Exam A&P
New portions of a nail are produced at the nail bed. Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Our skin helps us to regulate our body temperature by causing shivering. Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification? Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. An epiphyseal plate is trapped between the diaphysis and either epiphysis. A cartilage model is formed.
A cartilage model is formed.
Which of the following is true of axons? Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons. A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length. Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite. Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials.
A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.
Phospholipids provide the specific functions of the plasma membrane. True False
False
Choose the FALSE statement about nerves. Nerve axons are surrounded by a loose connective tissue layer called the endoneurium. Nerves consist of parallel bundles of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons. Axons make up a majority of the matter in a nerve. Nerves can carry only sensory information, only motor information, or a mixture of sensory and motor information.
Axons make up a majority of the matter in a nerve.
Part complete Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function? The heart and blood vessels circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells. Atoms, the tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins. Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. The liver, brain, blood vessels, and stomach are each responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform.
Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.
In the presence of sunlight, Vitamin D precursors are produced. This is important for the transport of sodium in our intestines. Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Which of the following is most directly required to initiate the coupling of myosin to actin? Ca+ glucose ATP ACh
Ca+
During DNA replication, the covalent bonding of nucleotides into a new strand of DNA is performed by __________. DNA ligase RNA polymerase primase DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
What is a benefit of a nerve plexus? Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region. They provide a straight path from the spinal cord to target muscles. The dorsal ramus can be distributed to many areas. A plexus does not allow for redistribution.
Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region.
Which of the following statements is true? Dense connective tissue includes a large amount of reticular fibers. All subclasses of loose connective tissue do not contain collagen fibers. Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen. Loose connective tissue includes cartilage.
Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen.
Which of the following statements is true? Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside. Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane. Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes.
During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.
How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other? Endocrine glands have no ducts. Exocrine glands have specific target organs for their secretions. Exocrine glands secrete hormones. Exocrine glands are only unicellular in structure.
Endocrine glands have no ducts.
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity. Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels. Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate.
Epithelial tissue is innervated.
A coronal section creates a superior and an inferior section. True False
False
A weak base buffers an acid by completely dissociating and accepting all of the acid's H+. True False
False
All muscle cells contain striations. True False
False
At rest, when no sound is entering the cochlea, the hair cells send no signal. True False
False
Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. True False
False
Because of its large bony connection to the thoracic bones, the pectoral girdle is very stable. Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells. True False
False
Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport. True False
False
Digestion includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. True False
False
In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount. True False
False
Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption. True False
False
The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to UV light in a tanning booth is safer. Is this statement true or false? True False
False
The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. True False
False
The knee is proximal to the thigh. True False
False
The longer a muscle is when it starts contracting, the more tension it can generate in the contraction. True False
False
The major anatomic difference in autonomic reflex arcs is that there are two sensory afferents. True False
False
The sensory division of the PNS is also known as the efferent division. True False
False
The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane created by two separate membranes. True False
False
Unlike the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division synapses with the adrenal medulla. True False
False
Which description of a muscle action is NOT correct? Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur. Agonists are the prime movers for an action. Antagonists counter the action of a prime mover. Synergists help agonists.
Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis. Holocrine glands secrete their products through a hollow, tubular duct.
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing.
Drinking alcohol makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood? Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells. Hypertonic blood forces water into the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. Hypertonic blood will lose water to the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, causes water to move into the cell. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells.
Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.
Which of the following organ systems is involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes? I. Digestive system II. Urinary system III. Nervous system IV. Circulatory system V. Reproductive system VI. Respiratory system I, II, III I, III, V I, IV, VI II, IV, VI IV, V, VI
I, IV, VI
Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen I < II < III I < III < II II < I < III III < I < II
III < I < II
Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary active transport? Primary active transport is driven by secondary active transport. Energy is required for primary active transport, but energy is not required for secondary active transport. In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated. Primary active transport is used to transport sugars and amino acids across the plasma membrane, while secondary active transport includes the sodium-potassium pump.
In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ATP production in muscles during periods of prolonged energy use, such as exercise? In the absence of oxygen, creatine phosphate can drive aerobic respiration pathways for a few minutes. Prolonged activity requires the use of aerobic pathways for ATP regeneration. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic pathways provide minimal ATP regeneration for less than a minute. As your blood sugar drops at any time during prolonged activity, glycogen stores in your muscles can be broken down to supply a glucose source.
