Exam 4: Lifespan Development

Nineteen-year-old Angelo spent most of his adolescence exploring his values, possible career options, and political beliefs. Angelo has high self-esteem, strong moral values, and favorable views toward college and work. Angelo demonstrates characteristics of identity ______. a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. achievement d. diffusion

c. achievement

Friendships tend to become more ethnically diverse starting at which point? a. work entry b. vocational training c. college life d. elementary school

c. college life

Which area has mixed reviews as being related to outcomes of adolescents who show low levels of moral reasoning? a. cognition b. anxiety c. delinquency d. depression

c. delinquency

Which quality is highest in a marriage that has harmony and satisfaction, especially in Western countries? a. a shared value system with a traditional focus of the man providing for the woman b. the presence of pets in the home c. egalitarian relationships in which home and family duties are shared d. the presence of children in the home

c. egalitarian relationships in which home and family duties are shared

Khadija has been researching the countries her ancestors might have come from, and has sent away for a DNA analysis kit. Which domain of identity development does this describe? a. gender b. religious c. ethnic d. political

c. ethnic

Research on contraceptive use in adolescents indicates that ______. a. boys are more likely than girls to suggest birth control b. friends often discourage the use of birth control c. many use birth control only sporadically d. nearly 90% use some form of birth control

c. many use birth control only sporadically

Which factor is most important to a high schooler's academic achievement? a. previous academic achievement b. ethnicity c. parent-school involvement d. socioeconomic status

c. parent-school involvement

The most easily recognizable influence on adolescents is the ______. a. school environment b. media online c. peer group d. immediate family

c. peer group

Staying informed about national and local issues is part of which domain of identity development? a. ethnic b. gender c. political d. religious

c. political

Better academic achievement and better emotional health are shown in adolescents who report ______. a. teachers who focus on classroom control b. parents with permissive parenting styles c. autonomy over class work d. high levels of teacher support

d. high levels of teacher support

The most common fatal injuries among young adults under age 25 involve ______. a. drug overdoses b. sports trauma c. firearms d. motor vehicle accidents

d. motor vehicle accidents

How many adolescents engage in at least one delinquent, or illegal, act, such as stealing, without coming into police contact? a. fewer than one third b. approximately 10% c. about half d.nearly all

d. nearly all

Early-maturing adolescents are more likely to engage in early and risky sexual activity if they spend time with ______. a. younger peers b. extended family c. new friends d. older peers

d. older peers

Each year alcohol is implicated in how many traffic fatalities? a. one fourth b. one eighth c. one half d. one third

d. one third

How many nontraditional students are people of color? a. one fourth b. two fifths c. two thirds d. one third

d. one third

Adolescents' reports of risky behaviors such as unsafe sex are associated with the sexual behavior of their ______. a. parents b. siblings c. idols d. peers

d. peers

Which type of reasoning is illustrated by these questions: "When approaching a problem, there are probably several ways to do it. What are they? Which one's most efficient? Which one will give us the most accurate results?" a. autonomous judgment b. dualistic thinking c. relativistic thinking d. reflective judgment

d. reflective judgment

In the first year of marriage, most couples report a decline in ______. a. sexual activity b. living habituation c. financial stress d. relationship satisfaction

d. relationship satisfaction

Developmentally supportive conflict is coupled with ______. a. punishment b. uninvolvement c. permissiveness d. respect

d. respect

Bridget and Kyla are sisters. Bridget is bisexual and Kyla is heterosexual. This example illustrates the concept of ______. a. sexual diversity b. identity exploration c. gender orientation d. sexual orientation

d. sexual orientation

A characteristic nontraditional students have that may be lacking in traditional students is they ______. a. are more likely to access resources on campus b. have more flexibility in their lives to take a variety of courses c. have more social and emotional support d. show a problem-centered orientation toward learning

d. show a problem-centered orientation toward learning

Most adults in the United States will spend a large part of their adult lives in which partnership status? a. cohabitating b. married c. engaged d. single

