exam 4
A researcher selects a sample of 110 participants and computes the following phi correlation coefficient: = 0.31. What is the value of ? A) 3.84 B) 10.57 C) 34.10 D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
10.57
A researcher selects a sample of 80 people and records the frequency of participants choosing a low, moderate, or high calorie dessert in a buffet. What are the degrees of freedom for this chi-square goodness-of-fit test? A) 2 B) 3 C) 79 D) 80
2
A researcher computes a 2 × 4 chi-square test for independence. What are the degrees of freedom for this test? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 8
3
A researcher reports the following results for a chi-square test: 2(1) = 5.386, p < .05 (V = 0.224). If this test were a test for independence, then how many groups were observed? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
4
A researcher compares the frequency of participants who sleep primarily on their stomach, back, or side during the night. What is the critical value for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test at a .05 level of significance? 2 3 3.84 5.99
5.99
A researcher computes a 2 × 3 chi-square test for independence. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance? A) 3.84 B) 5.99 C) 7.81 D) 12.59
5.99
The correlation coefficient ranges from -1.0 to +1.0, with values closer to ±1.0 indicating A) a more positive relationship between two factors B) a stronger relationship between two factors C) that two factors are less likely to be related D) that the correlation is due to outliers
a stronger relationship between two factors
Outliers can change the _____ of a correlation. A) direction B) strength C) sign (+, -) D) all of the above
all of the above
Select the description below that identifies the following correlation: r = .28, p < .01. A) the correlation is positive B) the correlation is statistically significant C) the coefficient of determination is .08 D) all of the above
all of the above
The sign test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test? one-sample t-test two-independent sample t-test related samples t-test both A and C
both A and C
The test statistic (i.e., the formula) is the same for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test and which other test?
chi square test for independence
When at least one categorical variable has more than two levels, Cramer's V is used to estimate ______________________________ for a chi-square test for independence.
effect size
The formula for the chi-square test measures the size of the discrepancy between observed and _____________________________frequencies.
expected
When the chi-square test for independence is significant, this indicates that there is significant variability between groups. A) True B) False
false
When computing a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, the frequency expected in a given cell should never be less than A) the sample size B) the number of cells C) the frequency observed D) five
five
The Kruskal-Wallis H test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test? related samples t-test two-independent sample t-test one-way between-subjects ANOVA one-way within-subjects ANOVA
one-way between-subjects ANOVA
A chi-square goodness-of-fit test shows that the frequencies observed fit well with those that were expected. Hence, the decision was to A) reject the null hypothesis B) retain the null hypothesis C) no decision was made
retain the null hypothesis
One nonparametric statistical test is the chi-square test. Name three others.
sign test, mann-whitney U test, wilcoxen sign ranks T test, kruskal-wallis H test, friedman test
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test for independence test are A) k - 1 B) n - 1 C) (k1 - 1)(k2 - 1) D) (k - 1)(n - 1)
(k1 - 1)(k2 - 1)
To compute the expected frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, we use which of the following formulas? A) k - 1 B) p(n) C) (row total + column total)/grand total D) (row total × column total)/grand total
(row total × column total)/grand total
The correlation coefficient ranges between ____ and ____. A) 0; +1 B) -1; 0 C) -1; +1 D) -infinity; +infinity
-1; +1
If r = .25, then the coefficient of determination is = to...
.0625 (.06)
A 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence has ___ degrees of freedom.
1
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A researcher measures the following correlation between number of years of education and life satisfaction: r = +0.08. What is the value of the coefficient of determination? A) 0.08 B) 0.16 C) 0.01 D) 0.11
0.01
A researcher measures the following correlation: r = -0.21. What is the value of the coefficient of determination? A) 0.04 B) -0.04 C) 0.42 D) -0.42
0.04
If = 5.32 and n = 40, then what is the value of the coefficient of determination? 0.133 0.36 0.64 There is not enough information to answer this question.