In the absence of oxygen, creatine phosphate can drive aerobic respiration pathways for a few minutes.
Type I diabetes is caused when an individual does not produce insulin. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is TRUE? Insulin is the receptor that triggers a positive feedback mechanism, which controls blood-sugar levels. Insulin controls blood sugar. Without insulin, the body is never able to detect changes in blood sugar. Insulin blocks a negative feedback mechanism involving blood-sugar levels.
Insulin controls blood sugar.
What is the function of serous fluid? It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. It helps the stomach and other organs maintain neutral buoyancy within body cavities, even during fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, or when gases, such as oxygen or methane, are present in varying ratios. It prevents the organs from drying out when in contact with air. It aids in the repair of damaged organs.
It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.
Choose the FALSE statement about the olfactory epithelium. It contains olfactory sensory neurons. It is made of simple squamous epithelium. It is located in the roof of the nasal cavity. It is coated with mucus at the air interface.
It is made of simple squamous epithelium.
Which of the following best defines anatomy? It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. It is the study of tissues. It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.
If the cell could no longer produce ATP, what would be the effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum? It would be unable to concentrate Ca+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca+ would build up in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca+ would leak out of the cell. The muscle would not contract.
It would be unable to concentrate Ca+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? Kinetic energy is stored energy and has the capacity to do work; potential energy is expressed through motion. Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy may eventually become potential energy, but potential energy cannot become kinetic energy. Kinetic energy and potential energy are synonymous; they are defined as the capacity to do work, actively putting matter into motion.
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? The sternum is an example of a flat bone. Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons. Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones.
Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.
Which of the following is NOT a difference between a compound and a mixture? Mixtures can be separated by physical means, such as straining, filtering, or evaporation. Compounds can only be separated into their constituent atoms by chemically breaking bonds. No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture. The properties of atoms and molecules are not changed when they become part of a mixture. Some mixtures are homogenous, while others are hetegeneous. All compounds are homogeneous. Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous.
Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous.
Which of the following does NOT describe conditions that occur during an action potential? Na+ enters the cell through voltage-gated channels, causing a reversal of the resting membrane potential. After initial depolarization, K+ now has both an electrical and a chemical gradient drawing it out of the cell. Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane. The Na+/K+ pump reestablishes resting concentration gradients.
Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane.
Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called tracts. True False
True
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves? Nerves do not contain cell bodies. Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium. Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both. Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS.
Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.
__________ are receptors that can respond to painful stimuli. Nociceptors Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors
Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar? Both systems share common efferent pathways. Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways. Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters. Both systems share common effectors. None of the listed responses is correct.
None of the listed responses is correct.
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of summation? One EPSP and one IPSP cancel each other out. Two EPSPs occur close enough in time to bring the cell to threshold. Two EPSPs are generated at the same time by two separate synapses, bringing the cell to threshold. One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold.
One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold.
Which of these statements is NOT correct regarding our limbic system? The cingulate helps you express your emotional state. Your amygdala judges facial expressions for danger. Emotional states can alter our blood pressure. Sights often create strong emotional responses.
Sights often create strong emotional responses.
Which of the following best demonstrates an example of cooperation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; sympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the clitoris, leading to erection; parasympathetic stimulation then causes reflex contractions of the vagina. Parasympathetic stimulation causes copious sweating; sympathetic stimulation causes epidermal pores to dilate. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; parasympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the penis, leading to erection; sympathetic stimulation then causes ejaculation.
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? Generate direct, electrical signals. Release hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other cells in the body. Decode sensory information from the environment. Integrate sensory input for decision making.
Release hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other cells in the body.
Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? astrocytes Schwann cells oligodendrocytes satellite cells
Schwann cells
Which of the following is true of protein structure? Tertiary protein structure emerges when there is more than one peptide chain in a protein. Secondary protein structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amine and carboxyl groups. Peptide bonds join the amine group on one amino acid with the R group of another amino acid. Peptide bonds are formed by hydrolysis.
Secondary protein structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amine and carboxyl groups.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear.
