exam 5

When did modern humans migrate from Africa into Asia and Europe?

100,000 year ago

In the replacement model of evolution, where did modern humans first evolve?

Africa

What would you predict as a likely consequence of eradicating all fungi from soil before sowing it with plant seeds?

Although the plants might grow, they would be unlikely to thrive due to the lack of mycorrhizal fungi.

A fungal infection that covers an amphibian's skin can quickly kill the animal. Why can't amphibians tolerate their skin being covered with a foreign substance?

Amphibians have small lungs and use their skin for gas exchange; they suffocate when the skin is covered with fungal growth.

What evidence supports the idea that archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria?

Archaea and eukaryotes initiate transcription in the same fashion, share some ribosomal proteins, and have similar types of tRNA.

Which feature is not found in the lophotrochozoa?

As embryos they have two germ layers that develop into their body systems.

Refer to the figure shown here. Which of the following would not have been a selective agent or pressure that could lead to the reduction in hindlimbs through time?

Before moving into the ocean, smaller legs were advantageous to escaping predators on land.

Which statement about slime molds and water molds is incorrect?

Both are fungi.

Interpreting this figure, which of the following is a similarity between Lamarck's proposal for evolution and Darwin's proposal?

Both scenarios expose the giraffes to an environmental pressure (or challenge).

Darwin and Wallace both concluded that species evolve through the process of natural selection. What similar experiences and information helped them both reach the same conclusion?

Both were naturalists.

When making bread, you first "proof" the yeast by mixing it with sugar in lukewarm water. Assuming that the yeast are alive, what happens next and why?

Bubbles form as the yeast ferment the sugar and release carbon dioxide.

Which part of the figure represents the gametophyte?

C

The molecule cytochrome c supports the theory of evolution as biochemical evidence. Which of the following is not part of that evidence?

Cytochrome c has evolved multiple times among many species.

Which structure is the style?

D

Which structure is the ovary?

E

Why are developmental biologists especially interested in studying echinoderm embryos?

Echinoderms are the closest living relatives of chordates.

Which of the following cannot be determined from the fossil record?

Evidence of every species that ever existed.

Analogous structures are always evidence of common ancestry.

False

Environmental catastrophes are a requirement of natural selection.

False

Many species of finches, tortoises, cacti, and iguanas are found on the Galápagos Islands and nowhere else in the world. Which physical attribute of these islands has not played a role in permitting such unique life forms to evolve?

Food is plentiful and diverse on every island.

Which statement about fungi is incorrect?

Fungi produce gametes that are motile.

Which statement is not true about invertebrate animals?

Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

Which of the following does not provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contribute to different metabolic processes in the eukaryotic cell.

Which similarity is not shared between algae and plants?

Most algae have some form of locomotion.

Which one of the following statements is true?

Natural selection can only work on variation that already exists.

As a result of drinking contaminated water, a patient contracts amoebic dysentery. Would an antibiotic drug that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis be beneficial in treating the amoeba infection?

No, because amoeba are not bacteria and do not have peptidoglycan.

Which of the following is not a step in the process of natural selection?

People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.

Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom?

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.

Which of the following is not a similarity that protozoans have to animals?

Protozoans are able to photosynthesize.

A viroid is a naked, infectious ________ molecule.

RNA

What do transitional fossils illustrate?

Shared ancestral traits.

Which statement about sponges is correct?

Sponges are filter feeders.

Penicillin is an antibiotic drug that interferes with cell wall synthesis in bacteria, eventually resulting in cell death. What effect would you predict if you applied penicillin to archaea?

The archaea would not be affected, since they do not contain peptidoglycan.

Which statement is not true about echinoderms?

The exoskeleton is made up of bony tissue.

The luna moth (Actias luna) is a large, showy moth with lovely green wings. It has no mouth and therefore cannot eat. How is it that this species continues to exist?

The luna moth is the adult stage in the life cycle; feeding occurs during the caterpillar stage.