d. single

Which approach by high schools would help young people who are uninterested in college? a. scholarships b. brochures on the benefits of a degree c. following an academic track d. vocational training

d. vocational training

Tolerance, cravings, and withdrawal are symptoms of ______. a. alcohol dependence b. binge drinking c. social drinking d. alcohol poisoning

a. alcohol dependence

Which type of parenting helps adolescents develop a healthy self-concept? a. authoritative b. permissive c. uninvolved d. authoritarian

a. authoritative

Which parenting behavior is associated with the childhood onset of serious antisocial behavior that persists into adulthood? a. being overly controlling or negligent b. being overly permissive c. failing to set age-appropriate expectations for behavior d. overlooking early signs of depression

a. being overly controlling or negligent

Taking in, manipulating, and storing information describes a teenager's ______. a. cognitive system b. response inhibition c. working memory d. selective attention

a. cognitive system

The identity status indicating maladjustment in late adolescence is ______. a. diffusion b. moratorium c. foreclosure d. achievement

a. diffusion

Adolescents who have achieved a strong sense of ethnic identity tend to have ______. a. effective coping strategies b. a need to be integrated into the majority group c. an unwillingness to explore their heritage d. low self-esteem

a. effective coping strategies

Prematurely choosing a coherent and consistent sense of self is called identity ______. a. foreclosure b. diffusion c. moratorium d. achievement

a. foreclosure

First-generation students find it difficult to succeed in college because they ______. a. have few family and peer models of how to thrive in college b. receive little positive support from their family and peers c. are criticized for "selling out" and attending college d. have too much pressure to work and help support the family

a. have few family and peer models of how to thrive in college

The ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test them, and draw conclusions is called ______. a. hypothetical-deductive reasoning b. scientific process c. metacognition d. logical-derivative reasoning

a. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

By which stage do cliques become mixed and form the basis for dating? a. mid-adolescence b. early adolescence c. end of high school d. middle childhood

a. mid-adolescence

The most direct influence on adolescents about drinking and substance use is ______. a. peer behavior b. family issues c. socioeconomic status d. parental guidance

a. peer behavior

Gay and lesbian people in committed relationships and heterosexual people in committed relationships both experience the same ______. a. psychological benefits b. health concerns c. financial benefits d. social stigma

a. psychological benefits

Positive adjustment in the children of adolescent mothers is predicted by ______. a. secure attachment b. availability of child care c. male relative in the home d. number of children in the home

a. secure attachment

Development is influenced by interactions between the individual and which world? a. social b. philosophical c. spiritual d. physical

a. social

Which adolescent is most likely to be arrested? a. Marie, who is Asian American b. Brad, who is African American c. Kia, who is Latina d. David, who is White

b. Brad, who is African American

Which statement describes adolescent education about sexually transmitted infections? a. Few receive information about them. b. Few know about diseases other than HIV/AIDS. c. Most are knowledgeable about how to protect themselves. d. Many overestimate their own risks for contracting HIV/AIDS.

b. Few know about diseases other than HIV/AIDS.

Who is most likely to choose to be childfree? a. Andy, who has conservative political views b. Sue, who is a partner in a law firm c. Cora, who got married right out of high school d. Greg, who is a deacon in his church

b. Sue, who is a partner in a law firm

If Rafael is consuming five drinks in one sitting, he is engaging in what type of drinking? a. solitary b. binge c. social d. alcoholic

b. binge

MacKenzie's mother is a surgeon and her father is a microbiologist. The influence her parents have on MacKenzie's choice of occupation that she will most likely ______. a. go to work right out of high school b. choose a high-profile college and career c. pursue vocational training d. decide to become an artist

b. choose a high-profile college and career

Stepparents are often placed in the position of being without the warm attachment bond of most parent-child relationships yet having to provide ______. a. vocational guidance b. discipline c. education d. financial support