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated. Skeletal muscle cells contain myoglobin. Skeletal muscle cells have glycosomes. Skeletal muscle cells have T tubules.
Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the polarization of a neuronal membrane and the formation of a resting membrane potential? As sodium leaks into the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more negative. Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels. A resting potential can be generated without the energy as an input. As Na+ leaks across the membrane, that establishes a negative charge inside the membrane.
Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels.
Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord? Just like the cerebrum, the gray matter is found on the superficial surfaces. Damage to sensory tracts in the spinal cord leads to paralysis. The white matter contains cell bodies for spinal nuclei. Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function.
Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Langerhans cells activate the immune system.
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things? The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion. The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion. The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment.
The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment.
Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? The body is erect with feet together and palms facing the thighs with thumbs pointing forward. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body.
The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.
What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell? The cell has a great metabolic demand. The cell packages a great deal of proteins for secretion. The cell produces a great deal of protein. The cell builds a lot of cholesterol.
The cell has a great metabolic demand.
Under a microscope you view a cell with a very large quantity of lysosomes present. What could this indicate? The cell is making a large amount of protein. The cell has a high energy demand. The cell is detoxifying toxins. The cell is about to undergo apoptosis.
The cell is about to undergo apoptosis.
Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is NOT correct? Damage to the cerebellum could affect posture. The cerebellum has a cortex and homunculus, just like the motor cortex. The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands. The cerebellum plays a role maintaining your balance.
The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands.
Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.
The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates? Carbohydrates consist of monomers called simple sugars. Dietary glucose is primarily used to drive our metabolic pathways that produce energy. Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate formed by dehydration synthesis of glucose molecules. The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present.
The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Serous membranes line body cavities and organs. The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air. Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body. The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
Many neurons have many short, branching extensions called dendrites. What is the benefit of these structures for a neuron? There is a large area for production of chemicals used to signal other neurons. There is a large amount of space for myelin to form and make electrical conduction more efficient. The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons. There is a large surface area to send signals to other cells.
The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons.
In a lab you are conducting tests with various chemicals and neurotransmitter receptors. You notice that exposed frog muscle cells depolarize when you add the chemical nicotine to the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. What does this tell us about the relationship between neurotransmitters and their receptors? Neurotransmitter receptors only bind specifically with their neurotransmitter. The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the neurotransmitter more than the receptor. The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the receptor more than the neurotransmitter. The response generated by a receptor is very broad in nature.
The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the receptor more than the neurotransmitter.
Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint? The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall. Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint. Many muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and limit the mobility of the joint. The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
What is the role of the hair follicle? The hair follicle produces hair. The hair follicle allows hair to "stand on end," or become erect. The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft. The hair follicle serves as a sensory receptor.
The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft.
Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? The hair of the eyebrows does not have a cuticle, but the hair on the head does have a cuticle. The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are not responsive to androgens; hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive. The hair follicles of the eyebrows do not have a hair matrix; the hair follicles in the scalp do have a hair matrix.
The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? The hamstrings cross the hip and knee joints. The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion. The hamstrings are fleshy muscles of the posterior thigh. The medial hamstrings promote medial knee (leg) rotation.
The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion.
Which of the following statements is correct? The heart is posterior to the spine. The sternum is dorsal to the spine. The sternum is posterior to the spine. The heart is dorsal to the sternum.
The heart is dorsal to the sternum.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lens? The lens of the human eye has a concave shape. The lens is vascularized. In a healthy eye, the lens will be opaque. The lens focuses light on the retina.
The lens focuses light on the retina.
Which of the following is NOT a difference between graded potentials and action potentials? Graded potentials occur along dendrites, whereas action potentials occur along axons. Greater stimulus intensity results in larger graded potentials, but not larger action potentials. The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude. Graded potentials can result from the opening of chemically gated channels; action potentials require the opening of voltage-gated channels.
The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude.
What is the basic condition when a neuron is described as polarized? There are large, protein anions inside the neuron. There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane. Na+ is found outside of the neuron and K+ is found inside of the cell. Na+ is found outside of the neuron.
There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane.