Which statement about chytrids is incorrect?

They are obligate parasites.

What is the main structural difference between a virus and a viroid?

Viroids do not have a capsid covering.

________ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves.

Xylem

While walking in the woods, you come across some low-growing plants clustered at the base of a tree. You collect one as a specimen for biology class. Upon examination in the lab, you find that the leaf-, stem-, and root-like structures contain no vascular tissue. The plant is

a bryophyte.

A bacteria's genetic material can include

a circular chromosome, plasmids, and latent bacteriophage DNA.

A virus is specific to a particular type of host cell because

a glycoprotein on the viral capsid is a specific match to a receptor on the surface of a compatible host cell.

A leech would not have

a notochord.

Which of these is a protostome?

a planarian

An arthropod would not have

a pseudocoelom.

Which of the following groups provides protection and nourishment to the embryo?

all plants

Which group of organisms is attacked by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a parasitic chytrid that causes a cutaneous infection called chytridiomycosis?

amphibians

In which type of environment would you be most likely to find methanogenic archaea?

anaerobic

Animals are not

autotrophic.

The fact that DNA is the molecule containing the genetic code for all life on Earth is a part of

biochemical evidence.

As you hike up a mountain, you realize that the plants and animals present at the base are not the same as those at the top. This observation is the basis of

biogeography.

Which of the following have microscopically small gametophytes?

both angiosperms and gymnosperms

In the fern life cycle, which of these is haploid?

both gametophyte and gametes

Which of these is mismatched?

calyx - stigma

Which of these is mismatched?

charophyte - hypha

The closest living relatives of land plants are

charophytes.

Which of the following is not caused by an emerging virus?

chickenpox

The exoskeleton of an arthropod is composed largely of the polysaccharide

chitin.

When comparing chick and pig embryos, the similar eyes, pharyngeal pouches, and postanal tails are evidence of

common ancestry.

Which of these would be found in both roundworms and annelids?

complete digestive tract

Which means of genetic recombination in bacteria often make use of pili?

conjugation

Retroviruses

contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

Birds are not

ectothermic

Darwin's primary mission on the HMS Beagle was to

expand the Navy's knowledge of natural resources around the world.

What characteristics of Archaeopteryx tell us that it is a link to reptiles and birds?

feathers and teeth

Which of these does not belong to the angiosperm life cycle?

flagellated sperm

Which structure is a characteristic found only in angiosperms?

flower

Which of these is mismatched?

fluke - body cavity

Which of these is mismatched?

food poisoning - archaea

Which is not a typical adult amphibian characteristic?

four-chambered heart

Which of the following is not a hominin?

gorilla

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n)

gymnosperm.

The wing of a penguin and the wing of an eagle are

homologous structures.

In 2004, fossil skeletons of a new Homo species were discovered in Indonesia and named Homo floresiensis. Which factor was the key to classifying this species in the genus Homo?

humanlike rather than apelike craniums

Following Lamarck's ideas, if a person were to lose his arm in an accident, then that person's children would

inherit one arm.

Which of these has radial symmetry?

jellyfish

Amphibians are the descendants of

lobe-finned fishes.

Which organism does not posses features that identify them as an arachnid?

lobster

Beekeepers and scientists are very troubled by a recent decline in bee populations around the world. What would you predict as a likely consequence of the widespread disappearance of bees?

loss of crop productivity

A plant has vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves, but it does not produce seeds. The plant has microphylls and bears its sporangia in strobili. This plant is a

lycophyte.

Which of these was the first to have well-developed vascular tissue?

lycophytes

Pollen grains are

male gametophytes.

The mantle, foot, and visceral mass are all parts of a(n)

mollusc.

Which of these features would not belong to an echinoderm?

nephridium

Which feature is necessary in order to classify an organism as an ecdysozoan?

nonliving exoskeleton

Natural selection results in

offspring that is better adapted to their current environment.

Which feature is lacking in sponges?

organized true tissues

By definition, a fruit is derived from the

ovary.

