EXAM!!
Civil Liberties
-basic freedoms -restricts what gov can do to you
Freedom of religion is one of several civil liberties protected in the first ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the -. The - Amendment specifically addresses religious freedom and freedom of speech.
-bill of rights -first
When someone is asked for an opinion on a question they haven't thought much about, they tend to
Base their responses on a set of general considerations
protects against unreasonable searches and seizures
Fourth Amendment
Choose all of the following about the Brady Bill that are true.
It created stronger gun control laws. It was passed in the 1990's.
Collective-Action Problem
Situation in which people would be better off if they cooperated, however any individual has incentive not to cooperate as long as others are cooperating Temptation is to free ride off others
What is the single biggest explanation for why the American media's coverage of politics emphasizes attack journalism and soft news?
Soft News and attack journalism attract larger audiences than hard news.
Categorical Grants
Specify exactly how much money is to be spent and attach many conditions
Revenue Sharing
State or local government join with federal government to fund a project
Why is the doctrine of strict scrutiny important to free speech?
Strict scrutiny forces the government to effectively prove a reason for the restriction or censorship of speech
Why is the doctrine of strict scrutiny important to free speech?
Strict scrutiny forces the government to prove a reason for restricting speech.
Rule of Law
System in which all people in a society, including governing officials, are subject to legal codes (laws)
What did the Supreme Court do to stop the formation of private militias during the late 1800s?
The Supreme Court clearly defined what militias were for.
public goods
a commodity or service that is provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government or a private individual or organization.
direct democracy
a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly.
Which of the following are examples of the by-product theory of information?
learning about an election from watching The Daily Show learning about a scandal because it is trending on Twitter or Facebook
Prior to the establishment of objective journalism, the overwhelming majority of newspapers were which of the following?
partisan
de jure segregation
segregation brought on by legislature
selective incorporation
the ability of the federal government to limit the states' lawmaking powers.
types of governments
unitary, federeal and confederal
19th amendment
women suffrage
what does it mean for government to be a republic
"belongs to the people", select people represent the peoples thoughts
What challenges did African Americans face after Brown v. Board of Education?
- African Americans still could not vote in many southern states - Housing remained racially segregated - De facto school segregation continued in the North and the South
Sort the following into examples of filtering or framing.
- Filtering: -- newspapers deciding to publish leaked NSA documents -- a television station stops airing pieces about Iraq now that most American troops have withdrawn -Framing: -- a report focuses on recent grisly murders in a city even though overall crime is down
Watch the animation below, and then put these categories in order, from the group with the largest percentage of the U.S. population to the group with the smallest.
Christian denominations non-religious other major world religious
What parts of the Constitution have been used to expand the right to privacy?
Correct: First Amendment Fourth Amendment
Which terms is/are not associated with freedom of religion?
Correct: Direct Incitement test Slander
protects citizens from being tortured or excessively threatened
Eighth Amendment
Commerce Clause
Enumerated power allowing Congress to regulate commerce within the states
Which of the following media forms is the Federal Communications Commission able to regulate content on?
FM radio television stations AM radio
Can race be used as a factor in hiring decisions?
Yes but there also have to be other factors
Which of the following is the best definition of political socialization?
the process through which political beliefs and values are formed
Which of the following protections are guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment?
the protection from self-incrimination the protection from double jeopardy the right to a grand jury`
A majority of college students today are women (True or False)
true
double jeopardy
you cannot be tried twice for the same crime
Affirmative Action
Efforts to redress previous discrimination against women and minorities through active measures that promote their employment and education opportunities
The Constitution does not provide a basis for a right to privacy. True or false?
False
The Supreme Court has generally been consistent in its protection of the right to privacy.
False
The media are systematically biased toward one ideology.
False
The original purpose of the Second Amendment was to provide for an individual right to bear arms.
False
True or False The Newton, Connecticut, shooting in 2012 led to stronger national gun control laws.
False
Why don't party leaders order their candidates to support the party platform?
Party leaders cannot kick a candidate off the ballot. Candidates are not solely reliant on party fundraising for campaigns.
Cooperative Federalism
Political system in which both levels governments - national and state - are active in nearly all areas of policy and share sovereign authority
One-Party State
Political system in which one party controls the government and actively prevents other parties from interfering
Oligarchy
Political system in which power resides in a small segment of population
Republics
Political system in which public officials are chosen to represent the people in an assembly that makes important decisions
Expressed Powers
Powers specifically described in Constitution
protects citizens by giving the right to receive counsel for defense of a crime
Sixth Amendment
Fighting words are protected under freedom of speech.
false
bicameralism
legislative branch is split into two sects the house of representatives and the senate
what was the significance of brown vs board of education
reversed plessy v ferguson
In recent years, the Supreme Court has - a woman's right to seek an abortion, while - various state restrictions to abortion access.
upheld approving
Which of the following tactics have depressed turnout among black and Hispanic voters over the previous fifteen years?
using voter challenges that target minority voters reducing the number of polling places in minority neighborhoods withholding voting information from black communities
the emancipation proclamation
war time measure that freed the slaves in warring states
At the end of the 1800s, the SC ruled that American-born Chinese children ____. During WWII, the Court ruled that internment of Japanese Americans was ____.
were entitled to full citizenship; constitutional
How are candidates for the House and Senate selected?
winning a primary or caucus election
Both first and second amendment
within the Bill of Rights reserves powers to the public protects individual freedom limits the government's power
Which of the following elements do pollsters have to consider before conducting a poll that will forecast the election?
wording of survey questions ability to randomly select respondents a large sample
Progressive Era
- big expansion of national government - broke up monopolies - 16th amendment (federal income tax) - 17th amendment (direct election of senators)
What is the relationship between policy mood and domestic policies?
- expansion of government--activist policy mood - contraction of government--conservative policy mood
New Deal Era
- greatest time of political and economically centralization in US history - national government became more prevalent in citizen's lives - creation of many government programs in a response to Great Depression
Read the following instances of commercial speech and select those that can and cannot be regulated by the government.
A pastry shop places a large sign on the grounds of a local police station. A juice company falsely claims that its product is a treatment for cancer.
Read the following instances of commercial speech, and select those that can be regulated by the state.
A city refuses to allow advertisements in the municipal softball fields. A juice company falsely claims that its product can cure cancer.
Why has Congress failed to modify the Affordable Care Act, enact immigration reform, or limit ownership of handguns?
A lack of public consensus on each issue
Which of the following statements about civil rights in the LGBTQ community are accurate?
A majority of citizens today support same-sex marriage. A majority of citizens today support the policy that gays may serve openly in the military. A minority of citizens supported same-sex marriage in 2009.
Which of the following cases are examples of libel?
A newspaper falsely accuses a local business owner of cheating on his taxes with the intention of damaging his career. A magazine wanting to boost its circulation runs an article making a knowingly false accusation about a senator running a gambling ring.
Which of the following situations are examples of libel?
A newspaper falsely accuses a local business owner of cheating on his taxes, with the intention of damaging his career. A magazine that wants to boost its circulation runs an article making a knowingly false accusation about a senator running a gambling ring.
which kinds of situations demonstrate libelous speech?
A newspaper falsely accuses a mayor of corruption with the intention of damaging the mayor's career. A magazine that wants to boost its circulation runs an article falsely accusing a senator of running a gambling ring.
____________ immigrants have faced discriminatory practices since the California gold rush and the transcontinental railroad. a.Eastern European b.Italian c.Chinese d.Latino
c. Chinese
Which case ended segregation in public schools? a. Dred Scot v. Sanford b. Roe v. Wade c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Brown v. Board of Education
d. Brown v. Board of Education
Protections against cruel and unusual punishments can be found in which amendment? a. First b. Fifth c. Sixth d. Eighth
d. Eighth
Which of the following amendments provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation? a.Thirteenth Amendment b.First Amendment c.Fourth Amendment d.Fourteenth Amendment
d. Fourteenth Amendment
While court rulings on affirmative action have left substantial grey areas, which of the following best summarizes the current legality of affirmative action in college and university admissions decisions? a.Race may not be used as a factor in determining admissions. b.Race can be used to give extra points to a candidate in determining admissions. c.There are no restrictions on race being used in admissions decisions. d.Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determining admissions.
d. Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determining admissions.
As a condition of admitting California to the United States as a free state, representatives from southern states demanded Congress pass what law? a.The Compromise of 1840 b.The Missouri Compromise c.The Underground Railroad Act d.The Fugitive Slave Act
d. The Fugitive Slave Act
Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power are known as a. civil rights. b. selective incorporations. c. inalienable rights. d. civil liberties.
d. civil liberties
Imagine two government actions. The first is a Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war. The second is a part of the bureaucracy that reviews complaints about racial and gender discrimination of employers. The first example deals primarily with ______, while the second is more about ______. a.civil unions; civil liberties b.civil rights; civil liberties c.civil liberties; civil unions d.civil liberties; civil rights
d. civil liberties; civil rights
The ____________ holds that discrimination exists if a practice has a negative effect on a specific group, whether or not this effect was intentional. a.rational basis standard b.strict scrutiny standard c.intermediate scrutiny standard d.disparate impact standard
d. disparate impact standard
The clear and present danger test is directly related to which freedom in the First Amendment? a. freedom of petition b. freedom of expression c. freedom of religion d. freedom of speech
d. freedom of speech
Which form of speech is the Supreme Court MOST likely to protect? a. fighting words b. slander c. libel d. hate speech
d. hate speech
Which of the following options is a form of expression that is offensive or abusive, particularly in terms of race, gender, or sexual orientation, and is currently protected under the Constitution? a. fighting words b. symbolic speech c. performative speech d. hate speech
d. hate speech
the US has gone through distance periods of federalism what are they
dual federalism, cooperative federalism and new federalism
Which clause in the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Bill of Rights to the states?
dual process clause
where is the right to privacy found in the constitution? how did it apply to roe v wade?
due process clause of the 14th amendment under the right to privacy for a women to have an abortion or not
Liberal or conservative ideology is typically formed _______ in life. Over time, it is relatively ______
early stable
If a TV station allows a state's Republican gubernatorial candidate to appear on a talk show, but refuses to allow the Democratic candidate a similar opportunity, the TV station is guilty of violating the
equal time provision
explain the difference between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome
equality of opportunity is how we are all treated equally under the law and equality of outcome is how we should all literally be treated equally(fairness fallacy)
what is the significance of marbury vs madison
established judicial review
the missouri compromise
established maine as a free state and missouri as a slave state to maintain the balance of power
Most people initially acquire orientation from ______ while friends ______ important role in shaping opinion as one gets older
family play a more
Most people initially acquire their political orientation from _______, while friends ______________ important role in shaping opinion as one gets older.
family; play a more
article 3 of the constitution
federal court system
the supremacy clause
federal law is the supreme law of the land
supremacy clause
federeal law is the supreme law of the land
Which terms are associated with the freedom of religion?
free exercise clause establishment clause Lemon test
what are the 5 liberties guranteed by the 1st amendment
freedom of speech, press, assembly, protest and religion
Order these types of speech from most protected to least protected.
freedom of the press speech plus commercial speech fighting words
Order these types of speech from most protected to least protected.
freedom of the press symbolic speech commercial speech fighting words
Which of the following stories can be considered attack journalism?
describing a bureaucratic agency's failures to regulate an industry reporting on a Congressional misconduct and scandals investigating a senator suspected of having an affair
Discriminatory policies stopped after the Brown v. Board of Education decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.
false
Government
the governing body of a nation, state, or community
Match the news source to the ideological group that tends to prefer it.
