Exam 4 MS
Subcutaneous Layer
(Hypodermis) The deepest skin layer that lies closest to muscle.
Pubovaginal Sling
A surgical procedure uses abdominal, vaginal, or combined approach to treat instrinsic sphincter deficiencies in a pt. with stress incontinence
PUStule
A vesicle filled with pus or cloudy fluid.
Proximal Nail Fold
A wedge of thickened skin at the base of the nail.
Erythropoietin
Acts on the bone marrow to stimulate the production of mature red blood cells.
An immune reaction and is managed by increasing doses of immunosuppressive drugs
Acute rejection
The renal diet
Daily fluid, potassium and sodium restriction w/ regulated protein intake. High K+ foods to AVOID oranges, bananas, prunes, and potatoes.
Renal cell carcinoma can cause which issue that can lead to severe anemia?
Decrease in red blood cell production
Nail Bed
Formative layer of cells underlying the fingernail or toenail.
What may occur in pt's with gynecologic and virulence of pathogenic bacteria.
Fungal UTI
Which condition is likely to occur in a pt who is on immunosuppressant medication?
Fungal UTI
When administering meds to a pt with a renal impairment during a renal scan, the nurse would correlate which med with the pt's diluted urinary output?
Furosemide
Which type of kidney disorder may occur in a pt. diagnosed with systemic lupus eryhematosus (SLE)?
Glomerular Disease
Which process involves the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue that aids in wound healing?
Granulation
Which process is required for restoring skin integrity?
Granulation, Re-epithelialization, and wound contraction
Cystitis may occur in pt's with...
Gynecologic cancers or pelvic inflammatory disorders.
Cystometrography
Helps evaluate the bladder's capacity, blood pressure, and voiding reflexes.
Which assessment finding would the nurse expect for a pt with renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
Hematuria, pt. report of flank pain, mass palpated on the pt's kidney, and bruit on auscultation of the kidney
Which assessment finding would the nurse expect for a pt. with renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
Hematuria, pt. report of flank pain, mass palpated on the pt's kidney, and bruit on auscultation of the kidney
Excessive parathyroid hormone causes bones to release calcium from bone to blood=
High serum calcium
Risk factors of bladder cancer
History of cigarette smoking, infection by Schistosome Haematobium, and Exposure to textile industry chemicals
Which factor is an indicator for a diagnosis of hydronephrosis?
History of urinary stones
A blockage in the upper part of the ureter
Hydronephrosis
For which imaging assessment would the nurse prepare a pt diagnosed with acute kidney injury to measure the glomerular filtration rate?
Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3)
Which sign or symptom would the nurse expect to find during the assessment of a pt. with polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?
Nocturia, flank pain, and kidney stones
This evaluates renal perfusion and estimates GFR. This method also provides functional info without exposing the pt. to iodined contrast dye.
Nuclear renal scan
Which factor is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
Obesity, Smoking, Older age, Male gender, and family history
Functional urinary Incontinence
Observed in a pt. related to impaired cognition and neuromuscular limitations.
Post-Renal
Obstruction
Urethral pressure profile
Obtains info about the type of urinary incontrovertible. or urinary retention.
When does chronic pyelonephritis occur?
Occurs with structural deformities, urinary stasis, obstruction, or reflux
S/S of an AKI
Oliguria- less urine output. Anuria- Cease of Urine Output. Fluid Overload.
Which will the nurse document when the pt presents with separation of the nail plate from the nail bed?
Onycholysis
Which skin color will lead to a nurse to suspect an elevated bilirubin level?
Orange
What foods should a patient with urolithiasis consisting of uric acid AVOID
Organ meats, poultry, fish, red wines, and sardines.
When assessing a pt suspected of having pyleonphritis, which pt position provides the best opportunity for the nurse to auscultate the renal vessels?
Supine
Matrix
The area where your fingernails and toenails start to grow.
Anuria
The condition in which the total urine output is less than 100 mL in 24 hours.
What provides mechanical strength with the help of elastin and collagen fibers?
The corium (Dermis)
Rete Pegs
The fingers of epidermal tissue that project into the dermis.
Lunula
The half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail
Which age related kidney change would the nurse expect of an older pt?