Cyanobacteria are important producers, more specifically called

photoautotrophs.

Algae are commonly grouped by their type of

pigment.

What structure enables a plant virus to move from one plant cell to the next?

plasmodesmata

Which of the following are acellular?

prions

Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae?

protection of the embryo

Which of the following groups contains at least some members that have cell walls?

protists, bacteria, and archaea

Molluscs are

protostomes

Which group of algae will have calcium carbonate within their cell walls?

red algae

The main reason reptiles are so well-adapted to land environment is their method of

reproduction.

Fitness refers to

reproductive success.

Which of these diseases is not caused by roundworms?

schistosomiasis

Which of these has a coelom?

sea star

The repetition of body parts along the length of an animal's body is termed

segmentation.

Which feature is used to identify the ecdysozoans?

shedding their exoskeleton

The name Echinodermata literally means

spiny skin.

Which is an example of a parazoa?

sponges

In black bread mold, spores are produced in structures called

sporangia.

One group of protozoans which are nonmotile, produce spores, and have disease-causing species is the

sporozoans.

Which of these is a cephalopod?

squid

Part Z is

stored food.

An endoparasitic acoelomate with a body consisting of a scolex and a series of proglottids is a

tapeworm.

What is the defining feature of the lophotrochozoans?

tentacle-like feeding structure

Which of the following concepts would not have been supported by Georges Cuvier?

that the Earth and its organisms slowly changed through time

In protostome development,

the blastopore becomes the mouth.

When hiking high in the mountains, you find fossil marine shells lying about. This provides evidence that

the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted.

Monkeys in the New World (the Americas) have prehensile tails, strong flexible tails that grip branches and operate much like another hand. Old World (Africa and Asia) monkeys do not have such a tail. The explanation for this is

the prehensile tail evolved in New World monkeys after the Americas separated from Africa and Asia.

The presence of vestigial organs supports evidence of evolution because

the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor.

In a fungal life cycle, which of the following is/are diploid?

the zygote only

Endosperm is a ________ tissue.

triploid (3n)

African sleeping sickness is caused by a

trypanosome.

Which of these is mismatched?

tunicate - has all chordate characteristics as an adult

Which of the following are invertebrate chordates?

tunicates and lancelets but not jawless fishes

Tortoises in the Galápagos possessed neck lengths unique to each island. Neck lengths appear to be an adaptation to which selective agent?

type of vegetation available to eat

An annelid does not

undergo metamorphosis.

Protists can be

unicellular, colonial, or multicellular

Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas?

vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells

Which of these is not a chordate characteristic?

ventral, solid nerve cord

Which of these is present in all fishes?

vertebrae

Naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid are

viroids.

The fermentation capabilities of ________ are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages.

yeasts

Which of the following groups contains no photosynthetic organisms?

zooflagellates

Which part of the figure represents the sporophyte?

A

Which structure is the anther?

A

The closest living relatives of modern humans are

African apes.

Which of these statements about the evolutionary tree of animals is incorrect?

All animals have true tissues.

Which statement about bacteria is incorrect?

All bacteria are pathogenic to humans.

Without bacteria in the environment,

All of the choices are correct.

Which of these is not a fungal disease (mycosis)?

All of the choices are fungal diseases.

In the infamous anthrax attacks of 2001, several letters were received at the offices of two U.S. senators and various news media outlets. The letters contained dry granular or powdery material. Seventeen people who came into contact with the material from the letters suffered anthrax infections; five more died of anthrax. How could dried-out material cause anthrax?

Anthrax bacteria can form endospores under harsh environmental conditions. The material in the letters contained endospores of anthrax bacteria, which germinated and grew in the more favorable environment of the victims' bodies.

Which species are representatives of the green algae?

Chlamydomonas, Volvox, and Spirogyra

Which feature places cnidarians as eumetazoans?

Cnidarians have two germ layers during development

You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant?

Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos.