- Liberal: -- MSNBC -- NPR - Conservative: -- Fox News
Great Society Era
- Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon wanted to increase the power of the national government in order to solve social issues - civil rights, poverty, clean air
What has caused the SC to weaken affirmative action laws?
- The Court decided that affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny - Some affirmative action policies violated the 14th amendment
What contributed to the expansion of civil rights for African Americans after World War II?
- The President's Commission on Civil Rights suggested that Congress try to pass civil rights legislation - Congress made it illegal for southern states to force African Americans to use separate public facilities - NAACP lawyers won several important court cases
Civil War Amendments
13th, 14th, and 15th
Unitary System
All power concentrated with national government
The Bill of Rights describes the civil rights afforded to all Americans.
False
Civil Liberties
Freedoms with which the government cannot interfere
Which amendment specifies the right to bear arms?
The 2nd Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
gave due process and equal protection rights to citizens
How does one become a member of the party in the electorate?
identify with a political party
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments, ensure liberties that cannot be violated by government (civil liberties)
Between Democrats, Republicans, and Independents, which group is most populous?
Independents
Local Governments
cities, towns, and counties
speech plus
speech accompanied by actions such as protesting
Federal Gov
Third Amendment Seventh Amendment
Identify whether the characteristic of media coverage is the result of audience pressure or other pressures.
- other journalistic pressures: -- journalists protecting identity of sources - result of audience pressure: -- newspapers putting content online -- reporters exaggerating importance of a story
Put these major moments from civil rights history in order from earliest to most recent.
-14 amendment -plessy v ferfuson -brown v board -voting rights act
According to the map provided, place the following abortion waiting periods in order from most to least common.
-24hr + waiting period -no mandatory waiting period -waiting period law blocked -less than 24 hour waiting period
How have the following contributed to the civil rights of gays and lesbians?
-Lawrence v Texas-extended right of privacy as related to intimate conduct to gay men and lesbians -Repeal of Don't ask dont tell - allowed gay men/women to serve openly in military -Supreme court ruling on Defense of Marriage Act-legalized same sex marriages in all staes
The - determines whether the government is allowed to restrict material that it believes to be -
-Miller Test -Obscene
Put the items related to the evolution of privacy rights in order from oldest to most recent.
-SCOTUS ruled in favor of marital privacy in contraceptive use -SCOTUS expanded right to privacy regarding abortions -SCOTUS rules gays have right to privacy (something v texas)
Civil Liberties ch 5
-a Court ruling that schools may not compel students to submit to a strip search during a drug test -Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war
Civil Rights ch 5
-a government agency reviewing complaints about racial and gender discrimination by employers -a congressional act that made it easier for women to sue their employers for unequal pay
Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power are called -, while things the government must do to ensure that citizens are protected from discrimination are called -
-civil liberties -civil rights
Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power are called ---------------, while things the government must do to ensure that citizens are protected from discrimination are called ---------------.
-civil liberties -civil rights
The RFRA represents the struggle between the judicial and - branches over civil liberties, - the requirement of demonstrating a "compelling state interest" before limiting religious freedoms.
-legislative -creating
checks and balances
-legislative checks= congress can impeach judges and the president as well as set the budget for any governmental action -judicial checks= rule laws unconstitutional - executive checks= veto laws and nominates supreme court judges
what is limited government and how do federalism, republicanisim, the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances limit government activity
-limitation of the government through legislative acts and checks and balances
what is the articles of confederation and what were the problems with it
-no central government - to much state power - to much competition between states proved counterintuitive due to discrimination and non standardized business practices
what are the different terms of office for congress the president and courts
-president= 2, 4 year terms -congress= senate, 6 years, house, 2 years -court= life
Civil Rights
-protect from discrimination -rooted in "equal protection" clause of 14th amendment
Order these forms of affirmative action from the most passive to the most active.
-recruit miniorities -use of race/gender as "plus factor" -use of racial or gender quotas
Place these major moments in the history of the civil rights movement in chronological order.
-seneca falls -rosa parks -MLK Stonewall REbeelion
Place these legal standards in order from the toughest to the most permissive.
-strict scrutiny -intermediate scrutiny -rational basis
Path Dependence
Notion that early institutional decisions deeply affect current and future policy decisions
Institutions
Rules or practices that determine how people make collective decisions -how to pass/interpret laws, counting votes, electing officials
Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power are called --1--, while things the government must do to ensure that citizens are protected from discrimination are called --2--.
1. civil liberties 2. civil rights
In a scientific poll, what sample size is generally sufficient for accurately measuring national public opinion?
1,000
1. Protected Speech: 2. Unprotected Speech:
1. A protester burns the Texas state flag. A person protests outside of a politicians funeral. 2. Protesters rally closer to an abortion clinic than a local ordinance permits. A newspaper publishes detailed U.S. military positions during wartime.
Order these types of speech from most protected to least protected. 1. Symbolic Speech 2. Fighting Words 3. Freedom of the Press 4.Commercial Speech
1. Freedom of the Press 2. Symbolic Speech 3. Commercial Speech 4.Fighting words
Lemon v. Kurtzman established the Lemon test in 1971, which defined criteria under which government aid to religious schools would be acceptable. Which of the following criteria are included in the test?
1. If the school had a secular purpose 2. If the school did not entangle government and religious institutions in each other's affairs 3. If the school's effect was neither to advance nor to inhibit religion
what governing institution does article 1 create? 2? 3?
1. Legislative 2. Executive 3. Judicial
The government, in pursuit of terrorists and other international criminals, has been accused of violating the privacy of American citizens. This is an example of the trade-off between civil --1-- and --2--.
1. Liberties 2. National Security
The evolving definitions of unprotected obscenity in chronological order.
1. Obscenity is material that appeals to "prurient interest" 2. Obscenity is prurient material, having no social value, depicting sexual conduct in an offensive way 3. Obscenity was largely deregulated
How have affirmative action policies evolved over time? - President Johnson compels the federal civil service to hire minorities - The federal government makes affirmative action a priority - The SC said affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny
1. President Johnson compels the federal civil service to hire minorities 2. The federal government makes affirmative action a priority 3. The SC said affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny
The evolution of privacy rights in order from oldest to most recent:
1. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of marital privacy 2. The Supreme Court expanded the right to privacy with regard to abortions 3. The Supreme Court ruled that gays did not have a right to privacy 4. The Supreme Court ruled that gays have a right to privacy
Put in chronological order. - Brown v. BOE is decided by the SC - Plessy v. Ferguson is decided by the SC - The equal protection clause is added to the U.S. Constitution - The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act are passed in back-to-back years
1. The equal protection clause is added to the U.S. Constitution 2. Plessy v. Ferguson is decided by the SC 3. Brown v. BOE is decided by the SC 4. The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act are passed in back-to-back years
According to the maps provided, the --1-- tends to have the most permissive laws regarding access to abortion, while the --2-- tends to have the most restrictive.
1. West 2. South
The --1-- is primarily concerned with Congress sponsoring or favoring a specific religion, whereas the --2-- has to do with Congress prohibiting or interfering with the practice of religion.
1. establishment clause 2. free exercise clause
The Fifth Amendment is similar to the --1--. It prevents citizens from being tried twice, which is also known as --2--.
1. fourth amendment 2. double jeopardy
In 2008, a landmark ruling in the Heller case recognized a(n) --1-- right to bear arms for the purpose(s) of --2--.
1. individual 2. self-defense and hunting
The Bill of Rights initially applied to the --1-- governments, while today the Bill of Rights applies to the --2-- governments.
1. national 2. national and state
The Fourth amendment protects citizens from unreasonable --1--. It does this by guaranteeing citizens due process of law and by applying the --2--, which makes evidence from illegal searches inadmissible.
1. searches and seizures 2. exclusionary rule
Which of the following statements is correct?
When a reporter gets information on background, that means she can use the information but cannot identify its source.
New Voting Groups
15th, 18th, 24th, 26th
How did each of the following amendments contribute to the expansion of civil rights? (13, 14, 15, 24)
13 - ended slavery 14 - extended equal protection under the law to all Americans 15 - allowed black men to vote 24 - eliminated the poll tax
what were the civil war amendments and what did they do
13- abolished slavery 14- minorities are citizens 15- blacks have the right to vote
Which amendment has been used to protect both civil liberties and civil rights?
14
Which amendment provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?
14
Which amendment provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?
14th
Which amendment to the Constitution allows the Supreme Court to selectively incorporate the other amendments so that they also apply to state governments?
14th
Which of the following helped black Americans secure voting rights? (13th, 14th, 24th, Brown v. Board, Voting Rights Act of 1965)
15th amendment, 24th amendment, Voting Rights Act of 1965
the bill of rights
1st amendment- freedom of speech press and assembly 2nd amendment- right to bear arms 3rd amendment - no quartering 4th amendment - no unreasonable search and seizure 5th amendment - due process and double jeopardy 6th amendment - right to a speedy and fair trial 7th amendment - right to jury trial 8th amendment - no excessive bails or fines and no cruel or unusual punishment 9th amendment - non enumerated rights 10 amendment - rights reserved to the states
Which amendment specifies the right to bear arms?
2
explain the process through which the us constitution can be amended
2/3 in both senate and house and 3/4 state majority
Which of the following are examples of generational effects?
25-year-olds supporting gay marriage more than 50-year-olds do Senior citizens opposing social security reform at higher rates than the middle-aged
3/5 compromise
3/5 black people in the south counted as one person in population count
An election poll of 1,000 people indicates that 49 percent of voters favor Obama, and 51 percent of voters favor Romney, with a 2 percent margin of error. Given this information, which of the following statements could be true?
50 percent of the population supports Obama and 50 percent supports Romney. 51 percent of the population supports Obama and 49 percent supports Romney.
Read the following instances of commercial speech, and select those which can be regulated by the state.
A pastry shop places a large sign on the grounds of a local police station. Walter's Radar Detectors, Inc. advertises their illegal radar detectors. A juice company falsely claims that its product is a treatment for cancer.