The kidney loses cortical tissue.
Which kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) x-ray finding indicates a pt abnormality?
The left kidney is much larger that the right kidney.
Stratum Corneum
The outermost horny layer of epidermis.
Nail plate
The visible part of the nail from lunula to free edge.
Red blood cell casts
There is a microscopic amount of bleeding from the kidney
Which description portrays a characteristic of the juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidney?
They constitute 20% of all nephrons, their tubes dup deeply into the medulla, and they concentrate urine during low fluid intake.
Dermis
Thick layer of tissue living below epidermis which forms the true skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, and other structures.
Which antibiotic for treating cystitis may cause she effects of sunburn and skin darkening?
Sulfamethoxazole
Also known as an overactive bladder
Urge Incontinence
Which statement regarding urosepsis is correct?
"Urosepsis results as infection spreads from the urinary tract to the bloodstream"
What is the concentration of oxygen used in hyperbaric oxygen therapy to facilitate wound healing?
100%
Target hemoglobin
11-16 G/Dl
What is the expected healing time for a pt who has lost an entire toenail after an injury to the foot?
12 months
Stage IV glomerular filtration rate
15-29 mL/min
Normal angle between the nail plate and proximal nail fold?
160 degrees
Which amount of urine output is an indicator of adequate perfusion to the remaining kidney after. the removal of one of the kidneys?
30-50 mL/hr
Stage III GFR
30-59 mL/min
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
A progressive deterioration of renal function for greater that 3 months. Most common cause is diabetes, but also caused by vascular hypertension which is the 2nd most common reasoning and infectious diseases. Since the damage happens over a long time, CKI is usually irreversible.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
A quick deterioration of renal function in hours to days. Usually reversible with treatment of the underlying cause. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients can develop with AKI.
Excisional Biopsy
A surgical procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove an entire lump or sus area so it can be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
Stage II GFR
60-89 mL/min
Nephrosclerosis
A degenerative disorder that is caused by thickening of the blood vessels that supply the kidney, as well as those in the nephron.
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates RBC production. Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) and iron supplementation are helpful.
Habit Training (scheduled toileting)
A method for achieving continence for a pt. who is cognitively impaired and has urge incontinence.
Which intervention must a pt with hypertension do to prevent or delay the onset of chronic kidney disease?
Adhere to drug and diet regimens and test for microalbuminuria every year
Which factor may contribute to the development of infectious cystitis?
Age, Diabetes Mellitus, and Bowel Pathogens
Which factor can impair wound healing in a pt with deep -tissue injury?
Aging, diabetes, chronic stress, and protein deficiency
Which chemical is directly associated with reduced urine volume in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway during an AKI?
Aldosterone
Lichenified
An abnormal thickening of the skin to a leathery appearance; can occur in patients with chronic dermatitis because of their continual rubbing of the area to relieve itching.
Nephrolithotomy
An open surgical procedure that is often prescribed to remove large impacted kidney stones.
Pruritus
An unpleasant itching sensation.
Ring-like lesions w raised borders and clear centers
Annular Lesions
Ring-like lesions w raised borders and clear centers
Annular lesions
Stress Incontinence
Associated with the involuntary loss of urine during activities that increase abdominal to detrusor pressure.
Dysuria
Associated with urinary retention or UTI.
GFR 60-90
Assymptematic
When assessing a client's skin, which lesion finding requires nursing intervention?
Asymmetry, Color variation, Irregularity of borders, and Growth in the last 2 months.
Which skin inflammation is characterized by extreme itching?
Atopic dermatitis
Cuticle
Attaches the nail plate to the soft tissue of the nail fold.
Care for athletes foot?
Avoid public showers, keep feet clean and dry, refrain from sharing shoes
Blood work for CKD
BMP/CMP, CBC
Pyelonephritis
Bacterial infection in the kidneys and renal pelvis.
Acute infection or renal insufficiency may occur in a pt with what infection?
Bacterial urinary tract infection.
Pearly papule with a central crater and rolled waxy borders on sun-exposed borders
Basal cell carcinoma
Keratinocytes
Basal skin cells attached to the basement membrane of the epidermis that undergo cell division and differentiation to continuously renew skin tissue integrity and maintain optimal barrier function. As basal cells divide, keratinocytes are pushed upward and flattened to form the stratified layers of the epithelium (malpighian layers).