b. discipline

What do many adults experience when they are off-time relative to their peers on the social clock? a. satisfaction b. distress c. freedom d. relief

b. distress

Thinking in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong without any in-between is called ______. a. autonomous b. dualistic c. reflective d. relativistic

b. dualistic

What percentage more carcinogens does marijuana smoke have than tobacco smoke? a. 50% b. 90% c. 80% d. 60%

c. 80%

Effective birth control methods and changing cultural views on parenthood and childlessness made having children a choice starting in which era? a. 1960s b. 1980s c. 1970s d. 1950s

a. 1960s

Jeannie only smokes cigarettes when she goes out to a bar with friends. According to the data on smokers, when asked if she is a smoker, what would be her most likely response? a. No, because I only smoke occasionally b. Yes, because a smoker smokes cigarettes at any time c. Yes, but only a semi-smoker because it isn't every day d. No, because I could quit anytime I want

a. No, because I only smoke occasionally

Rachel, a 22-year-old woman, just moved to a new town. She is an only child from a middle-class family. She is introduced to several people at a neighborhood party. Which individual will most likely become a friend of Rachel's? a. Michelle, a 22-year-old woman who is middle-class and lives nearby b. Jon, a 22-year-old man who is middle-class and works at the same place c. Mike, a 30-year-old man who lives next door d. Addie, a 30-year-old woman who lives outside the neighborhood

a. Michelle, a 22-year-old woman who is middle-class and lives nearby

Problem behavior, including alcohol and substance use, poor academic achievement, and delinquency, as well as having a larger number of sex partners to peers is associated with sexual activity before turning age ______. a. 15 b. 16 c. 18 d. 17

a. 15

Working memory reaches adult-like levels by about age ______. a. 17 b. 16 c. 19 d. 18

c. 19

Postconventional moral reasoning is described as ______. a. involving looking to authority figures in order to understand how to act b. entailing autonomous decision making from moral principles that value individual rights above all else c. involving the fear of punishment and public shaming d. entailing individuals making decisions based on what others may think of them

b. entailing autonomous decision making from moral principles that value individual rights above all else

Which factor is thought to delay the onset of puberty? a. being raised by a single mother b. exposure to severe stress c. exposure to small doses of stress d. low socioeconomic status

b. exposure to severe stress

Which describes crowds in adolescence? a. more common in Eastern than Western countries b. members are sorted into various categories by their peers c. smaller than the average size clique d. unrelated to friendships that have formed

b. members are sorted into various categories by their peers

Identity achievement is associated with ______. a. rigid views about life b. positive views of work c. confusion about choices d. lack of commitment

b. positive views of work

Shawnell is African American and lives in a low socioeconomic status community. His mother graduated from a night program in medical records administration at a local two year college. The influence his mother has on Shawnell's occupation is that he will most likely ______. a. pursue vocational training in high school b. pursue a career that requires attending college c. decide to become an artist d. go to work right out of high school

b. pursue a career that requires attending college

Managing expectations in light of reality often leads young adults to ______. a. learn how to stay in an unsatisfying job b. seek alternative jobs and careers c. drink alcohol and use marijuana excessively d. seek counseling to deal with the stress

b. seek alternative jobs and careers

Although adolescents can demonstrate scientific thinking, many tend to consistently prefer which type of solutions to complex real-life problems? a. circular b. single-factor c. multi-factor d. linear

b. single-factor

Which stage of occupational development involves identifying specific occupational goals and pursuing the education needed to achieve them? a. crystallization b. specification c. implementation d. stabilization

b. specification

At about 10 years of age children begin feeling a sense of sexual attraction due to increases in ______. a.estrogen b.testosterone c.progesterone d.oxytocin

b. testosterone

Which approach would increase sleep for adolescents? a. increase electronic device use before bedtime b. decrease electronic device use before bedtime c. make them wake up earlier in the morning d. have them avoid eating in the middle of the day

b.decrease electronic device use before bedtime

The biological transition to adulthood is called ______. a.menarche b.puberty c.adolescence d.spermarche

b.puberty

Like alcohol use, regular marijuana use is associated with brain alterations such as ______. a. reduced myelination in the executive functioning areas of the brain b. increased brain and gray matter in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes c. reduced brain and gray matter in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes d. increased myelination in the executive functioning areas of the brain

c. reduced brain and gray matter in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