How have the following SC decisions influenced how affirmative action policies are evaluated? - Adarand Constructors v. Pena (1995) - Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) - Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) - Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Adarand Constructors v. Pena: the court ruled that affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny Grutter v. Bollinger: the Court ruled that in this case, affirmative action policies served a compelling state interest Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: The court ruled that quotas for minority students were unconstitutional Lawrence v. Texas: the Court ruled that all affirmative action policies were unconstitutional
How did the Civil War and Reconstruction affect the rights of blacks in the United States?
After the Civil War, three amendments to the Constitution expanded civil rights for African Americans. Once Reconstruction ended, however, Jim Crow laws severely restricted the rights of African Americans, with southern states taking the lead in segregating many public facilities.
Bureaucracy
Agency or office devoted to carrying out tasks for the government in a manner consistent with the law
Rights and Liberties Failures
Alien and Sedition Acts, Slavery and African Americans, Jim Crow Laws, Immigrants, Japanese Internment
Recall Election
An election during the term of an elected government official in which citizens vote directly on whether to remove the individual from office
Why was a bill of rights added to the Constitution?
Antifederalist demanded it for ratification of the constitution
The Bill of Rights was adopted as part of the Constitution as a concession to which political faction?
Antifederalists
Time, manner, and place restrictions in the regulation of freedom of __________ are allowable as long as they do not show favoritism towards certain groups.
Assembly
Dictatorships
Authoritarian political system in with power is invested in one individual
Agenda Setter
Authority that controls what options are available to your group
Why was a Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?
Because Antifederalists demanded it for ratification of the Constitution.
Federalists
Believed a strong national government was needed
Public Good
Benefit provided to a group of people to be enjoyed without necessarily having to pay costs, many people can enjoy (EX: clean air)
Free Riding
Benefiting from a public good without contributing to the cost of it
Connecticut Compromise
Bicameral legislature (Senate would have equal representation, House would have representation due to population)
Which document is the legal foundation for the civil liberties of American citizens?
Bill of Rights
Freedom of religion is one of several civil liberties protected in the first ten amendments to the Constitution, the ________________. The _______________ Amendment specifically addresses religious freedom and has two bolstering clauses—the establishment clause and the _______________.
Bill of Rights, First, free exercise clause
Which of the following statements best describes the research that has shown the relative levels of average income and accumulated wealth of black and Hispanic families compared to white families?
Black and Hispanic families make less on average than white families and have less accumulated wealth
Which case ended legal segregation in public schools?
Brown v Board of Education
How did each of the following contribute to the expansion of civil rights in the United States? (Brown v. Board, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 14th amendment, Fair Housing Act)
Brown v. Board: ended the era of "separate but equal" schools Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed job discrimination based on gender 14th amendment: guaranteed equal protection under the law Fair Housing Act: allowed the government to initiate legal action in cases of housing discrimination
Personal freedoms. Civil Right or Civil Liberty?
Civil Liberty
Restricts what the government can do to you. Civil Right or Civil Liberty?
Civil Liberty
Protects you from discrimination. Civil Right or Civil Liberty?
Civil Right
Rooted in the equal protection clause. Civil Right or Civil Liberty?
Civil Right
Which of the following is an example of media concentration?
Clear Channel owning multiple FM radio stations in the same city
Which of the following elements do pollsters have to consider before conducting a poll that will forecast the election?
Correct: - the sample size - wording of survey questions - ability to randomly select respondents Incorrect: - ensuring that respondents give socially desirable answers
Collective Dilemma
Conflict between group goals and individual goals/self-interest
Over the past 50 years, - has established restrictions on money in political campaigns, but - has reversed many of them. This is largely because political donations are considered a form of - speech.
Congress the Supreme Court protected
Over the past 50 years, - has established restrictions on money in political campaigns, but - has reversed many of them. This is largely because political donations are considered a form of - speech.
Congress Supreme Court Protected
Elastic Clause
Congress can make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers
necessary and proper clause(elastic clause)
Congress has the power, "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution
Supremacy Clause
Constitution and laws of the United States are supreme law of land and overrule any states/local laws
Living Constitution
Constitution is a starting point and meant to change and adapt with the times
Choose all of the following headlines that are examples of horse race election coverage.
Correct: - "Race Tightens as Jones's Lead Over Smith Narrows" - "Allegations of Misconduct Eroding Candidate Jones's Lead in Polls" Incorrect: - "Candidate Jones Accused of Sexually Harassing Former Employees" - "Candidate Smith Says Global Warming is Greatest Threat to Country"
Which of the following statements are correct regarding Americans' trust in government?
Correct: - Americans' trust in government was declining before the Watergate scandal. - American trust in government decreases when the economy is doing poorly. Incorrect: - Today the majority of individuals trust in the government. - Richard Nixon's Watergate scandal ruined Americans' trust in government.
Which of the following statements articulate why public opinion matters?
Correct: - Citizens' political actions are driven by their opinions. - Understanding public opinion helps us understand the behavior of politicians. Incorrect: - Government policy always reflects shifts in public opinion.
Choose all of the reasons a news outlet might strongly consider not publishing a potential story.
Correct: - Doing so might endanger a valuable source. - The story contains important national security secrets. Incorrect: - The story is likely to be very controversial. - The story is likely to be very popular with readers and viewers.
Based on the information in the graph, which statements are correct or incorrect regarding the nature of ideological polarization in the electorate?
Correct: - Ideological polarization is low. - More individuals identify as moderate than anything else. Incorrect: - Ideological polarization is high. - People are far more conservative now than they were previously.
Why might a reporter prefer to write a horse race story about the election?
Correct: - It attracts a wide audience. - It is straightforward to write. - It can be easily updated. Incorrect: - It has important implications for the electoral outcome.
How has the Internet influenced the way reporters cover the government?
Correct: - It has increased competition among reporters to find interesting stories. - It has increased the demand for new stories. Incorrect: - It has decreased the resources reporters have to draw on. - It has reduced the incentive to put out new stories.
How has the Internet changed the media landscape?
Correct: - It has increased the average American's access to political news. - It has created opportunities for two-way interactions between citizens and reporters. Incorrect: - It has increased the budgets available to traditional TV and radio news stations. - It has increased newspaper and magazine readership.
How does a person's level of interest in politics influence their opinions on politics?
Correct: - More interested people tend to have more preformed opinions about politics. Incorrect: - More interested people tend to be more liberal. - More interested people are typically better able to explain their reasons for being liberal or conservative. - More interested people tend to be more Republican.
Which statements best describe how people form opinions?
Correct: - Most people form opinions on the spot. - Most people rely on a wide range of considerations to form opinions. Incorrect: - Most people have preformed opinions. - Most people rely on only one or two considerations when forming opinions.
Which of the following statements about considerations are correct?
Correct: - One set of considerations can contradict another set of considerations. - Some of the most important considerations are citizens' partisanship and religious beliefs. Incorrect: - Considerations tend to be uninfluenced by political events. - By drawing on considerations, people are able to articulate stable policy positions.
Choose all of the following reasons that can explain why voters give unreliable answers to survey questions?
Correct: - People tend not to think about political issues before being asked. - People may be conflicted on the issue. - People may be influenced by the political discourse of journalists and politicians. - People may be unwilling to admit they do not know much about an issue. Incorrect:
Which of the following reasons explain why Pew's prediction of the general election out predicted Rasmussen's?
Correct: - Rasmussen did not have a sufficiently random sample. - Rasmussen used a computer script. Incorrect: - Rasmussen did not have a large enough sample. - Rasmussen did not adjust their results.
Which of the following statements are correct, regarding the relationship between group identity and attitudes on the issue of abortion?
Correct: - Respondents with higher income are more supportive of abortion for any reason than respondents with lower income. - Respondents' education strongly predicts feelings on whether or not abortions for any reason are OK. Incorrect: - Respondents' gender strongly predicts feelings on whether or not abortions for any reason are OK. - Younger respondents are less supportive of abortions for any reason than older respondents.
In which ways has the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) changed its approach to regulation over its history?
Correct: - Restrictions on media ownership have been relaxed. Incorrect: - The FCC was eliminated in the 1930s. - Media outlets no longer need to maintain the equal time provision. - The FCC is allowed to regulate only wireless communication companies now.
Choose all of the following statements about media bias that are accurate.
Correct: - Some journalists or commentators take an ideological or a partisan perspective. Incorrect: - The media are systematically biased against liberals. - All journalists and commentators avoid taking ideological or partisan positions. - The media are systematically biased against conservatives.
Which of the following are reasons for why the rise of the Internet has not led to a better-informed citizenry?
Correct: - The Internet only makes the information available; people still need to actively seek it out. - People do not consult a wide range of sources. Incorrect: - Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit have distracted people from learning about politics. - The Internet does not have any reputable news.
Choose all of the following that are true about latent opinions.
Correct: - These opinions are constructed as needed. - Most Americans' political views are latent opinions. Incorrect: - They reflect deeply held beliefs. - They are more likely to be held by conservatives than moderates.
Choose all of the reasons that news organizations filter and frame.
Correct: - They are trying to attract as large an audience as possible. - They are trying to make stories simple. Incorrect: - They are trying to persuade readers to feel a certain way. - They are trying to convert people to a particular ideology.
Why has Congress failed to repeal the Affordable Care Act, enact immigration reform, or limit ownership of handguns?
Correct: - a lack of public consensus on each issue Incorrect: - members of Congress too concerned about what's best for their party - willful ignorance of public opinion
When reporters write horse race stories, which aspects of the election are they failing to cover?
Correct: - an analysis of how a candidate is likely to behave in office - a description of the candidate's campaign promises Incorrect: - a prediction about which candidate is likely to win the race - which candidate is ahead in the polls today
In which of the following situations is a government official giving a reporter information on background?
Correct: - anonymously releasing future campaign stops Incorrect: - giving an interview about a campaign that will be shown on 60 Minutes - posting a campaign advertisement to YouTube - holding a press conference to announce a campaign
When someone is asked for an opinion on a question they haven't thought much about, they tend to
Correct: - base their responses on a set of general considerations. Incorrect: - manage to offer well-thought-out answers. - pick randomly among the survey responses. - refuse to answer the survey question.
What reasons might make a reporter hesitant to report a story?
Correct: - concerns about maintaining good relationships with sources - concerns about jeopardizing national security - concerns about the event being staged to generate good coverage Incorrect: - concerns about a competitor releasing a story with a different point of view
Which of the following aspects of socialization are likely to shape political opinions?
Correct: - growing up in a homogeneous community - taking a civics class in high school - discussing politics with one's parents - participating in a political campaign Incorrect:
When politicians fight over calling a bill "health care reform" or "health care rationing," or advocates argue for calling their side "pro-choice" or "pro-life," what are they trying to shape?