Based on what you know of the relationship between the thick and the thin filaments, what would happen if a disorder existed that caused a person to produce no tropomyosin? The muscle would be weaker than normal. The muscle would never contract. The muscle tissues would never be able to relax. Actin will spontaneously fall apart.
The muscle tissues would never be able to relax.
You discover that a new chemical compound interacts with K+ voltage-dependent channels. What would be the effect on a neuron if the chemical came into contact with the axonal membrane? The cell would be unable to depolarize. The neuron would be unable to repolarize. The cell would be unable to generate a resting potential. The cell would die.
The neuron would be unable to repolarize.
Which of the following statements is correct? Multipennate muscles do not produce much power because the fibers run in many directions. Muscle fibers running in parallel arrangement generate more power. The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be. The more a muscle shortens, the more power it generates.
The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
Which of the following statements is true? The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm. The phalanges in the thumb are the most medial bones in the hand. The humerus is the most proximal bone in the upper appendicular skeleton. The scapula marks the origin of the appendicular skeleton.
The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm.
Which of the following is true? Atomic weight is determined by the number of electrons in an atom of a given element. Atomic weight is determined by the number of protons in an atom of a given element. The chemical reactivity of an atom is based on the overall number of electrons in the atom. The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance.
The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance.
All salts are ions, but not all ions are salts. True False
True
Which of the following is true of receptors for dynamic equilibrium? The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are located in the vestibule of the ear. The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are called maculae. The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are not stimulated by head movement. The receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces.
The receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces.
Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to make secretions, while apocrine sweat glands do not. Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life.
The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity? The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction. The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s). The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site.
The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site.
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for something to be tasted? The tastant must contact gustatory hairs. The tastant must contact the basal epithelial cells of the taste buds. The tastant must diffuse into a taste pore. The tastant must dissolve in saliva.
The tastant must contact the basal epithelial cells of the taste buds.
Which of the following statements regarding the umbilicus and the chin is true? The umbilicus is caudal to the chin. The umbilicus is medial to the chin. The chin is caudal to the umbilicus. The umbilicus is superior to the chin.
The umbilicus is caudal to the chin.
Which of the following is FALSE? With some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. The mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located. The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located
The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located
Which of the following is characteristic of cilia? They move substances in many directions across a cell's surfaces. They are substantially longer than flagella, and are less common than flagella in humans. They are used for cellular adhesion. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
__________ do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation. Tonic receptors Photoreceptors Sensory receptors Phasic receptors
Tonic receptors
Which of the following is true about lipids? Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids.
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.
ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable. True False
True
Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). True False
True
Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false? True False
True
If the neuron membrane becomes more permeable to Na+, Na+ will transport across the membrane, causing the cell to depolarize. True False
True
In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs. True False
True
In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized. True False
True
Isometric contractions are important contractions that allow humans to hold their posture over time. True False
True
Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell. True False
True
Phasic receptors adapt quickly to a stimulus. For that reason, they are good at detecting changes instead of constantly signaling the CNS. True False
True
The collagen in the osteoid bone matrix makes the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing flexibility. Is this statement true or false? True False
True
The main role of the axial skeleton is to protect and support vital organs. Is this statement true or false? True False
True
The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis True False
True
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint? a gomphosis a symphysis a suture a syndesmosis
a symphysis
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? support transport insulation absorption
absorption
Which of the following best describes an isotope? an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of electrons an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of protons an atomic structural variation in which atoms have valence shell difference an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons
an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons
Transduction of lower frequency sound waves occurs at the __________ of the cochlea. middle apex proximal end base
apex
Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma? asymmetry a size smaller than 6 mm uniform coloration regular borders
asymmetry
Which of the following is the regional term that includes the head? coronal appendicular superior axial
axial
Identify the correct sequence of the following events. (a) Myosin generates a power stroke. (b) Ca+ binds to troponin. (c) ATP recharges the myosin head. (d) Troponin removes tropomyosin from G actin. (e) The sarcomere shortens. (f) Myosin binds to actin. b, f, a, c, e, d e, c, a, b, d, f f, a, c, e, d, b d, b, f , c, a, e a, b, c, d, e, f b, d, f, a, e, c
b, d, f, a, e, c
Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the system as a result of burns? renal failure bacterial infection dehydration electrolyte imbalance
bacterial infection
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type? bone; fibrocyte cartilage; fibroblast connective tissue proper; chondroblast bone; osteoblast
bone; osteoblast
Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight? carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium. carbon, oxygen, potassium, and sodium. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints? diarthrosis cartilaginous synarthrosis amphiarthrosis
cartilaginous
Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system? lungs salivary glands gallbladder cellular metabolism
cellular metabolism
Earwax is made by __________. sebaceous glands eccrine glands apocrine glands ceruminous glands
ceruminous glands
Ions are transported across membranes using __________, which requires __________. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy simple diffusion; kinetic energy channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy
channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy
Which structure is NOT matched with its function? retina: senses light iris: allow light into eye choroid: vascular layer ciliary body: focus the pupil
ciliary body: focus the pupil
All living organisms maintain an external boundary. Which of the following systems functions only within the body? integumentary system digestive system respiratory system urinary system circulatory system
circulatory system
You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at? epithelial tissue connective tissue nervous tissue muscle tissue
connective tissue
Which of the following are correctly matched? convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle circular arrangement of fascicles; describes the deltoid muscle parallel arrangement of fascicles; characteristic of sphincter muscles pennate arrangement of fascicles; spindle-shaped muscle
convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle
Which pair below is incorrect? cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve cranial nerve III: pupillary constriction cranial nerve VI: eye movement optic nerve: sensory cranial Nerve IV: sensory
cranial Nerve IV: sensory
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue? highly branched cells used for support and insulation creates linings transmits electrical impulses
creates linings
Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell? mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole cytosol, nucleus, and membrane plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus
cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus
Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of impulse propagation, or conduction velocity, along an axon? degree of myelination of the axon whether the axon is located in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system the number of axon collaterals extending from a truncated axon length of the axon
degree of myelination of the axon
The muscle that divides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the __________. internal oblique psoas major transversus abdominis diaphragm
diaphragm
The sliding filament model of contraction states that __________. during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments no longer overlap during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that calcium ions can be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap to a greater degree during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past T tubules so that the Z discs are overlapping
during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap to a greater degree
A muscle that is lengthening while it produces tension is performing a(n) __________ contraction. isometric concentric maximal eccentric
eccentric
You discover a new type of gland associated with the skin. Chemical analysis of the product shows a secretion has a pH of 4, consists of 99% water, and contains traces of normal electrolytes including urea, vitamin C, and dermicidin. There are no traces of fats or proteins. How would you classify this new gland? eccrine gland sebaceous gland ceruminous gland mammary gland
eccrine gland
Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? mechanical stress low blood Ca2+ concentration glucagon parathyroid hormone
glucagon
Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion? a steroid hormone oxygen a lipid-soluble vitamin glucose
glucose
Bones do NOT have a role in __________. glycogen production support fat storage movement blood cell formation
glycogen production
Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? spinal cord: inner gray matter superficial in the brain: gray matter gray matter: location of brain nuclei gray matter: myelinated axons
gray matter: myelinated axons
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
In people with lighter skin, respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change? carotene hemoglobin melanin folic acid
hemoglobin
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? ligaments connecting the two bones of the joint a capsule that creates a space in the joint hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint synovial fluid
hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? exchange decomposition hyperbolic synthesis
hyperbolic
Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? peripheral ganglia hypothalamus cerebral cortex brain stem
hypothalamus
Which plexus does NOT receive innervation from the vagus nerve? abdominal aortic plexus inferior hypogastric plexus pulmonary plexuses cardiac plexuses
inferior hypogastric plexus
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________. inflammation, regeneration, and organization organization, inflammation, and regeneration regeneration, organization, and inflammation inflammation, organization, and regeneration
inflammation, organization, and regeneration
Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? receptors motor neurons sensory neurons interneurons
interneurons
The pH scale __________. is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution ranges from 1 to 7 is linear is based on the salinity of a solution
is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
The nucleolus __________. is the site of lipid production in a cell is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell is the primary site of protein synthesis is a dark-staining spherical body found within the mitochondria
is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell
Smooth muscle __________. has long, cylindrical cells has striations is under involuntary control contains intercalated discs
is under involuntary control
Which of the following describes tight junctions? junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract junctions within electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle cell junctions in areas that are subjected to great mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart muscles junctions where cells are held together by cadherins
junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract
Sprains indicate damage to what joint component? ligaments bones muscles tendons
ligaments
Damage to the medial portion of the optic chiasm, cause by a pituitary tumor, would lead to __________. loss of central vision blindness in the right half of the visual field loss of peripheral vision blindness in the left half of the visual field
loss of peripheral vision
In carpal tunnel syndrome, the __________ is compressed. radial nerve musculocutaneous nerve median nerve axillary nerve
median nerve
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________. melanoma basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.