0.133
A researcher computes a 4 × 6 chi-square test for independence with a sample of 120 participants, with = 14.79. What is the effect size for this result? A) 0.04 B) 0.20 C) 0.12 D) 0.35
0.20
A researcher measures the correlation between the frequency of self-esteem (high, low) and health status (lean/healthy, overweight/obese). Based on the frequencies for each nominal category given below, what is the value of the phi correlation coefficient? Health Status Lean/Healthy Overweight/ Obese Self-Esteem Low 18 32 High 32 18 0.08 0.28 0.52 0.56
0.28
A researcher measures the relationship between two variables, X and Y. If = 340 and = 320,000, then what is the value of the correlation coefficient? 0.32 0.34 0.60 almost a zero correlation
0.60
A researcher measures the correlation between self-esteem (high, low) and physical fitness scores among school athletes. In the study, 12 participants reported high self-esteem and 12 reported low self-esteem. If = 9.06 and = 11, then what is the value of the correlation coefficient? A) 0.61 B) 0.30 C) 0.39 D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
0.61
A researcher measures the correlation in rankings for a sample of restaurants and consumers' rankings of their favorite restaurants. If = 96 and n = 12, then what is the value of the correlation coefficient? A) 0.07 B) 0.34 C) 0.66 D) 0.94
0.66
A researcher measures the relationship between narcissism and willingness to help. If = 240, = 320, and = 410, then what is the value of the correlation coefficient? A) 0.002 B) 0.02 C) 0.66 D) 0.69
0.66
A researcher records the frequency of participants selecting one of four new slogans for an advertising campaign. If it was expected that among 200 people polled there would be no preference for any one slogan, then what was the expected frequency for each slogan. 25 people 50 people 100 people 200 people
50 people
A researcher measures the correlation between gender and student aptitude scores from 0 to 100 among 20 participants. If = 0.49, then what is the decision for this correlation test? A) Retain the null hypothesis. B) Reject the null hypothesis. C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
B) Reject the null hypothesis.
Which of the following measures of effect size can be reported with a 3 × 4 chi-square test for independence? A) proportion of variance B) the phi coefficient C) Cramer's V D) all of the above
Cramer's V
A researcher tests whether levels of education and income levels are related. In this study, he observes the following frequencies. If he computes a chi-square test for independence at a .05 level of significance, then what is the decision for this test? Education Level High School Bachelor's Degree Graduate Degree Low Income 22 8 5 High Income 8 12 28 A) Education and income level are related. B) Education and income level are not related. C) Education and income level are independent. D) Both B and C are appropriate.
Education and income level are related.
A chi-square goodness-of-fit test leads to a decision to retain the null hypothesis. Which of the following correctly explains this decision? A) frequencies observed were significantly different from frequencies expected at each level of the categorical variable B) frequencies observed were significantly different from frequencies expected across the levels of the categorical variable C) frequencies observed were significantly different from frequencies expected within and between expected frequencies D) Frequencies observed were statistically similar to the frequencies expected at each level of the categorical variable
Frequencies observed were statistically similar to the frequencies expected at each level of the categorical variable
The following graphs display the data points for two linear correlations. Based on the information provided in these graphs, ________ displays a negative correlation and ________ displays a stronger correlation. A) Graph A; Graph B B) Graph B; Graph A C) Graph A; Graph A D) Graph B; Graph B
Graph A; Graph B
Give the definition for a "third variable" or confound in correlational research.
It is an unanticipated variable no accounted for in the study that could be causing or correlating with observed changes in one or more other variables.
A researcher tests whether job security and life satisfaction are related. In this study, he observes the following frequencies. If he computes a test for independence at a .05 level of significance, then what is the decision for this test? Life Satisfaction Yes No Job Security Yes 14 10 No 12 9 A) Job security and job satisfaction are related. B) Job security and job satisfaction are dependent. C) Job security and job satisfaction are independent. D) Both A and B are appropriate.
Job security and job satisfaction are independent.
Would Pearson r show a strong correlation if the data were not in a linear pattern but instead represented a "U-shaped" function? Explain.
No. Pearson r only assesses a linear relationship between variables.