Which of the following statements regarding bacterial endospores is false?

Endospores are reproductive structures.

The artificial selection of different breeds of dogs is an example of speciation.

False

A finch population with heritable variation in beak size arrives on an island where only large seeds are available as a food source. Describe the process of natural selection that would follow.

Finches with larger beaks will more easily eat the large seeds and are thus more likely to survive and produce offspring with similarly large beaks. The frequency of large beaks within the population will increase.

Which statement about the plant alternation-of-generations life cycle is incorrect?

Gametes are only produced by meiosis.

How is the mycelium a valuable adaptation for a fungus?

It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture.

What influence did the writings of Thomas Malthus have on Darwin's ideas of natural selection?

Malthus proposed that the human population grows faster than the food supply, meaning that death and famine are inevitable.

While excavating a cave in Spain, you stumble across a skeleton that looks to be human. Upon closer examination, you find that the bones are disproportionately short and thick, and the skull has massive brow ridges. Carefully arranged around the skeleton are a variety of stone tools. You have most likely found the remains of a(n)

Neandertal

What would you call a long chain of Streptococcus bacterial cells that are spherical in shape?

Streptococcus

Which type of snail would be best suited to hide from predators if this population existed in a variable (mixed patches of light and dark areas) environment?

The multicolored (variable) snails would most easily hide from predators.

Which is not an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution?

The multiple islands all had an identical environment.

You take a large sample of soil and put it all into individual pots. You then divide the pots into two groups. In the first group, every pot of soil has been sterilized, and thus contains no bacteria. In the second group, none of the pots of soil have been sterilized. You plant soybean seeds in all the pots. What would you expect to see as the seeds sprout and grow?

The plants growing in the non-sterile soil are bigger because they have mutualistic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Why don't new biological macromolecules form abiotically from nonliving matter on the Earth today?

The special environmental conditions that are required do not exist.

Given the comparative study of embryology, it is concluded that genes controlling embryonic development are essentially the same.

True

One of the key features of the lophotrochozoans is that they have a band of cilia during their larval stage.

True

Prior to Darwin, people considered variation among individuals as "imperfections" that served no particular purpose.

True

The similarity of the fossil glyptodont to the living, modern armadillo is an example of comparative anatomy.

True

The theory of evolution is supported by multiple sources of evidence described by many different people, and by a variety of fields of study.

True

Which of the following statements is not true of all viruses?

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

Many people refer to Alfred Russel Wallace as the "father of biogeography." Which of the following contributions led Wallace to achieve this title?

Wallace described a sharp line dividing Australian species from Asian species.

Why are Australian mammals all marsupial while mammals on other continents are mostly placental?

When the continents separated from one another, marsupials on Australia did not have the placental competitors that were present in the Americas.

Some species of pathogenic bacteria are able to attack specific tissues in the human body due to structures called

adhesion factors.

Some scientists estimate that over half of the world's rainforest has already been lost, mostly due to human activities. What would you predict as a consequence of the massive loss of plant life?

an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide

Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by

angiosperms.

Which of these worms are segmented?

annelids

Bacteria that cause ear infections have increased their resistance to antibiotics over time. Which of the following is the selective agent?

antibiotics

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) damages and kills susceptible citrus trees around the world. It can be spread by grafting of infected plants, and by aphids, insects with piercing mouthparts that they use to suck fluid from plants. Which of the following would not limit the spread of CTV?

application of antibiotic drugs to citrus plants

Broccoli, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage, and cauliflower were all derived from the single wild species. This diversity is a result of

artificial selection.

Which is the correct order of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?

attachment - penetration - biosynthesis - maturation - release

Your task as a researcher is to develop a new drug to prevent retrovirus infections in newly exposed individuals. Which of the means listed is likely to be the most effective?

blocking enzyme action

Animals are thought to be most closely related to

choanoflagellates.