Which condition will the nurse document when assessing horizontal depressions in a patient's nails are approx. 1-mm wide?
Beau lines (grooves)
Which parameter would the nurse examine to assess a patient's acid-base balance?
Bicarbonate level
Bullae
Blisters greater than 1 cm in diameter that are filled with clear fluid.
The nurse would associate the kidney's release of renin with which functional response?
Blood Pressure
Which statement explains the body's response to pre renal acute kidney injury ?
Blood volume is increased, urine elimination is reduced, ADH is released, the blood vessels in the kidneys constrict, and the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone pathway is activated
The kidneys cannot metabolize Vitamin D which causes?
Bone loss
An x-ray would detect which physiologic abnormality in kidney function?
Calcification
Which disease may cause urticaria?
Cancer
Erythematous macular eruption that occur with isolated pustules or papules at the border
Candidiasis
Which complication may occur in a pt receiving ciproflaxin treatment?
Cardiac Dysrhythmia
Menopause
Causes increase body temp.
Which assessment finding would the nurse expect for a pt. with acute pyelonephritis?
Chills, dysuria, and vomiting, nocturne, flank pain, and abdominal discomfort
Which organism is increasingly common as a result of travel and resistance to pesticides?
Cimex lectularius
Circular lesions
Circinate Lesions
Skin lesion that is well defined with sharp borders
Circumscribed Lesions
Which term is correct for a skin lesion that is well defined with sharp borders?
Circumscribed lesions
Several lesions grouped together
Clustered Lesions
Several lesions grouped together
Clustered lesions
Which area will the nurse assess to confirm anemia in an older pt with pallor?
Conjunctivae
Which surgical therapy involves the isolated lesions cell destruction by local application of liquid nitrogen?
Cryosurgery
When suspecting a urinary obstruction with renal colic and an increased bilirubin level, the nurse would associate which diagnostic test with identifying the obstruction?
Cystoscopy
Battered woman syndrome
Covering up bruises, wounds, or burns.
Which early manifestation is expected for a pt with pulmonary edema?
Crackles at the base of the lungs
What is expected in the later stages of chronic kidney disease?
Decreased urine production
Which skin layer supports the exchange of heat and oxygen?
Dermis
Secondary lesions
Description of skin disease in terms of changes in the appearance of the primary lesion. These changes occur with progression of an underlying disease or in response to a topical or systemic therapeutic intervention.
GFR <15
Dialysis is necessary to sustain life
Which diagnostic test can be used to palpate the prostate?
Digital rectal examination
Which role do loop diuretics have in the treatment of acute kidney injury?
Eliminating any retained fluid from the body
Which finding would the nurse expect during the assessment of a pt with actinic keratosis?
Dry rough growth and redness around growth
Xerosis
Dry skin
Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to find in an older pt w UTI?
Dysuria, Increasing mental confusion, and Sudden onset of incontinence
Which assessment finding would the nurse expect for a pt. with chronic glomerulonephritis?
Edema of the foot and ankle, flapping tremor of the fingers, itching and dryness of the skin, presence of an S3 heart sound, engorgement of the neck veins
Turgor
Elasticity of the skin
Which body area is most commonly affected by psoriasis?
Elbow
Hydroureter
Enlargement of the ureter caused by a stone occluding the ureter.
Treatment for AKI
Ensure adequate perfusion. Correct electrolyte acid-base imbalance.
Which layer of skin is responsible for helping maintain strong bones?
Epidermis
Which skin layer provides protection from injury by corrosive materials?
Epidermis
Which cells are responsible for the secretions of eccrine sweat glands?
Epithelial Cells
A clinical manifestation that occurs during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
Erythema
Which issue is considered a paraneoplastic syndrome that is common in patients with renal cell carcinoma?
Erythrocytosis
Which purpose statement would the nurse associate with a pt's scheduled electromyography?
Eval of the perineal muscle strength.
Urine stream testing
Evaluates pelvic muscle strength and effectiveness of the pelvic muscles in stopping urine flow.