melanoma
Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? oligodendrocytes astrocytes ependymal cells microglia
microglia
Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells? developmental anatomy gross anatomy systemic anatomy microscopic anatomy
microscopic anatomy
Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle? proton molecule neutron electron
molecule
Which description is NOT consistent with the sympathetic division? thoracolumbar most innervation from the vagus nerve ganglia close to the spinal cord long postganglionic fibers
most innervation from the vagus nerve
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________. unicellular simple gland multicellular compound gland unicellular compound gland multicellular simple gland
multicellular simple gland
You are designing a drug to reduce heart rate. Which receptor would you target? nicotinic receptors muscarinic receptors (1 adrenergic receptors β1 adrenergic receptors
muscarinic receptors
Which term best identifies a muscle cell? sarcomere muscle fiber myofibril muscle fascicle
muscle fiber
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? connective tissue; mesoderm muscle; endoderm nervous tissue; ectoderm epithelium; endoderm and ectoderm
muscle; endoderm
Which receptor paring below is correct? alpha 1: acetylcholine nicotinic; acetylchline nicotinic: norepinephrine muscarinic: norepinephrine
nicotinic; acetylchline
Choose the correctly paired terms. astigmatism: clouding of the lens hyperopia: nearsightedness myopia: farsightedness nyctalopia: night blindness
nyctalopia: night blindness
When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________. retraction dorsiflexion flexion opposition supination
opposition
Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function? osteocytes; produce new bone cells. osteoblasts create new bone matrix bone lining cells; maintain matrix osteoclasts; bone reabsorption
osteocytes; produce new bone cells.
In the brain, vision originates in the rods and cones in the retina. Separate regions of the brain decode basic information, like color, shapes, intensity of light, and there are other regions that decode information like position in space, and awareness of patterns. As you use your visual system, all of these regions are working simultaneously. This simultaneous awareness of all regions working at the same time is due to which processing pattern listed below? reflexive processing serial processing oscillative processing parallel processing
parallel processing
Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell? proteins cholesterol water phospholipids
phospholipids
Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? meningeal layer of the dura mater pia mater periosteal layer of the dura mater arachnoid mater
pia mater
Which of the following regions of the brain stem serves as a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum? midbrain medulla oblongata pons thalamus
pons
Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? diverging circuits pre-synaptic circuits converging circuits reverberating circuits
pre-synaptic circuits
For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________. projection fibers the primary visual cortex association fibers commissural fibers
projection fibers
Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? protection from UV radiation lubrication of the skin prevention of water loss protection from bacteria
protection from UV radiation
In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __________. form delicate networks around blood vessels retain fluid provide flexibility provide tensile strength
provide flexibility
Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid? pinocytosis transcytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which muscle acts as both a knee (leg) extensor and hip (thigh) flexor? rectus femoris vastus lateralis biceps femoris gluteus maximus
rectus femoris
Which of the following are correctly matched? rectus; straight brevis; long deltoid; at a right angle to the long axis transverse; parallel to the long axis
rectus; straight
Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation? sweating and dilating pupils fight-or-flight responses vigorous physical activity resting and digesting
resting and digesting
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? reticular layer stratum granulosum stratum corneum basal layer
reticular layer
With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit. returns increases decreases There is not enough information to answer this question.