Correct: - how the media frame the issue Incorrect: - the public's ability to use certain criteria when considering the issue - the media's willingness to report about the issue
When politicians seek to shape national opinion, what actions are they most likely to take?
Correct: - influence the behavior of other elected officials - publicize opinions people already hold Incorrect: - change what citizens believe about the issue
Which of the following are examples of the by-product theory of information?
Correct: - learning about a scandal because it is trending on Twitter or Facebook - learning about an election from watching The Daily Show Incorrect: - learning about an election by searching for it on Politico - learning about a scandal from watching NewsHour
Choose all of the following factors that can influence political attitudes.
Correct: - politicians - socialization - important events Incorrect:
The Federal Communications Commission was developed to serve which of the following functions?
Correct: - regulate broadcast content - promote competition in the broadcast industry Incorrect: - censor news that the government did not released - increase the political knowledge of American citizens
Which of the following stories can be considered attack journalism?
Correct: - reporting on congressional misconduct and scandals - describing a bureaucratic agency's failures to regulate an industry - investigating a senator suspected of having an affair Incorrect: - covering the latest results from a presidential race - identifying potential candidates for the presidential primary
Which characteristics distinguish yellow journalism?
Correct: - sensational stories - bold headlines Incorrect: - complete coverage of events - accuracy - impartiality
Which of the following components can drive how individuals feel about an issue such as gun control?
Correct: - their political ideology - political events involving guns - their political background - their general tolerance of government regulation Incorrect:
Which of the following situations demonstrate libelous speech?
Correct: A newspaper falsely accuses a mayor of corruption with the intention of damaging his career. A magazine wants to boost its circulation runs an article making a knowingly false accusation about a senator running a gambling rink.
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of American public opinion?
Correct: - most people have a range of opinions-some are well formed and others are formed on the spot Incorrect: - most people have no meaningful political opinions on any issue - most people have well-formed opinions on most issues
Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's position on prayer in schools?
Court side against prayer in public schools w some exceptions
Political Rights
Degree to which a country's political process allows for open and extensive participation of citizens through elections
Rational Basis Test
Discrimination based on income Law is unconstitutional unless there is a link between means and goals
Strict Scrutiny
Discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity, religion, or national origin Law is unconstitutional unless it advances a "compelling state interest using the least intrusive means"
Intermediate Scrutiny
Discrimination based on sex Only constitutional if law advances "an important government objective and is substantially related to achieving the objective"
Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts of the Lemon test?
Does the practice discriminate against any one religion.
Which of the following are the three parts of the Lemon test?
Does the practice have a secular legislative purpose? Does the practice advance or inhibit religion? Does the practice foster an excessive government entanglement with religion?
Which of the following are parts of the Lemon test?
Does the practice have a secular legislative purpose? Does the practice advance or inhibit religion? Does the practice foster an excessive government entanglement with religion?
Given the importance of political environment in shaping political views, which policy area below might someone feel is more important if they grew up during the war on terror?
Domestic security
Regarding political independents, which of the following is true?
Each independent voter tends to support one party more than the other. Independents are just as informed as party identifiers.
In public-opinion polling, what is a random sample?
Each person within the specified population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent
Ballot Initiatives
Election in which citizens vote directly on a proposition raised by a group of fellow citizens
Referendum
Election in which citizens vote directly on whether to overturn a bill or a constitutional amendment that has been passed
Electoral College
Electors appointed by each state to vote for the president
Checks and Balances
Ensures power will not be concentrated in any specific branch of government
The Equal Rights Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1972 (True or False)
False // While it passed Congress in 1972 and quickly gained the support of many states, it failed to be ratified by enough states to be added to the Constitution.
Anti-Federalists
Feared a strong national government
The government cannot use new evidence to prosecute "Mary and Bob" once they have already been charged and won.
Fifth Amendment
protects citizens from being tried twice for the same alleged crime (double jeopardy)
Fifth Amendment
The following chart tracks the number of media stories on mass shootings between December 2012 and December 2013, highlighting particular mass shootings and incidences of gun violence. Over time, which media effect is best demonstrated?
Filtering
When the media do not report on a particular idea, which form of influence are they exercising?
Filtering
When the media does not report on a particular idea, which form of influence is it exercising?
Filtering
The - Amendment's - is primarily concerned with Congress sponsoring or favoring a specific religion, whereas the - has to do with Congress prohibiting or interfering with the practice of religion.
First establishment clause free exercise clause
Articles of Confederation
First "constitution", provided weak central government with no power to make states do anything, caused Shay's Rebellion
Which of the following amendments have been selectively incorporated to the states using the Fourteenth Amendment?
First Amendment Second Amendment Eighth Amendment
State and federal gov
First Amendment Sixth Amendment
Which of the following is most likely to be a violation of the free exercise clause?
Forcing government employees to work on Friday night or Saturday if those are their days of worship.
Which of the following amendments has the Supreme Court argued have elements of the right to privacy?
Fourth Third First Fifth Ninth
Match. [Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools; Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act; Equal Pay Act of 1963; Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act] [established sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination; made it easier for employees to sue in cases of wage discrimination; allowed monetary damages for Title IX violations; made wage discrimination illegal]
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools: allowed monetary damages for Title IX violations Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act: established sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination Equal Pay Act of 1963: made wage discrimination illegal Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act: made it easier for employees to sue in cases of wage discrimination
Block Grants
Given by national governments for more general purpose so states have more freedom in spending
Which of the following instances of commercial speech can and cannot be regulated by the government?
Government Can Regulate This Speech; A city refuses to allow advertisements in the municipal softball fields. A juice company falsely claims that its product can cure cancer. Government Cannot Regulate This Speech; A major corporation runs ads that endorse a particular a political candidate. A women's rights organization publishes a newspaper that describes various methods of birth control.
Bureaucrat
Government employee not a part of the ruling powers
what effect did the great depression have on federalism in the united states
Greatly increased governmental involvement between the state and federal governments creating cooperative federalism
Which of these cases dealt with a right to privacy?
Griseold v. Connecticut Roe v. wade
Which case formally established the right to privacy?
Griswold V. Connecticut
Right to privacy
Griswold v. Connecticut
Which of these cases dealt with a right to privacy?
Griswold v. Connecticut Roe v. Wade
Which of the following were among Alexander Hamilton's arguments concerning the Bill of Rights?
Hamilton argued that a bill of rights would be irrelevant because the national government had only delegated powers. Hamilton argued that the Constitution already contained provisions that amounted to a bill of rights.
Which statements were among Alexander Hamilton's arguments concerning the Bill of Rights?
Hamilton argued that a bill of rights would be irrelevant because the national government had only delegated powers. To limit powers it had not been granted might lead the government to claim more powers. Hamilton argued that the Constitution was a bill of rights in itself since it contained provisions that amounted to a bill of rights.
What challenges did African Americans face after the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954?
Housing remained racially segregated. Employment discrimination against African Americans persisted. Many African Americans still could not exercise their right to vote.
If Senator Brown is working to advance a bill on agricultural subsidies that do not have a majority of her constituents' approval, what aspects is she most likely to consider?
How much the constituents care about the issue. Whether the majority is organized into interest groups. How intense the opposition is.
Why does opinion intensity matter?
If a majority is not particularly intense in its views, then it is possible that the intensely held minority view might become policy instead.
Which of the following falls under the exclusionary rule?
Illegally or unconstitutionally acquired evidence cannot be used in a trial. Suspect confessions given without proper reading of Miranda rights cannot be used at trial.
Choose all of the following that contributed to the expansion of civil rights for African Americans after World War II.
NAACP lawyers won several important court cases. Congress made it illegal for states to force African Americans to use separate public facilities. The Supreme Court became more supportive of civil rights.
Which of the following statements about background checks are accurate?
In most states, no background check is necessary to buy a firearm from an unlicensed dealer. States can determine for themselves whether or not to require a background check for the sale of a firearm by an unlicensed dealer. States on the West Coast tend to have background checks for all firearms.
How did the Supreme Court's ruling on birth control affect the status of privacy in the United States?
In the 1965 Griswold case, the Supreme Court ruled that states may (not ban) the use of contraceptives without violating (marital privacy). The Court ruled that the Third, (Fourth), and Fifth Amendments protected the right to privacy. This was the first time the Court formally recognized privacy rights.
Protected Speech
Inflammatory protestors picket at a military funeral A protestor burns the Texas state flag. A person protests outside a politician's funeral.
When politicians seek to shape national opinion, what actions are they most likely to take?
Influence the behavior of other elected officials Publicize opinions people already hold
Prisoner's Dilemma
Interaction between two strategic actors in which neither has incentive to cooperate but both would benefit from cooperation Temptation is to implicate your partner to help yourself
Which of the following statements about surveys and samples is correct?
It is possible to estimate the countries opinion based on a small sample of 1,000 to 1,200 people.
Which of the following statements is correct?
It is possible to estimate the country's opinion based on a rather small sample of people.
How does the "wall of separation" apply to the establishment clause?
It prevents the government from establishing an official religion.
What is the purpose of a "shield law"?
It protects the confidentiality of journalists' sources.
How has the Supreme Court influenced the application of the Voting Rights Act in its recent decisions?
It removed the designation of jurisdictions that needed preclearance to change voting laws.
If you give an opinion on a topic that you haven't thought much about, what kind of opinion are you offering?
Latent opinion
Equal Protection
Laws passed and enforced by the states must apply fairly to all individuals
Home Rule
Legal authority held by local governments that allow them to govern themselves with little involvement from state
In ensuring rights for citizens, the Bill of Rights checks the powers of the branches of government. Match the following branches of government to their corresponding amendments.
Legislative: First Judiciary: Second, Third, Fourth Executive: Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth
What is the effect on accountability when legislators cultivate a reputation with the voters that is independent of the party label?
Legislators are held accountable for their own performance, but nobody in Congress is held responsible for large-scale outcomes. It is harder for voters to use party labels in attributing responsibility.
Bicameral Legislature
Legislature consisting of two houses
Which of the following terms are associated with freedom of religion?
Lemon test free exercise clause establishment clause
Liberal or Conservative? - The Constitution is color-blind - Rights are fundamentally individual - Discrimination must be attacked at the group level - Quotas are valid and accepted in several parts of American life
Liberals: discrimination must be attacked at the group level; quotas are valid in several parts of American life Conservatives: the Constitution is color-blind; rights are fundamentally individual
What age and race did males have to be to serve in a militia during the 1700s?
Males had to be white and between the ages of 18 and 45
In which case did the Supreme Court apply Second Amendment protections to the states?
McDonald v. Chicago
Grants-in-Aid
Money that is distributed to lower level governments with purpose of funding a special project (strings attached)
Which of the following statements are correct?
Most Americans tend to read horse-race coverage of campaigns and political stories that emphasize scandals. Most Americans argue that the media do not report in enough detail on political events.