Which factor is known to cause urticaria?
Exposure to allergens
Which factor would the nurse associate with the potential cause of a pt's nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?
Exposure to gadolinium-enhanced MRI
Which condition may trigger the recurrence of herpes simplex skin infection
Fever
Produce collagen, which increases in the areas of tissue injury and helps form scar tissue
Fibroblasts
Which cells produce scar tissue?
Fibroblasts
Macular
Flat rash
Interventions for Stage 2 CKD
Focusing on the reduction of risk factors such as DM
Which location will the nurse when assessing skin Igor in an 81-year-old pt?
Forehead
High phos. and low Vitamin D =
Hyperparathyroidism
What is both a cause and symptom of CKD?
Hypertension
Which disorder can lead to nephrosclerosis?
Hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus
Dystrophy
Hypocalcemia
Which assessment finding is an early sign of adrenal insufficiency?
Hypotension
When teaching a pt how to provide a clean-catch urine specimen, which pt statement indicates effective teaching?
I'll start to urinate in the toilet, stop, and then urinate into the cup.
Interventions for Stage 3 CKD
Implementing strategies to slow the disease progression
Primary lesions
In describing skin disease, the initial reaction to a problem that alters one of the structural components of the skin.
Which can be the underlying path of erythema rashes on the skin?
Increased blood flow to the skin
Which clinical findings are associated with decreased vitamin D production in an older pt?
Increased risk for osteomalacia
Which lab value would the nurse expect to find in a pt with kidney disease?
Increased serum potassium
Polyuria
Increased urine output, usually greater than 2000 mL in 24 hrs.
Paronychia
Inflammation of the skin around the nail, which occurs with a torn cuticle or an ingrown toenail.
Which statement describes how the nurse would perform a physical assessment of pt's kidneys and bladder?
Inspect for asymmetry in the costovertebral angle (CVA).
Overflow Incontinence
Involuntary loss and constant dribbling of urine bc of an enlarged prostate.
A condition where the ability to produce dilute urine is reduced, resulting in urine with a fixed osmolarity?
Isosthenuria
Which description is a characteristic of a wound that is healing by third intention?
It is a potentially infected surgical wound
Anemia
It is common is CKD/ERSD to live in an anemic state bc these pt's lack erythropoietin.
Which advantage will Peritoneal Dialysis have for a pt with CKD?
It provides better blood pressure control than hemodialysis and it requires fewer dietary fluid restrictions than hemodialysis
Yellowish-brown nails and scerla
Jaundice
Which skin color will lead a nurse to suspect an elevated bilirubin level?
Jaundice or to have an orange skin color.
Aging doesn't affect which anatomic structure or function of the kidney?
Juxtamedullary nephron functions
Which substance makes the horny layer waterproof?
Keratin
What protein is found in the epidermis?
Keratin which provides protection from injury by corrosive materials.
Which complication of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) may result in high blood pressure?
Kidney Ischemia
Interventions for Stage 5
Kidney Transplantation
Spoon shaped nail
Koilonychia
Pre-Renal
Lack of blood flow. Decreased perfusion.
Ureterosigmoidostomy diverts urine to which area?
Large Intestine
Furosemide
Lasix, loop diuretic. Patients who have fluid overload with dyspnea, crackles on auscultation, peripheral edema, and other signs of chronic heart failure (HF) may be given a diuretic such as furosemide to decrease blood volume, reduce vascular congestion, and reduce the workload of the heart.
The nurse is performing a skin assessment and will document a skin lesion as a vesicle based on a typical diameter of how many centimeters?
Less than 1 cm
Stage V GFR
Less than 15 mL/min
Discharge instructions for a pt at discharge after hospitalization for an AKI?
Limit the intake of foods containing phosphorus and reporting a daily weight gain of 2 lb or more
Which is the correct term a nurse will use when documenting a herpetic skin lesion appearing in a straight line?
Linear
Which manifestation of pericardititis would the nurse expect to find in the pt. with chronic kidney disease?
Low-grade fevered pericardial friction rub
Which additional thick epidermal layer is present on the palms of the hands and soles of feet?
Lucidum
Which additional thick epidermal layer is present on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?
Lucidum
What is an important function of the skin?