returns
Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? parallel after-discharge circuits reverberating circuits diverging circuits converging circuits
reverberating circuits
Which of the following structures is common only to the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae? superior articulating surfaces spinous processes pedicles transverse processes rib facets
rib facets
You want to look up and to your right. Which extrinsic eye muscles would be the most active in each eye? right eye: superior oblique left eye: superior rectus right eye: superior rectus left eye: inferior oblique right eye: superior rectus left eye: superior rectus right eye: inferior oblique left eye: superior rectus
right eye: inferior oblique left eye: superior rectus
Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins? ribosomes Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions? coronal section sagittal section oblique section transverse section
sagittal section
The __________ shorten(s) during muscle contraction sarcomere Z lines actin thick filament
sarcomere
Which of the following is NOT a normal function of muscle tissue? maintaining posture secreting hormones generating heat stabilizing joints producing movement
secreting hormones
Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control? segmental level, precommand level, projection level precommand level, projection level, segmental level projection level, precommand level, segmental level segmental level, projection level, precommand level
segmental level, projection level, precommand level
You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at? simple cuboidal epithelia transitional epithelia simple columnar epithelia stratified squamous epithelia
simple columnar epithelia
Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch
skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways
Which of the following are correctly paired? smooth muscle; striated skeletal muscle; voluntary control cardiac muscle; voluntary control cardiac muscle; nonstriated
skeletal muscle; voluntary control
The major head flexor muscles are the __________. sternocleidomastoid muscles splenius muscles trapezius muscles scalene muscles
sternocleidomastoid muscles
The contractile, or functional, unit of a muscle fiber is __________. the elastic filament the sarcomere the myofilament troponin
the sarcomere
Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion stratified squamous epithelium; absorption simple squamous epithelium; filtration simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption
stratified squamous epithelium; absorption
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? stratum lucidum stratum spinosum stratum basale stratum granulosum
stratum basale
The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________. tendon reflex stretch reflex flexor reflex superficial reflex
stretch reflex
What function do transitional epithelia have? stretching filtration absorption resistance to friction
stretching
Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? pineal gland superior colliculus hypothalamus thalamus
superior colliculus
Which of the following are correctly paired? suture; bones connected exclusively by ligaments synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones gomphosis; articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing cavity syndesmosis; bony edges interlock
synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity? fibrous diarthrosis cartilaginous synovial
synovial
__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation. mRNA t-RNA rRNA DNA
t-RNA
The force of a muscle contraction is NOT affected by __________. the number of muscle fibers stimulated the frequency of the stimulation the degree of muscle stretch the amount of ATP stored in the muscle cells the size of the muscle fibers stimulated
the amount of ATP stored in the muscle cells
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments the shape of the articulating surfaces the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity the amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint
the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
Information from balance (equilibrium) receptors is processed in __________. the brain stem somatic receptors in the muscles visual receptors the cerebral cortex
the brain stem
Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction? the ossicles the vestibule the cochlea the tympanic membrane
the cochlea
Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated
the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system
What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? the diaphysis the epiphyses the medullary cavity the epiphyseal plate
the epiphyseal plate
Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system? the variable, the receptor, and the set point the effector, the stimulus, and the receptor the receptor, the stimulus, and the effector the receptor, the control center, and the effector
the receptor, the control center, and the effector
Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines? the granular layer the papillary layer the basal layer the reticular layer
the reticular layer
Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? the nasal bone the zygomatic bone the sphenoid bone the vomer bone the maxilla
the sphenoid bone
What structure helps us localize sound? the superior olivary nucleus the inferior colliculus the cochlea the auditory cortex
the superior olivary nucleus
As you start working out, you notice that your heart rate and breathing rate start to increase. Which division of your nervous system is generating this response? Be as specific as possible. the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system the afferent division of the nervous system the somatic nervous system the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? defensins the low pH of the skin the temperature of the skin dermcidin cathelicidins
the temperature of the skin
Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion? the tibiofemoral joint the hip joint the glenohumeral joint the temporomandibular joint
the temporomandibular joint
The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions? the vertebral/spinal and thoracic cavities the vertebral/spinal, cranial, and pleural cavities the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities the thoracic, pleural, and abdominopelvic cavities
the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities
Which of the following characteristics is representative of receptor-level processing, NOT perceptual-level processing? magnitude spatial discrimination transduction detection
transduction
Which type of muscle is found in the wall of hollow organs? skeletal muscle cardiac muscle multi unit smooth muscle unitary smooth muscle
unitary smooth muscle