Which statement best characterizes the issue positions favored by most American citizens?
Most favor a mix of liberal and conservative issue positions.
What statement accurately reflects the nature of American public opinion?
Most people have a range of opinions. Some are well formed, and others are formed on the spot.
Which statements about recent presidential administrations and civil rights are accurate?
Most recent presidents have added to diversity in presidential appointments. When presidents address civil rights, they tend to use the bully pulpit to promote racial interests.
Centralization
Move toward more power for the central government
This interest group has argued most strongly that the Second Amendment guarantees an individual the right to bear arms.
National Rife Association
Selective Incorporation
Occurred in surges rather than smoothly or incrementally Involves civil liberties from the Bill of Rights being applied to the states the courts are most relevant branch of government when it comes to Selective Incorporation.
Principal-Agent Problem (Delegation Problem)
One actor, the principal, contracts another actor, an agent, to act on the principal's behalf but the principal and agent have different interests at heart (EX: mechanic scenario)
Preferences
Outcomes/experiences people want or believe they need (prefer to maximize benefits and minimize cost)
Thirteenth Amendment
Outlawed slavery
Selective incorporation was established in which Supreme Court case?
Palko v. Connecticut
Selective incorporation, the process by which different protections in the Bill of Rights were applied to the states as well as the federal government, was established in which Supreme Court case?
Palko v. Conneticut
Which of the following are reasons for why the rise of the Internet has not led to a better-informed citizenry?
People do not consult a wide range of sources. The Internet only makes the information available; people still need to actively seek it out.
Which of the following are ways that social groups shape opinions?
People rely on those who "look like" them as a source of opinion. Candidates tend to formulate their campaign strategies in terms of political groups. People learn about politics from the people around them.
Dual Federalism
Political System in which each level of government - national and state - is sovereign in its own sphere of policy authority
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between political machines and the spoils system?
Political machines rewarded supporters with government jobs and other benefits.
Monarchy
Political system in which a ruler is chosen because of their relatives
Authoritarianism
Political system in which there is no expectation that the government represents the people, people have no voice
Confederation
Political system with multiple levels in which lower level governments retain full sovereignty and cannot be compelled by the national government to act
Federalism
Political system with multiple levels of government, each level has some independent authority
Reserved Powers
Powers not granted to national government and reserved for states
How have affirmative action policies evolved over time?
President Johnson compels the federal civil service to hire minorities National gov makes affirmative action a priority under President Nixon Supreme Court begins moving toward "color blind" jurisprudence
Place the following affirmative action policy changes in chronological order.
President Lyndon Johnson promotes minority employment among the federal civil service. The federal government makes affirmative action a prominent goal. The Supreme Court subjects affirmative action policies to strict scrutiny.
Incorporation
Process of apply the bill of rights to states
Politics
Process of making collective decisions, usually by governments, to allocate resources and create/enforce rules for society
Private Good
Product or benefit limited to specific people and one individual's consumption prevents others' consumption
Public Policies
Programs and decisions by the government that are enforced by the rule of law
Virginia Plan
Proposed a strong national government with an independent executive and bicameral legislature, representation would be proportionate to population (favored larger states)
Place the following examples of speech into the correct category.
Protected Speech; A protestor burns the Texas state flag. Inflammatory protestors picket at a military funeral. Walter's Widgets Inc. runs ads supporting a political candidate. Unprotected Speech; A newspaper publishes detailed U.S. military positions during wartime.
Which of the following statements about civil liberties are correct?
Protections of civil liberties can vary depending on the political environment. The courts revisit old decisions on what behavior is permissible.
Given that politicians, journalists, and political scientists try to find out what the American people think, it is evident that
Public opinion is relevant to American politics.
Considering that members within each of the political parties may differ on policy preferences, which of the following is correct?
Putting one party in power may not result in specific policy changes.
Intergovernmental Relations
Relationship between the different levels of government (fighting for control over a certain domain)
Congressman John Boehner (R-OH) was the Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. Which of the following groups did he lead?
Republican House members
Government policy ______ to public opinion; public opinion ______ to government policy.
Responds Responds
How has the media landscape changed as the FCC's regulatory powers changed in the past several decades?
Restrictions on media ownership have been relaxed.
Which of the following rights appeared in the original text of the Constitution, before the addition of the Bill of Rights?
Right to habeas corpus. Prohibition against unreasonable ex post facto laws.
Civil Rights
Rights granted by government
Democracy
Rule by the people meaning election of the government and protection of civil rights and liberties
Which of the following statements about selective incorporation are correct?
Selective incorporation has occurred in surges rather than smoothly or incrementally. Selective incorporation involves applying Bill of Rights protections to state governments.
Coordination Problem
Situation in which two or more people are better off if they coordinate on a common course of action but there is more than one possible course to take (EX: picking a restaurant for the class to eat at)
Three-Fifths Compromise
Slaves would count as three-fifths a person for representation purposes
Minimum Winning Coalition
Smallest-size coalition necessary to achieve your goal
Which of the following factors can influence political attitudes?
Socialization Personality traits Genetic makeup
What is the single biggest explanation for why the American media's coverage of politics emphasizes attack journalism and soft news?
Soft news and attack journalism attracts larger audiences than hard news.
_______ states have shield laws; however, there _____ a shield law at the federal level.
Some is not
__________ states have shield laws; however, __________ not a shield law at the federal level.
Some; is not
The highest rates of incarceration are found in the -, while the lowest rates are found in the -.
South Northeast
Separation of Power
Specific governmental powers are divided among the three branches of government
Which of the following falls under the exclusionary rule?
Suspect confessions given without proper reading of Miranda rights cannot be used at trial. Illegally or unconstitutionally acquired evidence cannot be used in a trial.
Intergovernmentalism
System in which multiple levels of government are active in a given policy area
How does the "wall of separation" apply to the establishment clause?
The "wall of separation" refers to the dissociation between church and state.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to a publicly-funded defense attorney. The Supreme Court argued this right existed because of which amendment?
The 6th amendment
How has the Supreme Court influenced privacy rights?
The Court expanded privacy rights when it ruled that women have a right to seek an abortion. The Court expanded privacy rights when it ruled that states cannot make homosexual conduct a crime. The Court expanded privacy rights when it ruled that people have "privacy in one's association."
The Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment gave the right to vote to African American men.
The Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment removed race qualifications for voting. The Fourteenth Amendment did not guarantee this right because the states still had their own governing rights when it came to voting. Basically, citizenship alone didn't give you the right to vote. That is why the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified.
The Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified on March 30, 1870.
In an attempt to pay back their student loans a bit faster, Mary and Bob commit identity theft and impersonate others so they can use their credit cards. The government prosecutes them but loses due to lack of evidence. After more evidence surfaces, the government attempts to prosecute Mary and Bob again. In doing so, it may be violating which amendment?
The Fifth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed basic rights and citizenship to African Americans.
The Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified on July 28, 1868.
How does the Fourth Amendment protect citizens from the government?
The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures by making illegally obtained evidence inadmissible in court.
Why are the Miranda rights important?
The Miranda rights notify citizens that they have protection from self-incrimination. The Miranda rights remind citizens that there are lawyers available who are paid for by the government to act on their defense. The Miranda rights remind citizens that they can use a lawyer in their defense.
Why are the Miranda rights important in protecting the rights of the arrested?
The Miranda rights notify citizens that they have protection from self-incrimination. The Miranda rights remind citizens that they can use a lawyer in their defense. The Miranda rights remind citizens that there are lawyers paid for by the government to act on their defense.
Why are the Miranda rights important?
The Miranda rights notify citizens that they have protection from self-incrimination. The Miranda rights remind citizens that there are lawyers paid for by the government to act on their defense. The Miranda rights remind citizens that they can use a lawyer in their defense.
Why are the Miranda rights important?
The Miranda rights remind citizens that they can use a lawyer in their defense. The Miranda rights remind citizens that there are lawyers paid for by the government to act on their defense. The Miranda rights notify citizens that they have protection from self-incrimination.
Which of the following statements about the death penalty are correct?
The Supreme Court has banned the death penalty. Death penalty usage and sentences have decreased over time. The Supreme Court has restricted the cases in which the death penalty can be applied.
Which of the following statements about the death penalty are correct?
The Supreme Court has banned the death penalty. The Supreme Court has restricted the cases in which the death penalty can be applied. Death penalty usage and sentences have decreased over time.
How have Supreme Court decisions influenced the right to die?
The Supreme Court has not ruled definitively on the right to die
What encouraged more legal action regarding the education of women?
The Supreme Court ruled that gender discrimination could result in monetary damages.
How have Supreme Court decisions influenced the right to die?
The Supreme court has not ruled definitively on the right to die
The Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment made slavery illegal (abolished slavery).
The Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution put into the U.S. Federal law the prohibition against involuntary service, servitude and slavery.
The Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified on December 18, 1865.
Which of the following statements about President Donald Trump's travel ban are accurate?
The Trump administration had to revise the travel ban multiple times .#It took three drafts, and adjusting the affected countries each time, before the ban would be upheld by the courts. The courts recognized the president's power over immigration policy. The courts overturned early travel bans due to the president's previous political comments.
What does the free exercise clause allow?
The clause allows citizens to believe and practice whatever religion they choose. The clause allows individuals to abstain from religion.
Which statement about the Supreme Court's approach to dealing with gun rights over time is accurate?
The court did not deal with many such cases until the 21st century
Which of the following best describes the Supreme Court's stance on public displays of religious symbols?
The court's rulings have been inconsistent.
What is policy mood?
The extent to which the public wants government action on a specific issue
What role does the grand jury serve?
The grand jury determines determines if satisfactory evidence is accessible to warrant a trial
What role does the grand jury serve?
The grand jury determines if satisfactory evidence is accessible to warrant a trial
The Fourteenth Amendment
The intent of the Fourteenth Amendment was to protect all rights. Like the 13th and 15th Amendments, the 14th Amendment was mainly ratified for freedom that specified with enslaved African Americans.
What component(s) must be met for speech to be regulated under the direct incitement test?
The speech is likely to produce a lawless action.
In New York Times v. Sullivan, the Supreme Court established two conditions for libel against a public figure. What are they?
The story must be (untrue). The story must be motivated by "(actual malice)" or "reckless (disregard)" for the (truth).
Put the items related to the evolution of privacy rights in order from oldest to most recent.
The supreme court ruled in favor of marital privacy in contraceptive use The supreme court expanded the right to privacy with regard to abortions The supreme court ruled that gays have a right to privacy
Political System
The way society organizes and manages its politics across various levels of public authority
Imagine that you have been arrested for a speech criticizing the government. In which years and at which levels of government would this be an unconstitutional violation of your civil liberties?