Maintains water and electrolyte balance
Interventions for Stage 4 CKD
Managing complications and preparing for renal replacement therapy
Collagen is reorganized to provide greater tensile strength
Maturation
Which purpose statement would the nurse associate with scheduled radiography f the kidneys. ureters, and bladder (KUB)?
Measure the size of both kidneys.
What is the purpose of sonography?
Measures postvoid residual urine.
CT
Measures the size of the kidneys.
Which skin cancer often occurs at the site of nevus (mole)
Melanoma
GFR 15-29
More evident lab changes in urine/blood.
Punch Biopsy
Most common technique. A small circular cutting instrument, or "punch" ranging in diameter from 2-6 mm, After the site is injected w a local anesthetic, a small plug of tissue is cut and removed. The site may be closed w/ sutures or may be allowed to heal without suturing.
Which pathophysiologic finding indicates a viral skin infection
Multinucleated giant cells
Prolonged use of which type of drug is known to result in pyelonephritis?
NSAIDs
Which structure of the skin appendage will affect grasping small objects if damaged?
Nails
The kidneys cannot excrete phosphorus which means?
Need phosphorus binders w/ meals
The nurse is examine the scalp of students in a classroom for Pediculosis Wapitis infestation. Which finding would indicate a positive infection?
Nits near hair follicle, excoriated red areas, matted; crusted spots, visible lice on the scalp, and unpleasant smell to hair
What is renal colic pain?
Pain radiating into the perineal area.
The nurse is caring for a pt. with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Which cue would the nurse expect to see during the assessment?
Pallor, anemia, hematuria, weight loss, and gynecomastia
Which rationale best supports auscultating before percussing or palpating the pt?
Percussion and palpation before auscultating may increase bowel sounds, making it more difficult to hear vascular sounds.
Which condition may worsen itching in pt's with pre-existing pruritus?
Perspiration
Small, reddish-colored, nonblanchable lesions less than 0.5 mm in diameter on the lower extremities
Petechiae
Which med for treating a UTI may cause red-colored urine when voiding?
Phenazopryidine
Intra-Renal
Physical organ damage.
Petechiae
Pinpoint red spots on the mucous membranes, palate, conjunctivae, or skin.
Which type of allergy is associated with linear streaks of vesicles
Plants
Which type of psoriasis is most common?
Plaque psoriasis
Which kidney disease is associated with a higher incidence of cerebral aneurysms?
Polycycstic kidney disease
Spironolactone
Potassium sparing diuretic. For patients at risk for dysrhythmias from hypokalemia. Spironolactone helps retain potassium, which decreases the risk for ventricular dysrhythmias, and is usually used in stage III/IV heart failure. Monitor for hyperkalemia and renal failure and anticipate stopping the medication if potassium or creatinine levels rise.
Which problem excludes a pt hoping to receive a kidney transplant from undergoing the procedure?
Presence of TB
Which kidney hormone regulates intrarenal blood flow by vasodilation or vasoconstriction?
Prostaglandins
Which component on the UA would the nurse consider a normal finding?
Protein, red blood cells, and white blood cells
Which condition will occur from stimulation of the itch-specific nerve fibers?
Pruritus
Which skin inflammation is often relieved by phototherapy with UV light?
Psoriasis
When preparing to assess four assigned patients, the nurse understands that which pt may incur harm if he or she palpates the urinary system?
Pt having a kidney aneurysm.
GFR >90
Pt is usually assymptematic.
Which pt has the highest risk for fungal UTI?
Pt on corticosteroids
Which pt is at risk if the nurse attempts to palpate the pt's kidney?
Pt. with a tumor in the kidney.
Urine studies for CKD
Urinalysis, urine sodium, urine osmolarity, urine protection dipstick, 24 hour creatinine clearance
Purpura
Purple patches on the skin that may be caused by blood disorders, vascular abnormalities, or trauma.
Vesicle filled with pus or cloudy fluid
Pustule
Which procedure is preferred for the removal of a large stone from the kidney pelvis?
Pyelolithotomy
Papular
Raised rash
Which finding would the nurse expect to find during the assessment of a pt with herpes zoster?
Rash that follows nerve path
Which skin infection is associated with posttherapetic neuralgia?