What is the key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test? A) The population is normally distributed. B) Observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell. C) Expected frequencies are homogeneous. D) all of the above
Observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
What is a key distinction between parametric tests and nonparametric tests in terms of scales of measurement? A) Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data, whereas nonparametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data. B) Parametric tests are used for ordinal and nominal data, whereas nonparametric tests are used for interval and ratio data. C) Parametric tests are used for ordinal or interval data, whereas nonparametric tests are used for nominal data only. D) There is no distinction; both types of tests are used to analyze data on any scale of measurement.
Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data, whereas nonparametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data.
A researcher asks participants to taste each of three meals and to choose the one they like best. The same foods are in each meal, expect for the calorie total of the meal (which is low, moderate, or high calorie). Based on the observed frequencies given below, what is an appropriate conclusion for this test at a .05 level of significance? Type of Meal Low Calorie Moderate Calorie High Calorie 6 7 17 10 10 10 A) Participants liked the high calorie meal more than the low calorie meal. B) Participants liked the low calorie meal less than the moderate calorie meal. C) Participants liked the high calorie meal more than was expected. D) all of the above
Participants liked the high calorie meal more than was expected.
A local ice cream shop wants to see if they should promote a new swizzleberry swirl or creamsicle flavored drink. In order to determine which one to promote, they took a sample of 80 patrons and asked them to choose which they preferred. The one that is significantly preferred over the other (at a .05 level of significance) will be promoted. It is expected that an equal number of patrons will choose each flavor. Based on the observed frequencies given below, what is the decision for this test? Flavored Drinks Swizzleberry Swirl Flavored Creamsicle Flavored Observed Results 28 52 A) Promote the swizzleberry swirl flavored drink. B) Promote the creamsicle flavored drink. C) Do not promote any flavored drinks. D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Promote the creamsicle flavored drink.
A researcher measures the correlation of the time it take participants to complete two tasks purported to measure the same cognitive skill. Participant times are converted to ranks from fastest to slowest. If = 165 and n = 20, then what is the decision for this correlation test? A) Retain the null hypothesis. B) Reject the null hypothesis. C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Reject the null hypothesis
A researcher computes the following phi correlation coefficient: = 0.42. If the sample size was 20, then what is the decision for this correlation test? Retain the null hypothesis. Reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough information to answer this question.
Retain the null hypothesis.
A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 3 and = 4.32. What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance? A) Retain the null hypothesis. B) Reject the null hypothesis. C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Retain the null hypothesis.
A researcher determines that = 3.76 to test for significance for a phi correlation coefficient. What was the decision for this phi correlation test? Retain the null hypothesis. Reject the null hypothesis There is not enough information to answer this question.
Retain the null hypothesis.
Suppose a correlation is computed in each of two samples. If the value of is the same in each sample, and is larger in Sample 1, then in which sample will the value of the correlation coefficient be larger? Sample 1 Sample 2 None; the correlation coefficient will be the same in both samples. There is not enough information to answer this question.
Sample 2
A researcher measures the following correlation between cups of coffee consumed daily and daily work schedule. Which description best explains the relationship between these two factors? The more a person works, the more coffee he or she tends to drink. The less a person works, the more coffee he or she tends to drink. The more a person works, the less coffee he or she tends to drink. No linear pattern is evident.
The more a person works, the more coffee he or she tends to drink.
Which of the following is a key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test? A) The observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell. B) The variance between groups is equal. C) There is no mean difference between groups. D) The proportion in each cell is equal to zero.
The observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
Can a chi-square test ever be used to support a hypothesis about a causal relationship? Explain.
Yes. If the levels of one factor were randomly assigned (e.g., low or high cognitive load) and the other factor could be affected by that first factor (e.g., making an error on a computer task or not), then you could conclude that factor 1 caused the different outcome in factor 2.
imagine you are a journal editor. A researcher reports means and standard deviations for groups for a study that required running a chi-square test. Is there a problem? What is the problem
Yes. It's not meaningful to calculate means and SDs for chi-square data because the data represent frequency counts and they are measured on a nominal scale.