The year is 1986, and you were arrested by the federal government. The year is 1886, and you were arrested by the federal government. The year is 1986, and you were arrested by the state government.
Imagine that you have been arrested for a speech criticizing the government. During which years, and at which levels of government, would this be an unconstitutional violation of your civil liberties?
The year is 1986, and you were arrested by the state government. The year is 1886, and you were arrested by the federal government. The year is 1986, and you were arrested by the federal government.
The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
These 3 Amendments were efforts to give male African Americans equal rights of citizenship like white American men already had.
News organizations filter and frame because of which of the following?
They are trying to attract as large an audience as possible. They are trying to make stories simple.
Early public opinion researchers concluded that, on the whole, public opinion was inconsistent and uninformed, and therefore not valid. Why were they mistaken?
They expected respondents to have consistent views. They expected respondents to have a high level of political knowledge. They used poorly worded survey questions.
Within the party in government, what is the purpose of the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference?
They serve as a forum for debate within the parties. They allow the parties to assign leadership positions. They help party leaders develop party strategy.
Early public opinion researchers concluded that, on the whole, public opinion was inconsistent and uninformed, and therefore not valid. Why were they mistaken?
They used poorly worded survey questions. They expected respondents to have a high level of political knowledge. They expected respondents to have consistent views.
Which of the following amendments has the Supreme Court argued have elements of the right to privacy?
Third Fourth Fifth Ninth
How did the Civil War amendments contribute to the expansion of civil rights?
Thirteenth - abolished slavery Fourteenth - Guaranteed equal protection of laws Fifteenth - Guaranteed voting rights for black men
Why has the "stop and frisk" police tactic been a topic of controversy?
This tactic has been linked to racial profiling. This tactic has become routine for some police departments. This tactic leaves a lot of discretion to a police officer to determine probable cause.
Why has the "stop and frisk" police tactic been a topic of controversy?
This tactic has been linked to racial profiling. This tactic leaves a lot of discretion to a police officer to determine probable cause. This tactic does not reduce crime.
Unstable Coalition
Three or more people must make a collective choice from a set of alternatives, but any voting coalition in favor of an alternative can be divided by consideration of another alternative
Many of the most blatant forms of racial discrimination were outlawed in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, thus ameliorating protests (True or False)
True
Since 1976, when the Supreme Court reestablished the legal use of the death penalty, the Court has become steadily more restrictive in how it can be used.
True
The Constitution provides a basis for a right to privacy.
True
The United States has passed laws that make it illegal to say anything that might challenge the government.
True
Which of the following statements articulate why public opinion matters?
Understanding public opinion helps us understand the behavior of politicians. Citizens' political actions are driven by their opinions.
New Jersey Plan
Unicameral legislature with equal representation for the states along with multi person executive branch (favored small states)
According to the by-product theory, most Americans acquire political information __________.
Unintentionally
Choose all of the following situations in which evidence from a warrant-less search would likely be permissible in court.
Using sobriety checkpoints that stop all drivers. Searching school lockers for stolen property if the police have probable cause.
How has the government protected the right to privacy?
Various Supreme Court cases have recognized the right to privacy
How has the government protected the right to privacy?
Various Supreme court cases have recognized the right to privacy
The gap between white and black voting rates was the smallest in ____ before the Voting Rights Act. The act had the biggest impact in closing the gap in ____, where the gap closed by more than 50 percentage points. The act had the smallest impact on black voter registration rates in ____.
Virginia; Mississippi; North Carolina
Which of the following equal protection laws have had lasting influence on the expansion of civil rights?
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Fair Housing Act of 1968
Examples of freedom of speech:
Walter's Widgets, Inc., runs ads supporting a political candidate A protestor burns the Texas state flag A person protests outside a politician's funeral
3 Cleavages with Constitution?
Weak vs Strong National Government, Large vs Small States, Slavery
Which of the following statements about information on background is correct?
When a reporter get information on background, she can use the information but not identify its source
Federalists Papers
Written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, well organized, convince people a strong national government was needed
Which gun laws are practiced in Wyoming?
Wyoming does not require a permit when holding a concealed weapon. Wyoming does not have a ban on possessing any type of gun. Wyoming does not implement a probationary waiting period before purchasing a gun.
Which of the following news topics are the media most likely to report on?
a Senator being investigated for bribery
Which confessions would be legally admissible today?
a confession made after the suspect has been informed of his right to silence a confession made when the suspect and his attorney have agreed to a plea deal
Which confessions would be legally admissible today?
a confession made when the suspect and her attorney have agreed to a plea deal a confession made after the suspect has been informed of his right to silence
When reporters write horse race stories, what aspects of the election are they failing to cover?
a description of the candidate's campaign promises an analysis of how a candidate is likely to behave in office
Which of the following forms of speech would be subject to the intermediate scrutiny standard?
a law forbidding all picketing in residential areas a law banning advertisements on public utility poles
What is a shield law?
a law that allows reporters to refuse to name their sources
How has the Supreme Court ruled on attempts to establish English as the official language in several states? a.They have upheld such attempts. b.They have not agreed to hear such cases. c.They have overturned such attempts as violating the Civil Rights Act.
a. They have upheld such attempts.
Jim Crow laws were passed ___________ the civil war, leading to complete ___________ of the races. a.after; segregation b.after; desegregation c.before; segregation d.before; desegregation
a. after; segregation
a. Federal b. State and Federal
a. 7th & 10th Amendments b. 1st & 8th Amendments
Why was a Bill of Rights added to the Constitution? a. Antifederalists demanded it for ratification. b. Federalists were worried about government abusing power. c. The Articles of Confederation had them and they were generally popular. d. State constitutions at the time did not protect civil liberties.
a. Antifederalists demanded it for ratification.
In _________________, the Supreme Court ruled that homosexual behavior was not protected by the Constitution, but overruled this decision nearly twenty years later. a.Bowers v. Hardwick b.Boy Scouts v. Dale c.Romer v. Evans d.Lawrence v. Texas
a. Bowers v. Hardwick
What act prevented Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming citizens and halted almost all immigration from China? a.Chinese Exclusion Act b.Alien Exception Act c.Taft Immigration Act d.Asian Immigration and Citizenship Act
a. Chinese Exclusion Act
The Lemon test is most clearly related to which amendment? a. First b. Second c. Fifth d. Sixth
a. First
The right to privacy was established in which case? a. Griswold v. Connecticut b. Roe v. Wade c. Gideon v. Wainwright d. Simmons v. United States
a. Griswold v. Connecticut
Which group formally received the right to vote in 1924? a.Native Americans b.Women c.Blacks d.Asian-Americans
a. Native Americans
As outlined in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from the Birmingham Jail", what was one of the key parts of civil rights protests in the South in the early 1960's? a.Nonviolence b.Targeted violence c.Letters to members of Congress d.Lawsuits
a. Nonviolence
a. McDonald v. Chicago b. District of Colombia v. Heller
a. The Supreme Court allowed individuals to own guns within the city limits of a major metropolitan area. b. The Supreme Court banned handguns in the country's capital.
What is the geographic relationship between poverty and minority population? a.The poverty rate is higher in areas that have higher concentrations of minorities. b.The poverty rate is lower in areas that have higher concentration of minorities. c.The poverty rate appears to be unrelated to the percentage of the population who are minorities. d.We do not have data on the poverty rate.
a. The poverty rate is higher in areas that have higher concentrations of minorities.
Why is there so much debate over the meaning of the Second Amendment? a. The wording of the right to bear arms is ambiguous and open to interpretation. b. American public opinion is strongly in favor of gun control but the courts will not allow it. c. The right to privacy is not explicitly stated anywhere in the Constitution. d. The courts keep changing the line on what constitutes freedom of political speech.
a. The wording of the right to bear arms is ambiguous and open to interpretation.
a. First Amendment b. Both c. Second Amendment
a. allows for freedom of speech, allows for freedom of press b. limits the gov't's power, protects individual freedom, within the Bill of Rights, reserves powers to the public c. allows for the right to bear arms
Segregation that exists because of circumstances that occur outside the law is called ____________ segregation. a.de facto b.de jure c.de novo d.de integro
a. de facto
Any evidence that is gathered illegally or unconstitutionally cannot be used in a subsequent trial. This is known as the a. exclusionary rule. b. right to privacy. c. direct incitement test. d. establishment clause.
a. exclusionary rule.
Questions such as whether animal sacrifice for religious purposes is allowable or whether religious dress may be regulated are examples of the Supreme Court wrestling with the meaning of which part of the Constitution? a. free exercise clause b. establishment clause c. Fourth Amendment d. Third Amendment
a. free exercise clause
Private corporations a. have fewer obligations than the government to respect a person's freedom of speech. b. have the same obligations as the government to respect a person's freedom of speech. c. have more obligations than the government to respect a person's freedom of speech.
a. have fewer obligations than the government to respect a person's freedom of speech.
Written false statements that damage a person's reputation are known in legal terms as a. libel. b. fighting words. c. slander. d. hate speech.
a. libel
a. Fourth Amendment b. Fifth Amendment c. Sixth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment
a. protects against unreasonable searches and seizures b. protects citizens from being tried twice for the same alleged crime (double jeopardy) c. protects citizens by giving the right to receive counsel for defense of a crime d. protects citizens from being tortured or excessively threatened
In interpreting the free exercise clause, the Court balances between which two goals? a. religious freedom and public safety b public safety and freedom of assembly c. religious freedom and freedom of assembly d. free speech and religious freedom
a. religious freedom and public safety
What does the Fourth Amendment provides protection from? a. unreasonable searches and seizures b. self-incrimination c. cruel and unusual punishment d. quartering of soldiers
a. unreasonable searches and seizures
Roe v. Wade was one of the most controversial court cases of the 1900s. It dealt with access to __________.
abortion
full faith and credit clause
addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state
Which of the following are advantages to online news?
currency convenience diversity depth
First Amendment
allows for the freedom of press allows for the freedom of speech
Second Amendment
allows for the right to bear arms
article 5 of the constitution
amendments require 2/3 congress and 3/4 states majority/ they're 27 amendments
Which type of opinion is more likely to be chosen on the spot as opposed to being stable over time?
an opinion about whether the capital gains tax should be increased
In which of the following situations is a government official giving a reporter information on background?
anonymously releasing future campaign stops
what was the name given to those who favored strong state governments during the debate over ratifying the constitution
antifederealist
Which of the following are goals of a constituency group, or team?
attracting the support of demographic groups converting groups that support the other party
The two broad freedoms of expression and religion are guaranteed in the a. Preamble to the Constitution. b. First Amendment. c. Fifth Amendment. d. Declaration of Independence
b. First Amendment
Cases involving gender discrimination fall under which legal test? a.lemon b.Intermediate scrutiny c.Rational basis d.Strict scrutiny
b. Intermediate scrutiny
Why was the court case Plessy v. Ferguson important? a.It led to the Civil War by saying that states could not outlaw slavery. b.It established the idea of separate but equal. c.It made it harder to have affirmative action programs. d.It ended segregation in school systems.
b. It established the idea of separate but equal.
