bundle. They each have a tubular shape and are in the roots, stems and leaves of the plant. Phloem is responsible for the transport of sugars from photosynthetic leaf cells to sink tissues like the roots and stems, and is bidirectional, moving up or down. Xylem transports water and solutes from the roots to the leaves in one direction, up.

How is phloem transport different or the same as xylem transport?

As the size of an organism increases, its surface area to volume ratio decreases. This means it has relatively less surface area available for substances to diffuse through, so the rate of diffusion may not be fast enough to meet its cells requirements. Large multicellular organisms therefore cannot rely on diffusion alone to supply their cells with substances such as food and oxygen and to remove waste products. Large multicellular organisms require specialised transport systems. As an organism gets bigger its SA/V ratio goes down so as the surface area gets bigger it gets harder and harder to diffuse, and other methods of transportation had to be implemented, thus resulting in a lower basal metabolic rate because of the organisms lower SA/V.

How may size and SA/V have played a role in the evolution of transport systems?

Sun,drought, flooding, water availability, environment, competition, weather

What are the environmental conditions that plant and animal systems need to deal with, with regard to transport mechanisms (i.e. why do they exist the way they do)?

EPO, erythropoietin, is a performance enhancing drug that promotes the development of red blood cells which then increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood Lance armstrong used EPO before his cycling race He would have used it to increase his performance by having more oxygen available and so he would not get as tired as quick Also faster recovery

What does EPO have to do with Lance Armstrong? Why would he have used it?

Stage 1 high blood pressure- hypertension Systolic over diastolic Systolic- Diastolic- You should be concerned yes, because high blood pressure could lead to more serious health problems including your heart- the pressure puts extra strain on your heart and blood vessels eventually leading to heart attack or stroke Weight, diet, age, stress, genetics, smoking

What does a blood pressure reading of 140/90 tell you? Should you be concerned? What may be causing this reading?

Both these tissues are present in a vascular bundle. High sugar concentration in phloem sap at source (leaves) leads to movement of water from xylem into the phloem increasing turgor pressure. Low sugar concentration in phloem sap at sink (roots, stems) reduces turgor pressure and water moves from phloem sap to xylem.Xylem is able to transfer water over to phloem which then allows for phloem to pull sucrose from the leaves of the plant by using active transport, and changing the concentration to easily move substances from one place to another.

What does xylem have to do with phloem transport?

Plants have root nodules and mycorrhizae because it is more reliable food source. By being parasitic, the plant is entirely dependent on a host for its survival. If there were no root nodules and mycorrhizae , plants don't need to rely on them entirely. They allow the plants to absorb large amounts of nutrients, but plants can still survive without them. The two form symbiotic relationships with the plant, meaning each party is benefitting from the other. Parasitic plants don't give back to the plant at all, for its only purpose is to feed off the nutrients of the plant.

What is the main reason for having root nodules or mycorrhizae compared to bring parasitic?

The most common mechanisms plants use to enhance nutrient uptake are mycorrhizae and root nodules. Mycorrhizae are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant. The mycorrhizae grows out of roots in small threads called hyphae. Hyphae increase SA/V ratio, which increases the chance of nutrient uptake. They bring in nutrients such as phosphorus and magnesium to plants. Root nodules function similarly by infecting the foot and growing out of it. They are able to do this through the bacteria Rhizobia. They take in nutrients and deliver them to plants. In the case of nitrogen then even convert it to ammonia so the plant can process it. Change in root structure which increases the surface area of the roots to extend into new nutrient sources Mycorrhizae interactions allow plants to extend into the roots Nitrogen fixation, where they come together with rhizobia to cause changes in the roots

What mechanisms do plants have to enhance nutrient uptake?

When exposed to heavy metals like nickel, lead, cadmium, and mercury in soil, plants have defensive measures to counteract those effects. Plants release chelating agents into soil which make the metal ions too bulky to fit through and get absorbed by the plants' cells. Also, plant cells have compounds in their cell walls that prevent metal ions from reaching important parts of the cells. When metal ions do get into the cell, efflux pumps actively to pump metal ions out of the cells and back into the soil.

What mechanisms do plants have to prevent being poisoned by heavy metals?

To prevent blood clots because there is a lack of circulation Movement of your limbs help blood flow and help pump blood through veins back up to the heart No movement of legs for a long time would mean not much movement of blood

Why do airlines encourage people to move their legs during long flights?

The need to be activated ahead of time this way they are prepared to immediately break down food because food digestion is a process that is done quickly. The food must be broken down as soon as possible this way it can be converted to energy, which allows us to stay alive and perform everyday functions. If enzymes are not activated before they can be used, there will be a backup in digestion that would cause all kinds of problems.

Why do our stomach and small intestines have digestive enzymes that need to be activated before they can be used?

It is a cycle- it starts with plants, then mice eat the plants, foxes eat the mice, foxes die and release CO2 into the atmosphere, then their bodies decompose to give nutrients to the soil (with help of decomposers) which then go into plants starting the cycle again. Everything helps each other progress into the carbon cycle. All animals need to break down food molecules into smaller pieces so they can circulate them around their bodies to all their cells. Their cells take in small food molecules and use them as material for growth or as a source of energy In order for energy to be made in a plant, they rely on photosynthesis by using carbon dioxide, photosynthesis, and water and these things do not need to be digested Energy in both plants and animals are used to keep them alive and functioning

You should be able to explain how digestion in animals, nutrition in plants, transport, and gas exchange are all related to energy collection and use by plants and animals.