A unicellular, eukaryotic organism has flagella and cell walls of chitin. What is it?

chytrid

Which of these is mismatched?

cilia - bacteria

Which of these is a bivalve?

clam

Which of the following is not an example of artificial selection?

different styles of potatoes: fried, mashed, baked, etc.

In ferns, the dominant generation is the

diploid sporophyte.

The sugar glider in Australia and the flying squirrel in North America are both small mammals with large expanses of loose skin between their forelimbs and hindlimbs, allowing them to glide from tree to tree within their respective forest habitats. These two species are not evolutionarily related but are very similar in their overall appearance. Darwin's explanation for their similarity is that

each have adapted in very similar ways to similar habitats.

Animal viruses that have an envelope enter cells by

either fusing with the plasma membrane or endocytosis.

Which of these is mismatched?

embryo - male gametophyte

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Paramecium?

engulfs prey with pseudopods

What is a common feature shared by both the roundworms and the arthropods?

exoskeleton

Which of these would be best able to reproduce during a period with little to no rainfall?

gymnosperms

Which of these is mismatched?

gymnosperms - fruits

Conifers such as pine trees are classified as

gymnosperms.

Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals?

hair

Which type of archaea use a pigment related to the rhodopsin, a pigment found in human eyes, to absorb solar energy and pump chloride ions?

halophiles

Archaea

have plasma membranes, and most have cell walls.

A(n) _____ is an individual animal that possesses both male and female sex organs.

hermaphrodite

Which one of the following statements is true?

inherit one arm.

Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods?

insects

Which of these has the necessary adaptations to survive in a dry land environment?

insects

Wings of insects and birds are results of convergent evolution. This means that

insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways.

Which of these occurs during the bacteriophage lysogenic cycle but not the lytic cycle?

integration

Which sporozoan characteristic is most consistent with a parasitic lifestyle?

lack of motility

Which of these is a primate, but not an anthropoid?

lemur

Which primate is not on the anthropoid branch of the evolutionary tree?

lemur

A researcher infects a bacterium with a bacteriophage and notices that the infection does not immediately bring about the destruction of the host cell. Instead, the phage's genetic material is copied whenever the host reproduces. Which viral replication cycle is described here?

lysogenic cycle

Which structures were required for the evolution of the ferns and gymnosperms?

megaphylls and vascular tissue

What feature is used to classify a sponge as a parazoan?

molecular data

Viroids and prions are alike in that both are infectious

molecules.

Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture?

mosses, ferns, and lycophytes

Which of these has a diploid stage in their life cycle?

mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

The gametophyte is the dominant generation in

mosses.

Many garden supply stores sell root dips used to treat plants that are being transplanted. Such dips are advertised as containing spores. What kind of spores should these dips contain?

mycorrhizal fungi

What are the key features of chordates?

notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail

The ________ of a virus is enclosed by a ________ capsid.

nucleic acid; protein

Although Lamarck hypothesized that adaptations to the environment did occur, he also believed that

offspring inherited characteristics that were acquired by their parents during their lifetime.

Which group of organisms are viroids (not viruses) most likely to parasitize?

plants

Cell-like structures that may have resulted from macromolecular self-assembly are referred to as

protocells.

Which group of organisms is it believed that animals evolved from?

protozoan

Which feature is not found in the arthropods?

pseudocoelom lined with mesoderm

Which feature is present in cnidarians but lacking in sponges?

radial symmetry

Ascaris is considered to be a(n)

roundworm.

Which fungal disease can lead to a major economic loss in wheat crops?

rusts

Bacteria that secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings in order to decompose nonliving organic matter are called

saprotrophs.

Most fungi in the environment function as

saprotrophs.

Critical to the theory of evolution, Darwin needed to include an idea that was not generally accepted by scientists or society at that time. That idea was that

the Earth must be very old.

Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism stated that

the processes that shape the Earth occur at a constant rate.

Lyell's Principles of Geology was the first text to give evidence that the Earth

was undergoing slow and continuous cycles of erosion and uplift.