The Supreme Court uses the __________ test to determine whether a practice violates the First Amendment's establishment clause. a. Miller b. Lemon c. Baker d. Candle
b. Lemon
Why was the Brown v. Board of Education case filed? a.To change affirmative action admissions plans at University of Michigan. b.To challenge the separate but equal doctrine. c.To draw attention to lack of funding for urban public schools. d.To contest busing plans designed to achieve racial integration.
b. To challenge the separate but equal doctrine.
In the landmark decision _____________, the Court ruled that rigid racial quotas were unconstitutional but allowed race to be a "plus factor" used in admissions decisions. a.Lau v. Nichols (1973) b.University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978) c.Alexander v. Sandoval (2001) d.University of Michigan Trustees v. Edmonson (1989)
b. University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978)
Under the strict scrutiny standard, a law that discriminates based on race must be shown to serve some _____ in order to be upheld. a.reasonable social end b.compelling state interest c.higher purpose d.greater moral good
b. compelling state interest
In order for the time, manner, or place of one's freedom of assembly to be restricted, the restriction must be a. passed by a legislature. b. content neutral. c. targeted at one specific group. d. voidable to nonprofit organizations.
b. content neutral.
Some civil liberties are rooted in the ___________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; the grounding for civil rights is found in the ______________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. a.privileges and immunities; due process b.due process, equal protection c.citizenship; equal protection d.equal protection; privileges and immunities
b. due process, equal protection
The idea that the United States should not have an official religion is most clearly found in the a. Second Amendment. b. establishment clause. c. takings clause. d. free exercise clause.
b. establishment clause
If someone printed a leaflet urging Americans to resist the military draft, this would violate which free speech test(s)? a. just the direct incitement test b. just the clear and present danger test c. both the direct incitement and the clear and present danger tests c. neither the direct incitement nor the clear and present danger tests
b. just the clear and present danger test
Under the exclusionary rule, a. each party to a lawsuit is allowed to veto the inclusion of a certain number of jury members. b. illegally or unconstitutionally acquired evidence cannot be used in a trial. c. the government cannot pass laws that unfairly exclude certain groups from participation. d. suspects must be read their constitutional rights before anything they say can be used against them at trial.
b. llegally or unconstitutionally acquired evidence cannot be used in a trial.
The Bill of Rights initially applied to the __________ government(s), while today the Bill of Rights applies to the __________ government(s). a. state; national and state b. national; national and state c. national and state; state d. national and state; national
b. national; national and state
Under the First Amendment, the Supreme Court has ruled that school-sponsored prayer is ______ and that school vouchers for religious schools are ________________. a. not permitted; not permitted b. not permitted; permitted c. permitted; not permitted d. permitted; permitted
b. not permitted; permitted
When asked about an issue they know little about, most people _________
base their responses on a few general considerations
Why was a Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?
because Antifederalists demanded it for ratification of the Constitution
virginia plan
bicameral legislature , active national government and high conformity cost on the states
article 1 of the constitution
bicameral legislature, checks and balances
In an attempt to pay back their student loans a bit faster, Mary and Bob commit identity theft and impersonate others to use their credit cards. The government prosecutes them but loses due to lack of evidence. After more evidence surfaces, it attempts to prosecute Mary and Bob again. In doing so, it may be violating which amendment? a. First b. Second c. Fifth d. Eighth
c. Fifth
________ refers to written false statements while ______ refers to verbal false statements. a. Slander; libel b. Hate speech; fighting words c. Libel; slander d. Fighting words; hate speech
c. Libel; slander
In 1973, the Supreme Court established the __________ test to determine whether materials are obscene and can therefore be regulated by governments. a. Lemon b. Griswold c. Miller d. Schenk
c. Miller
When it comes to the criminal justice system, blacks are a.About as likely to be convicted of the same crime and serve shorter sentences once convicted. b.Less likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve shorter sentences once convicted. c.More likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted. d.About as likely to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted.
c. More likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted.
What are your Miranda rights? a. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness b. Freedom of speech, religion, the press, association, and petition c. Right to remain silent, to talk to a lawyer, and to have one provided for you d. Privacy in your own home
c. Right to remain silent, to talk to a lawyer, and to have one provided for you
NAACP litigation leading up to Brown v. Board of Education challenged and weakened the __________ doctrine. a.Grandfather Clause b.Three-Fifths c.Separate but Equal d.One Man, One Vote
c. Separate but Equal
Some forms of speech, such as fighting words and slander, do not warrant the same level of protection as political speech. Why not? a. They are offensive to political and social minorities. b. They may cause violence or other social unrest. c. They do not express ideas that have important social value. d. They undermine public faith in the government.
c. They do not express ideas that have important social value.
Which amendments comprise the Civil War Amendments? a. First, Second, and Third b. Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth c. Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth d. Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First
c. Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
The "establishment clause" in the First Amendment prohibits the federal government from a. limiting religious expression. b. limiting what the people are allowed to criticize the government for. c. creating an official religion for the country. d. creating an official news organization for the country.
c. creating an official religion for the country.
Which of the following is most likely to be a violation of the free exercise clause? a. forcing the Amish to put license plates on their buggies b. outlawing the practice of having more than one wife (known as polygamy) c. forcing government employees to work on their days of worship d. requiring religious organizations to follow child labor laws
c. forcing government employees to work on their days of worship
Civil liberties listed in the Bill of Rights include all EXCEPT which of the following? a. freedom of speech, religion, and assembly b. rights of criminal defendants c. freedom from discrimination d. the right to bear arms
c. freedom from discrimination
Prior restraint is when the government a. prohibits protestors from gathering in certain times and places. b. outlaws certain proposed religious practices. c. prevents the media from publishing something. d. uses illegally gathered evidence in a trial.
c. prevents the media from publishing something.
Roe v. Wade was based on which constitutional civil liberty? a. freedom of speech b. freedom of expression c. right to privacy d. right to trial by jury
c. right to privacy
Over the last century the Supreme Court has gradually applied the Bill of Rights to the states on an amendment-by-amendment basis. This process is known as a. double jeopardy. b. due process. c. selective incorporation. d. civil liberty protection.
c. selective incorporation
Which of the following statements BEST defines selective incorporation? a. the Supreme Court's use of the precedent of Barron v. Baltimore to require that states uphold liberties in the Bill of Rights b. the inclusion of a Bill of Rights into the Constitution as a series of 10 amendments c. the Supreme Court's use of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply civil liberties to the states on a case-by-case basis d. a passage placed in the Fourteenth Amendment to appease the Antifederalists
c. the Supreme Court's use of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply civil liberties to the states on a case-by-case basis
What document is the legal foundation for the civil liberties of American citizens? a. Article I of the Constitution b. the Declaration of Independence c. the first 10 amendments of the Constitution d. the Magna Carta
c. the first 10 amendments of the Constitution
Basic political freedoms that protect citizens from governmental abuses of power are known as which of the following?
civil liberties
Imagine two government actions. The first is a Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war. The second is a government agency that reviews complaints about racial and gender discrimination by employers. The first example deals primarily with ____, while the second is more about ____.
civil liberties; civil rights
how did the civil rights ac of 1964 and voting rights act of 1965 put a stop to jim crow laws in the south
civil rights act ended segregation and banned discrimination while the voting rights act banned all literacy test
what was the equal rights amendment and why did it fail
civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's sex. failed due to the elimination of laws that aimed to protect women
What change contributed to the decline of party machines?
civil service reforms
If someone printed a leaflet urging Americans to resist the military draft, this would violate which free speech test(s)?
clear and present danger test
A reporter's desire to tell the whole story about a political event may be influenced by which of the following?
concerns about the event being staged to generate good coverage concerns about maintaining good relationships with sources concerns about jeopardizing national security
The graphic shows all of News Corp/21st Century Fox's media holdings. With its vast array of holdings, News Corp is a classic example of a media __________.
conglomerate
interstate commerce clause
congress has the ability to regulate interstate commerce
In 2003, the SC ruled on two different University of Michigan cases related to affirmative action. They ruled that race as one of a number of considerations was ____. They also ruled that giving minority applicants a bonus 20 points on the application scoring system was ____.
constitutional; unconstitutional
What was the primary outcome of the Seneca Falls Convention?
convention called for women to have the right to vote
Which of the following roles do parties in government perform?
coordination agenda setting accountability
Although gay rights are often seen as a civil rights issue, how can they be considered a civil liberties issue as well?
court rulings have established broad privacy rights for sexual behavior
great compromise
created the house of representatives, the senate, commerce clause, necessary and proper clause and articles of the constitution
What did the Separate but Equal doctrine do? a.made sure that black schools got equal funding b.maintained integrated private facilities c.required public facilities be shared by whites and blacks d.permitted a system of segregated social facilities
d. permitted a system of segregated social facilities
Imagine that you are the editor at a major daily newspaper. The government finds out that you are about to run a story detailing sensitive government information, so it sues you to prevent you from publishing it. Which of the following is the government attempting to engage in? a. slander b. libel c. perjury d. prior restraint
d. prior restraint
Miranda rights advise an individual of the Fifth Amendment's protection from a. eminent domain. b. double jeopardy. c. grand juries. d. self-incrimination.
d. self-incrimination.
Segregation that exists because of circumstances that occur outside the law is called ____________ segregation.
de facto
what is the signiface of miranda vs arizona?
defendant's statements to authorities are inadmissible in court unless the defendant has been informed of their miranda rights
symbolic speech
describes actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.
In the 1960s the federal government focused on ____ but in the 1970s, after the introduction of affirmative action policies, the government instead focused on ____.
desegregation; integration
Party platforms help describe the ______ between the major parties. Political candidates ______ required to uphold their party's platform.
differences are not
what is the exclusinary rule
evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in trial
New politicians often grant access in an attempt to control the media. These attempts often __________ because reporters have incentives to get sensational material.
fail
due process
fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.