An unanticipated variable not accounted for in a research study that could be causing or associated with observed changes in one or more measured variables is called reverse causality restriction of range a confound variable homoscedasticity
a confound variable
A statistical procedure used to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two factors is called A) effect size B) power C) a correlation D) coincidence
a correlation
The normality assumption states that the population of X and Y scores form a bivariate ("two variable") normal distribution, such that A) the population of X and Y scores are normally distributed B) for each X score, the distribution of Y scores is normally distributed C) for each Y score, the distribution of X scores is normally distributed D) all of the above
all of the above
The observed frequencies can be summarized, A) in a table B) in a figure C) in the main text D) all of the above
all of the above
To summarize correlations, we report: the strength of the correlation the direction of the correlation the p value all of the above
all of the above
To summarize the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which of the following is reported? A) test statistic B) p value C) degrees of freedom D) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a limitation for interpreting a correlation? A) Correlations do not demonstrate cause-and-effect. B) Outliers can change the direction and/or strength of the correlation. C) Conclusions should not be drawn beyond the range of scores measured. D) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is an appropriate measure of effect size for a 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence? A) proportion of variance B) the phi coefficient C) Cramer's V D) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is an example of a parametric test? A) analysis of variance B) one-sample t-test C) Pearson correlation D) all of the above
all of the above
A researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five by A) increasing the number of cells B) increasing the sample size C) decreasing the observed frequency D) both A and B
both A and B
The numerator of the correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two variables A) vary together B) vary independently C) Covary D) both A and C
both A and C
Which of the following is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses about the discrepancy between the observed and expected frequencies in two or more nominal categories? one-way ANOVA analysis of regression chi-square test all of the above
chi-square test
Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test? A) analysis of variance B) the t-tests C) chi-square test D) pearson correlation
chi-square test
The sign (+ or -) of a correlation coefficient indicates the________________________________ of a relationship between two factors.
direction
Many nonparametric tests are called ________ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population. A) parametric tests B) skewed-distribution tests C) significance-free tests D) distribution-free tests
distribution-free tests
The assumption that there is an equal variance or scatter of data points dispersed along the regression line is referred to as normality linearity homoscedasticity restriction of range
homoscedasticity
Which of the following is the assumption that there is an equal variance of data points dispersed along the regression line? A) normality B) linearity C) homoscedasticity D) restriction of range
homoscedasticity
One way a researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five is to increase the levels of the categorical variable such that the number of levels A) is equal to the sample size B) is greater than four C) is less than five D) is minimal
is greater than four
One way a researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five is to increase the sample size such that A) it is equal to the number of cells B) it is three times larger than the number of cells C) it is five times larger than the number of cells D) it is seven times smaller than the number of cells
it is five times larger than the number of cells
In a chi-square test, one assumption that must be met concerns the expected frequencies for any give cell. What is this assumption?
it must be at least 5
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test are A) k - 1 B) n - 1 C) (k1 - 1)(k2 - 1) D) (k - 1)(n - 1)
k - 1
A researcher computes a 4 × 4 chi-square test for independence and estimates the following effect size: V = 0.36. This effect size is A) small B) medium C) large
large
Which of the following is the assumption that the best way to describe the pattern of data is using a straight line? normality linearity homoscedasticity restriction of range
linearity
Give an example of two variables that might be related and that would best be tested with a chi-square test of independence.
nomial scale variables
A researcher conducts two chi-square tests. The 2 × 2 chi-square was 2 = 3.82. The 2 × 3 chi-square was 2 = 5.02. Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance? A) the 2 × 2 chi-square B) the 2 × 3 chi-square C) both chi-square tests results in a decision to reject the null hypothesis D) none; both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis
none; both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis
The point-biserial correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables, where one is continuous, and one is dichotomous both variables are on an ordinal scale one is at interval level or higher and one is ordinal both variables are on a nominal scale
one is continuous, and one is dichotomous
When finding the critical value in a chi-square distribution, how many tails do you look in for the cutoff?