Shingles
Which process of wound healing is affected if there is damage to the hair follicles and sweat glands from the surgical incision?
Re-epithelialization
Which process promotes the healing of partial-thickness wounds?
Re-epithelialization
Erythema
Redness of the skin or mucous membranes.
Which process occurs in the third intention of wound healing?
Removal of debris
Shave Biopsy
Remove only part of the skin that rises above the surrounding tissue when injected with a local anesthetic.
Care for a pt with urticaria is focused on which goal?
Removing triggering substance
Which complication may occur with asymptomatic bacteriuria?
Renal Insufficiency
Imaging studies for CKD
Renal US, CT, and MRI, renal biopsy usually after all other causes ruled out.
Which process of wound healing involves the production of keratin?
Resurfacing
Calcium deposits into soft tissues and organs=
Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CD)
Plaque psoriasis is commonly found on which area of the body?
Scalp, lower back, knees, and elbows
Which substance reduces water loss from the skin surface?
Sebum
Which type of intention helps in healing a chronic pressure injury with a cavity-like defect?
Second
Which risk category is measured by the Braden scale assessment tool?
Sensory perception, moisture, mobility, and nutritional status
Pressure ulcers can cause which complication?
Sepsis and Kidney failure
Which factor will be discussed when educating a pt about factors that alter nail growth and appearance?
Serious Illness
Which biochemical may be decreased during renal failure?
Serum calcium
Which risk factor would the nurse assess for in a pt diagnosed with acute kidney injury?
Shock, sepsis, cardiac surgery, and prolonged mechanical ventilation
Chronic sun exposure leads to..
Skin depression
Which clinical finding would the nurse attribute to the presence of kidney stones?
Smoky urine, increased serum calcium, and increased serum phosphate
Foods pt's with urinary calcium oxalate stones should AVOID
Spinach, black tea, and rhubarb
Which stage of kidney tumor includes extension into the Gerota Fascia
Stage IV
Which is the outermost horny skin layer?
Stratum Corneum
Which skin layer provides protection through insulation?
Subcutaneous Tissue
Which characteristic of acute kidney injury would the nurse expect a pt to exhibit?
Sudden onset, may not progress, nephron involvement between 50 and 95%
Taut
Tightly stretched.
Which is the function of adipose tissue?
To absorb mechanical shock
What is the role of alarms in renal replacement therapy?
To detect an air embolus
For which purpose would a pt with a kidney disorder have a diagnostic renal scan performed?
To evaluate renal perfusion
Which nephrotoxic NSAID can cause acute kidney injury in pt's?
Tolmetin
Epidermis
Top layer of skin in body.
Which med is commonly used for the treatment of actinic keratosis?
Topical fluorouracil
Which serum lab value would the nurse expect to be decreased in a pt diagnosed with AKI?
Total and ionized calcium
Which amount of daily fluid intake is recommended for a patient recovering from acute kidney injury?
UO with an additional 500 mL.
To obtain info about the cause of a pts's urinary incont. and retention, which test would the nurse expect the health care provider to prescribe?
Urethral pressure profilometry (UPP)
When assessing urinary incontrovertible. in a pt with kidney dysfunction, the nurse would use which diagnostic test?
Urine stream testing
Which condition is characterized by the presence of a rash of white or red edematous papules?
Urticaria
GFR 30-59
Usually related to comorbid conditions.
Drug list for CKD
Vit. D analogs, phosphorus binders, Cinacalcet- reduces calcium in blood, anti-hypertensives, erythropoietin stimulating agents, and iron supplementation
Which factor would the nurse attribute to stress incont.?
Weak Pelvic Muscles
Renal Replacement Therapy
When the body is no longer able to maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance or hemodynamics.
Oliguria
When total output is between 100 and 400 mL in 24 hrs.
Pyuria
White blood cells in the urine
Which finding would be consistent with oral candidiasis?
White coating of the tongue
Which surgical technique is used to remove full-thickness skin in the area of a lesion?
Wide excision
Voiding Cystourethrography
radiographic imaging of the bladder and the urethra
Skin cancer prevention
tanning beds, mid-day sun exposure, and chemical carcinogens