Most gun tragedies result in a shift toward more restrictive gun laws.
false
Restrictions in voting access, such as requirements to have a photo ID, provide proof of citizenship, or limit voting days and times, have the same impact on white and minority voters. Click or tap "True" or "False" to answer the question.
false
The Constitution explicitly states a right to privacy.
false
When the Supreme Court incorporates an amendment from the Bill of Rights and applies it to the states, all the protections from that amendment are then guaranteed by the states.
false
`The largest single day of protest in U.S. history was during the civil rights era of the 1960s.
false
If we were to compare gun control laws across the country today relative to gun control laws across the country in 1987, what would we see?
fewer state-to-state difference today than in 1987
In an attempt to pay back their student loans just a bit faster, Mary and Bob commit identity theft and impersonate others so as to use their credit cards. The government prosecutes them but loses due to lack of evidence. After more evidence surfaces, the government attempts to prosecute Mary and Bob again. In doing so, it may be violating which amendment?
fifth
In which party system did the basic division between the parties (as we know them today) begin?
fifth party system
what are the limitations on free speech and press rights
fighting words and phrases that incite violence,
Which media effect best describes stories that presented Democratic victories in special elections as an example of Democrats gaining the momentum in the run up to the 2018 elections?
filtering
Match the source of media power to its influence on public opinion.
filtering: - what issues Americans think about framing: - what opinions Americans hold on issues
articles of confederation
first attempt of government in the united states
Which words accurately describe party organizations today?
fluid decentralized
Which of the following is most likely to be a violation of the free exercise clause?
forcing gov employees to work on friday night or saturday if those are their days of worship
Which of the following are key issues in the sixth party system (1969-present)?
foreign policy civil rights size of the federal government
When politicians fight over calling a bill "health care reform" or "health care rationing," what are they trying to shape?
how the media frame the bill
Fifteenth Amendment
gave male former slaves the right to vote
prior restraint
government efforts to block the publication of material
Which of the following rights appeared in the original text of the Constitution, before the addition of the Bill of Rights?
guarantee of habeas corpus prohibition against ex post facto laws
Which of the following concerns did the Washington Post have when Edward Snowden approached them with downloaded data from the National Security Agency?
harming national security placing confidential sources in jeopardy the government invoking prior restraint prohibition
How does federalism help solve collective-action problems?
help prevent tension between states, protect states from outside aggression, set national standards for labor and environmental laws
De Facto
schools where students are predominantly of one race because of who lives in the neighborhood segregation resulting from housing patterns
The government can forbid snake handling in fundamentalist Christian church services.
true
Comedy shows like The Daily Show are ______ sources of political news, with followers who are ______ informed about politics.
important well
Analyze the graphic on turnout in presidential elections by race, and then place the following demographic groups in order from highest turnout to lowest turnout, based on the 2016 election.
non-latino white black asian latino
As outlined in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from the Birmingham Jail," what was one of the key parts of civil rights protests in the South in the early 1960s?
nonviolence
In general, surveys of public opinion that __________ cell phones and that take place __________ in a campaign tend to be the most predictive of the election's outcome.
include; late
In the past twenty years, the number of media sources has ______. In that same period of time, political knowledge in the electorate has _______.
increased remained constant
civil liberty
individual rights protected by law from unjust governmental or other interference
Today, cases involving gender discrimination apply which level of legal scrutiny?
intermediate
Choose all of the following methods that were used in the Jim Crow South to try and disenfranchise black voters.
introducing grandfather clauses instituting mandatory poll taxes making voters pass a literacy test`
Which of the three branches of government is responsible for determining whether a government action violates civil liberties?
judicial
When it comes to the criminal justice system, whites are -likely than blacks to be convicted of the same crimes and serve - sentences once convicted.
less shorter
In general, television news tends to offer _____ depth in its coverage of political events. It tends to offer more political ______ than ______.
little headlines analysis
equal protection clause
no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws
Which of the following statements is true regarding minor parties?
minor parties are not prominent at either the national or local levels
What does the term "environmental racism" mean?
minorities are more likely to live in places affected by pollution and toxic waste
what are grant aids
money coming from central government for a specific project
Minorities, whether armed or unarmed, are - likely to be killed by police than are whites. Convictions for shootings by police are -.
more rare
de facto segregation
natural segregation(migration patterns)
Voters who are regular readers of a paper that endorses a particular candidate are more likely to hold a positive opinion of that candidate and to vote for him.
true
Which practices has the Court considered unacceptable, as they violate Fourth Amendment protections?
placing GPS trackers on cars searching and seizing a cell phone during an arrest
Which aspect of the political parties was first?
party in government
Party workers are part of which of the following?
party organization
affirmative action
policies or programs designed to expand opportunities for minorities and women
De Jure
policies restricting who can sit where on a public bus laws mandating separate dining facilities for minorities
Analyze the following two images that illustrate U.S. Census data, and then pick the answer that best summarizes the geographic relationship between poverty and minority population.
poverty rate higher in areas that have higher concentrations of minorities
concurrent power
power shared by the state and federal government
reserve power
power that may be exercised by the head of state without the approval of another branch of the government
implied powers
powers not explicitly named in the Constitution but assumed to exist due to their being necessary to implement the expressed powers that are named in Article 1
privileges and immunity clause
prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner
Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the media wrote many stories about President Bush's performance on protecting the nation from terrorism, and few stories on the economy. What two means of media influence is this an example of?
priming agenda setting
Imagine you are the editor at a major daily newspaper. The government finds out that you are about to run a story detailing sensitive government information, and so they sue you to prevent you from publishing it. The government is attempting to engage in which kind of censorship? Type an answer
prior restraint
Identify whether the particular term relates to the First Amendment's treatment of religion or the First Amendment's treatment of expression.
prior restraint; expression clear and present danger test; expression establishment clause; religion free exercise clause; religion
The Court has traditionally - state aid for religious activities. In recent years, the Court has been -accommodationist toward allowing religious activity in public institutions.
prohibited more
Match each of the following First Amendment concepts to its meaning
protection of public spaces traditionally used for assembly Correct label: public forum doctrine speech accompanied by actions such as protesting Correct label: speech plus government efforts to block the publication of material Correct label: prior restraint
public forum doctrine
protection of public spaces, traditionally used for assembly
The argument that women are too frail to serve on the front lines in the armed forces is a modern example of what idea?
protectionism
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 addressed voting rights; the Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed ____.
public accomodations
What is one of the key trade-offs in civil liberty cases?
public good vs individual freedom
Which method of survey administration is most likely to give a random sample?
random digit dialing
article 7 of the constitution
ratification of the constitution
Which level of scrutiny makes it easiest for the government to discriminate against a subset of citizens?
rational basis test
The Federal Communications Commission was developed to serve which of the following functions?
regulate broadcast content allocate radio and TV frequencies promote competition in the broadcast industry
Which First Amendment freedom has the Court said the government should avoid any "excessive entanglement" with?
religion
In general, Democrats think the media favors ______, and Republicans think the media favors _______.
republican democrats
article 4 of the constitution
republican form of government
Government policy __________ to public opinion; public opinion __________ to government policy.
responds; responds
The Supreme Court has not been consistent in its protection of the right to privacy. For example, it ____________ several decisions that limited the right to privacy. Initially, the Court did not extend the right to privacy to _____________. However, in 2003, the Court ruled that states ______________.
reversed, homosexuals, cannot prohibit homosexual contact
judicial review
review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act
Which of the following rights appeared in the original text of the Constitution, before the addition of the Bill of Rights?
right of habeas corpus right to trial by jury in the state where a crime was committed
The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable ____________________. It does this by guaranteeing citizens due process of law and applying the ___________________, which makes "evidence" from illegal searches inadmissible.
searches & seizures, exclusionary rule
Choose all of the following situations in which evidence from a warrantless search would likely be permissible in court.
searching school lockers for stolen property if the police have probable cause using sobriety checkpoints that stop all drivers
The party principle was established in the ______ party system, with the goal of creating the party ______.
second organization
what is the significance of plessy vs ferguson?
separate but equal
new jersey plan
single house legislature and states retained power
You have been accused of a crime but cannot afford an attorney on your own. Nevertheless, you are provided an attorney by the city. What amendment was foundational in giving you this right?
sixth
What issues triggered the emergence of the fifth party system (1933-1968)?
size and scope of the federal government government involvement in the economy
The Second Amendment was written during the 1700s, when state governments could not guarantee weapons for _____________. The states could not be trusted to distribute weapons in times of emergency, so eligible citizens kept their own _____________ in their homes. Therefore, the right "________________" was directly related to whether the states could provide weapons for their militias. Most states could not.
state militia, firearms, to keep and bear arm
what are the judicial standard of review for civil rights cases
strict scrutiny
Why is the doctrine of strict scrutiny important to free speech?
strict scrutiny forces the government to prove a reason for restricting speech
Place these legal standards in order from the toughest to the most permissive. (strict scrutiny, rational basis, intermediate scrutiny)
strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, rational basis
article 2 of the constitution
take care clause and foreign policy
How does the "wall of separation" apply to the establishment clause?
the "wall of separation" refers to dissociation between church and state.
Which of the following cases of discrimination would be subject to strict scrutiny?
the U.S. government ordering people of Japanese descent into internment camps a university using race as part of its holistic admissions procedures
civlil right
the basic right to be free from unequal treatment based on certain protected characteristics
If someone printed a leaflet urging Americans to resist the military draft, this would violate which free speech tests?
the clear and present danger test
Which of the following best describes the pattern of court cases dealing with the right to bear arms over the course of our nation's history?
the court did not deal with many gun control cases until the 21st century
How did Dred Scott v. Sanford influence civil rights in the United States?
the desciscion denied civil rights to all blacks
what is new federelaisim and which president was its primary advocate
the devolution of federal powers back to the states by president regan
What document is the legal foundation for civil liberties of American citizens?
the first ten amendments of the Constitution
What is the by-product theory of information?
the idea that many Americans acquire political information unintentionally
Intermediate scrutiny
the level of scrutiny used for cases that deal with gender-based discrimination claims
strict scrutiny
the level of scrutiny used for cases that deal with racially-based discrimination claims
rational basis
the lowest level of scrutiny applied by the courts
enumerated powers
the powers of the federal government that are specifically described in the Constitution
take care clause
the president shall take care that the laws will be faithfully executed
what is eminent domain
the right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation
political culture
the set of attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments which give order and meaning to a political process
If survey respondents are hiding their true preferences about race from the interviewer, what is the survey suffering from?
the social desirability effect
What factors can change during a realignment?
the specifics of government policy the issues that divide the parties the composition of the party coalitions the nature of the party organizations
what is the lemon test
the statue most not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion
strict scrutiny
the statute must be narrowly tailored to address a compelling state interest.
article 6 of the constitution
the us constitution is the supreme law of the land
When political actors discuss an issue that the voter is unfamiliar with, the voter takes account of the expert's opinions only if
the voter generally agrees with the expert
Which of the following is the main drawback of newspapers as an information source?
timeliness
What congressional action was foundational for barring sexual harassment in the workplace?
title VII of the Civli Rights Act of 1964
Why do voters often support minor-party candidates?
to show disapproval of the major parties to support the candidates' positions
Selective incorporation was an uneven process that progressed in fits and starts.
true
Social movements represent attempts by people to leverage public opinion to change a political system from the outside.
true
The United States has passed laws that make it illegal to say anything that might challenge the government.
true