one tail
The Friedman test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test? related samples t-test two-independent sample t-test one-way between-subjects ANOVA one-way within-subjects ANOVA
one-way within-subjects ANOVA
The Spearman correlation coefficient is used to measure the correlation between two variables that are measured on a(n) _______________________ scale
ordinal
The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ________ variables. A) nominal B) ordinal C) interval D) ratio
ordinal
To summarize the chi-square test for independence, report the test statistic, degrees of freedom, observed frequencies (or percentages), effect size, and the___________________________________value.
p
The formula for the Spearman correlation coefficient was derived from the formula for...
pearson coorelation coefficient (pearson r)
Name the correlation coefficient used to test the relationship between these for sets of variables (So, state the four answers, in order): 1. height and weight 2. retirement status (yes or no) and blood pressure 3. retirement status and death penalty view (pro vs. con) 4. rankings of runners on place (1st-8th) and birth order (1st-8th).
pearson r, point biserial, phi, spearman
The ______________________ correlation coefficient is used to measure the correlation between two dichotomous variables
phi
We convert r to a t statistic for which of the following correlation tests? A) Pearson B) Spearman C) point-biserial D) phi
point-biserial
A major weakness in using a nonparametric test like chi square when a parametric test could validly be used is that the nonparametric test is lower on __________________________________.
power
We compute the frequency expected in each category using known ________ stated in the null hypothesis. hypothesis tests proportions variances effect sizes
proportions
Which of the following indicates the strongest correlation? A) r = -0.57 B) r = +0.78 C) r = -0.90 D) r = +0.88
r = -0.90
The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test? one-sample t-test two-independent sample t-test related samples t-test both A and C
related samples t-test
When the chi-square test for independence is significant, this indicates that two variables are____________________________
related/depended/correlated
A researcher observes a correlation of values from 2 to 10 points and draws conclusions about the full range of values in the population from 0 to 21 points. Which limitation for correctly interpreting a correlation coefficient did the researcher violate? reverse causality restriction of range a confound variable homoscedasticity
restriction of range
The correlation coefficient is used to measure the ________ and ________ of the linear relationship between two factors. a) date; time b) mean; variance c) significance; effect size d) strength; direction
strength; direction
A researcher conducts two chi-square tests. The 2 × 2 chi-square was 2 = 3.92. The 2 × 3 chi-square was 2 = 5.92. Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance? A) the 2 × 2 chi-square B) the 2 × 3 chi-square C) both chi-square tests results in a decision to reject the null hypothesis D) none; both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis
the 2 × 2 chi-square
The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ranked or ordinal variables is A) the Spearman correlation coefficient B) the point-biserial correlation coefficient C) the phi correlation coefficient D) none of the above
the Spearman correlation coefficient
The most common measure of effect size for the correlation coefficient is called A) the correlation coefficient B) the coefficient of determination C) estimated Cohen's d D) the test statistic
the coefficient of determination
Which of the following would not be reported for a correlation? the sample size the coefficient of determination the critical values for each test the strength and direction of the correlation
the critical values for each test
As a general rule, the larger the degrees of freedom for a chi-square test, A) the smaller the critical value will be B) the larger the critical value will be C) the smaller the level of significance will be D) the larger the level of significance will be
the larger the critical value will be
The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring for the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two dichotomous variables is the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient the point-biserial correlation coefficient the phi correlation coefficient none of the above
the phi correlation coefficient
If the expected frequencies equal to observed frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, what do we conclude? A) the degrees of freedom for the test are equal to 0 B) the test statistic value is equal to 0 C) the frequencies observed fit well with the frequencies expected D) both B and C
the test statistic value is equal to 0
A correlation of r = .38 in a sample of 30 participants is statistically significant for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance. a) True b) False
true
The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to eta-squared. A) True B) False
true
The Mann-Whitney U test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test? one-sample t-test two-independent sample t-test related samples t-test both A and C
two-independent sample t-test
The denominator of the correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two variables vary together vary independently covary both A and C
vary independently