Women most commonly describe their male-female friendships as ______. a. potentially sexual b. just buddies c. sibling relationships d. definitely platonic

c. sibling relationships

Karlie is planning out her future. She told her mother that she is going to graduate high school at age 18, go to college and graduate at age 22, and go to medical school and become a doctor at the age of 26 or 27. She is going to get married right after she completes her residency and have her first baby at age 30. Karlie is describing her ______. a. non-normative life events b. stage of intimacy versus isolation c. social clock d. stage of identity versus role confusion

c. social clock

Which symptom is associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy? a. lethargy b. vomiting c. suicidality d. hypertension

c. suicidality

Which factor has contributed to the decline in adolescent pregnancy rates in the United States? a. increased abortion rates b. mandatory sex education programs in both public and private schools c. later initiation of sexual activity and increased contraceptive use d. increase in abstinence programs in public schools

c.later initiation of sexual activity and increased contraceptive use

What percentage of American adults over the age of 20 are considered overweight? a. 10% b. 25% c. 45% d. 33%

d. 33%

David is interested in looking for an opposite-sex mate. His friends have found several women he might like. Based on the data on mate selection, who is David most likely to choose? a. Lily, an older woman who is looking for a relationship and dislikes children b. Desiree, a lawyer who is dedicated to her career c. Tanya, an intelligent woman who is majoring in biochemistry in college d. Amanda, a physically attractive woman who loves to cook

d. Amanda, a physically attractive woman who loves to cook

Which region offers new mothers up to 3 years of paid leave? a. European Union b. Canada c. the United States d. Finland

d. Finland

Who is most likely to experience menarche first? a. Maisie, whose parents are amicably divorcing b. Deirdre, whose parents argue occasionally c. Sadie, who has a loving, large extended family d. Tasha, who has been sexually abused by her stepfather

d. Tasha, who has been sexually abused by her stepfather

Formal operational reasoning involves the ability to think ______. a. in terms of moral equivalencies b. about concepts that exist in reality c. scientifically and without emotion d. abstractly, logically, and systematically

d. abstractly, logically, and systematically

Lack of sleep is associated with which state? a. happiness b. thoughtfulness c. passivity d. anxiety

d. anxiety

The decision that partners make to stay with one another is called ______. a. passion b. harmony c. love d. commitment

d. commitment

The actual threatened physical or sexual harm or psychological abuse directed toward a current or former boyfriend, girlfriend, or dating partner is called ______. a. domestic conflict b. cyber bullying c. relational aggression d. dating violence

d. dating violence

Adolescents can make decisions that are more reflective, confident, and successful if they ______. a. learn better ways of doing things undetected b. rely on satisfying emotionally charged situations c. do more things on spur of the moment d. develop self-control and emotional regulation

d. develop self-control and emotional regulation

People in their 30s can make better parents because of ______. a. identity exploration b. greater reproductive capacity c. having optimism about life d. financial stability

d. financial stability

Adults who are single by choice tend to report feeling ______. a. sadness b. romantic loneliness c. lack of fulfillment d. freedom

d. freedom

The person most likely to help Manuela's moral reasoning develop is her ______. a. father, who tells her what it was like when he was growing up and asks few questions about her life b. sister, who tells her she should avoid doing the things she has done c. mother, who is busy with her younger siblings and tells her to stay out of trouble d. friend, who challenges her with a different perspective about experiences she has

not a or c

Which identity statuses are most associated with being raised in an authoritative home? a. foreclosure and achievement b. foreclosure and diffusion c. moratorium and achievement d. diffusion and moratorium

not a or d