Exam 4 Ch 42

Voice sounds are produced by the _____. trachea diaphragm bronchioles larynx lungs

larynx

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava

left atrium

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____. 1,750 mL/minute 1,000 mL/minute 4,900 mL/minute 2,800 mL/minute

4,900 mL/minute

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up. An increase ... a rise A decrease ... a drop An increase ... a drop A decrease ... a rise Actually, it is the rise and fall of oxygen, not carbon dioxide, that controls breathing.

An increase ... a drop

Comparing inhalation and exhalation Inhalation and exhalation move air into and out of the lungs. What happens when you inhale and exhale? Drag the labels to the correct locations on the flowchart to identify the steps of inhalation and exhalation.

During inhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, increasing the volume of the lungs. Air enters the nose or mouth and flows down the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and into the alveoli. During exhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, decreasing the volume of the lungs. Air leaves the alveoli and flows up the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea, and exits through the nose or mouth.

True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body. True False

False

What is the function of a circulatory system? It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air. It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood. It is the site of blood cell production. It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.

It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.

What is the function of the left ventricle? It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs.

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

Which event occurs first during diastole? The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.

The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body? Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body. The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body. The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body. Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body.

The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.

The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.

Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.

Blood pressure is highest in the _____. aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava pulmonary artery capillaries

aorta

The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls. aorta capillaries inferior vena cava pulmonary artery right ventricle

capillaries

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid? dogs grasshoppers jellyfish and cnidarians fishes sparrows

grasshoppers

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. lungs trachea bronchus nasal cavity alveoli

nasal cavity

In an open circulatory system, hemolymph is _____. always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava

posterior vena cava

Which of the following best describes an artery? Arteries contain valves. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Arteries carry oxygenated blood. Arteries carry blood away from capillaries. Arteries have thin walls compared with veins.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

The table below walks you through a comparison of cooperative binding and noncooperative binding. By completing the table, you will learn why cooperative binding is an important adaptation that makes gas exchange more efficient.

As you can see from the table, the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is an important adaptation for gas exchange. Cooperativity allows hemoglobin to release much more oxygen to an animal's body tissues. Compare the numbers for cooperative binding (circled in red) to those for noncooperative binding (circled in gold). In a resting tissue, hemoglobin releases 50% of its oxygen. If there were no cooperativity, it would release only 30% of its oxygen. In an exercising tissue, hemoglobin releases 80% of its oxygen. If there were no cooperativity, it would release only 50% of its oxygen.

Gas exchange involves the transport of two respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Review how each gas is transported between the atmosphere and the cells of your body by completing this exercise. Drag each statement into the appropriate bin depending on whether it applies to oxygen only, carbon dioxide only, or both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Gas exchange provides the body's cells with oxygen, which is needed for cellular respiration. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to capillaries in the lungs. Almost all the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin. Oxygen is carried all over the body and diffuses from blood to body tissues. Gas exchange also removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, from the body. Carbon dioxide diffuses from body tissues to blood. Carbon dioxide is transported either in the plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of bicarbonate. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli. When you exhale, carbon dioxide leaves the body.

Stroke occurs when _____. a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue a blood clot dislodges from a vein and moves into the lung, where it blocks a pulmonary artery a blood clot enters and blocks one of the coronary arteries the walls of an artery in the leg accumulate deposits and lose their flexibility and elasticity the pacemaker of the heart becomes defective, producing an irregular heartbeat

a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. an open circulatory system a gastrovascular cavity branched tracheae a closed circulatory system

a closed circulatory system

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____. capillaries of the lungs capillaries of the abdominal organs capillaries of the hind limbs capillaries of the head and forelimbs capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs

capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs

Blood returns to the heart via the _____. aorta pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins aorta and pulmonary arteries aorta and pulmonary veins

pulmonary veins

From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava

right atrium

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? systole of the left atrium systole of the left ventricle diastole of the right ventricle diastole of the right atrium

systole of the left ventricle

If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. an alveolus the trachea the right atrium the pulmonary vein

the pulmonary vein

Circulatory systems compensate for _____. the need to cushion animals from trauma the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary vein left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary artery pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle pulmonary circuit

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary artery

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____. would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions