exam I (ch. 13, 11, 3, 1, 2, 4, 5)

South Africa was ruled by the white minority, ______ of the population, until recently.

10%.

Between 2008 and 2010, ______ of all marriages in Hawaii crossed group lines.

42%.

The Malcolm and Maria story clearly illustrates:

A combination of factors, including sex, may contribute to the differences in the lives of men and women.

According to the Noel hypothesis, the outcome of the contact situation is determined by:

A differential in power.

Germany faces new challenges largely from:

A new wave of immigration.

The family wage is:

A wage paid to male workers so they can support their family.

Which of the following situations illustrates a double bind?

A woman is labeled as irrational when she cries in public and labeled as cold when she doesn't.

The population of the United States is currently:

Affected by long-standing unresolved minority issues; Affected by rising immigration rates; Increasingly diverse; Increasingly multilingual. [All of the above]

Which minority group is the most acculturated?

African Americans.

A major point in Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma is that:

Americans learn norms of fairness and justice along with norms that condone or demand unequal treatment based on group membership.

Which of the following represent the two types of stereotypes?

An African American is described as being lazy, irresponsible, and not intelligent; A Chinese American is described as being very crafty, too sly, or too ambitious. [Both A & B above]

Which concept below best describes someone who is prejudiced and does discriminate?

An all-weather bigot.

The process of assimilation could be illustrated by:

An immigrant learning the language of her new country.

How did apartheid in South Africa compare to the Jim Crow system in the United States?

Apartheid was more repressive and unequal.

Compared to separatists, minority groups who promote revolution seek to:

Become the ruling elite.

The worst violence occurred in the former Yugoslavian country of:

Bosnia.

Which fact illustrates that Western society places more weight on the education of males?

Boys are called on more in class.

Which of the following are the key actors, according to split labor market theorists?

Capitalists, higher-priced labor, lower-priced labor.

Which of the following is thought to be an important cause of authoritarian personalities?

Childhood experiences in excessively strict home situations.

Which two conditions of the Noel hypothesis were not present in the initial contact situation between Europeans and Hawaiian Islanders?

Competition and power differential.

The Robber's Cave experiment supports the idea that prejudice can be caused by:

Conflict situations between groups.

Race is seen as a ______ in Brazil.

Continuum.

Which Yugoslavian group was closely aligned with the Nazis during World War II?

Croats.

The largest minority group in Canada is:

Cultural & linguistic.

The change in values and norms associated with the positive view of masculine traits and the negative view of feminine traits is called:

Cultural feminism.

The Bogardus scale of social distance suggests that prejudice is based in:

Culture.

As employment became urbanized, women's and children's participation in the labor force:

Declined.

There is a ______ yet ______ gender gap in income.

Decreasing; persistent.

The unequal treatment of a group or individual based on his or her group membership is:

Discrimination.

Which statement accurately reflects the role of diversity in U.S. society?

Diversity is a fundamental and essential characteristic of U.S. society and can be a strength to be cherished and encouraged.

A criticism of the authoritarian personality theory of prejudice is that it:

Does not consider the social settings in which an individual is acting.

Human capital theorists believe that the greater investment in ______, the higher the person's chances of success.

Education, personal values, and skills.

According to Lenski's theory, inequality in a postindustrial society would center on control of:

Educational opportunities and technologies.

Germany has atoned for the Nazi's attempted genocide of Jews in all of the ways except:

Eliminating anti-Semitism.

Marxism also explains group competition and prejudice by suggesting:

Elites control the means of production and also the ideas and intellectual activity in a society.

In split labor market theory, there are three actors in the economic sector of an industrial society. These actors are:

Elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor.

Between 1963 and 1980, the women's liberation movement was integral in passing all of the following laws except the:

Equal Rights Amendment.

Horrors in Rwanda were magnified by:

European colonialism.

The initial settlement of South Africa by the Dutch resembled the:

European movement into North America.

Which of the following is not an example of a cultural trait that may be associated with minority status?

Facial features.

It is common in sociology to separate the social structure into primary and secondary sectors. Which of the following categories is considered part of the primary sector?

Families.

Attempt to change traditional views on what constitutes positive societal norms describes the philosophy of:

Gender-resistant feminism.

Which of the following informal networks promotes homosocial reproduction?

Golf courses.

Slavery ended ______ in Brazil

Gradually.

In general, colonized groups are at a ______ power disadvantage compared to immigrant groups.

Greater.

Pluralism exists when:

Groups remain separate, and their cultural and social differences persist over time.

The expression of masculinity that is most privileged in society is called ______ masculinity.

Hegemonic masculinity.

According to Weber, a princess who was rich but "fell on hard times" and lost all of her wealth would be:

High on prestige, low on class.

The postindustrial society in the United States is helped by ______ immigrants, whereas the secondary labor market is supplied by ______ immigrant workers.

Highly educated; undocumented.

The social or physical characteristics that mark the boundaries between groups are usually:

Highly visible.

Which of the following theories argues that status attainment is a direct result of educational levels, personal values, and skills?

Human capital theory.

Private property and the passing of wealth emerged during which period?

Hunting and gathering.

Strong norms of patriarchy determined the appropriate work for Italian female immigrants. They tended to work:

In jobs that could be done at home.

Marxism is a theory of history and social change in which ______ is a central concept.

Inequality.

When entire groups are treated unfairly and unequally in the institutions of the larger society, this is called:

Institutional discrimination.

Which immigrant group was the most active in labor unions during the early 20th century?

Irish.

Homosocial reproduction:

Is the tendency for male elites to select candidates for promotion most like themselves.

Which of the following groups is considered a culturally pluralistic group?

Italian Americans in New York City.

The Afrikaans created apartheid, which resembled:

Jim Crow in the United States.

Post-Industrial shifts include all but which of the following:

Larger families. (increase in women's educational level; increased participation in the workforce by women; reduction in the number of traditional families included)

In which career has the percentage of females increased dramatically since 1983?

Lawyer.

When minority groups in society are exploited and held in a powerless status by the dominant group, which of the following stereotypes is most likely to emerge about that minority group?

Lazy.

"The elite segments of American society are using prejudice and racism to manipulate the thoughts and ideas of minority groups and to brainwash them into accepting their position in society." This statement is most consistent with:

Marxist analysis.

"The most important source of inequality arises from a person's relationship to the means of production." This statement might be heard from a:

Marxist.

There is a greater stigma for:

Men who engage in traditionally female activities.

The minority groups in the textbook are presented in order from ______ to ______.

Most colonized; most immigrant.

A study of Princeton University undergraduates provided the following perspectives on the content of American stereotypes:

Negative and positive stereotypes can be applied to the same group; Willingness to stereotype seems to decline over the years; The attribution of some traits actually increased in the years between 1933 and 1967. [All of the above]

The Equal Rights Amendment:

Passed Congress but not in two thirds of the state legislatures, as required for ratification of an Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Which of the following best explains "irrational" forms of prejudice?

Personality-centered theories.

The doldrum period refers to:

Post World War II period which found women in the suburban home with modern conveniences.

Stereotypes vary by:

Race, Gender and Class. [A, B, & C]

Most reported hate crimes are:

Racially motivated, with blacks as the target.

The former Yugoslavia has a complex mix of:

Religious and ethnic backgrounds.

People classified as Asian and Pacific Islander:

Represent many different national and linguistic backgrounds; Should never be mistaken for unchanging or "natural" divisions between people; Vary by social class, religion, gender, and in thousands of other ways. [Both A, B, & C]

The right to resist child marriage and the right to access maternal health care are examples of ______ rights.

Reproductive.

Rosa was an Italian woman who immigrated to the United States in 1900 with her parents and sister. Which member of Rosa's family would most likely be completely assimilated?

Rosa's great-granddaughter.

Sexual assault and sexual harassment crimes are often misunderstood to be motivated by:

Sexual attraction.

Gender refers to:

Social characteristics.

Societies are divided into horizontal layers (or strata) often called:

Social classes.

According to your textbook, what factor(s) play a role in the origins of prejudice?

Socialization and Competition. [B & C]

Hartley (1946) demonstrated that there can be a generalized tendency to reject minority groups of all sorts and stereotypes can exist apart from any need to rationalize or justify dominant-group advantages when he found that:

Some people will express prejudice against people who do not exist.

The one common factor that seems to account for the origin of all prejudice is:

Stereotypes.

You hear someone say that "all women are bad drivers," "all Asians are smart," and "all Latinos drive low-riders." These are examples of:

Stereotypes.

Which of the following is not an example of the affective dimension of prejudice?

Stereotyping and overgeneralizations.

A person sees a Mexican American male and assumes he is an illegal immigrant. This is an example of:

Stereotyping.

The most visible marker of minority-group membership is skin color, and it is:

Superficial and relatively unimportant; Regarded as a matter of great significance; A creation of historical and social processes. [Both B, C, & D above]

Which country has the fewest problems with dominant-minority relations?

Sweden.

The most complex problems in the world might be found in:

The Middle East.

What was one expression of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism?

The National Origins Act of 1924.

Which hypothesis can be literally and directly applied to LGBTs?

The Noel hypothesis.

The revival of white ethnicity in the 1960s was primarily fueled by:

The competition for resources and opportunities.

The founding of Israel was a direct result of:

The horrors of the World War II Holocaust.

The concept of multiculturalism includes:

The idea of mutual respect for all groups and heritages.

Suffragists initially advocated for:

The right to vote and own property.

Which statement best explains the reasons for peace in Switzerland?

There is no history of conquest or coercion among groups.

Women can be viewed as a minority group because:

They are physically identifiable as different from men; They have less property, prestige, and power in our society. [Both B & D Above]

Prejudice is to discrimination as:

Thinking is to doing.

You work at the local bank as a loan processor. Although you believe that whites and African Americans should be treated equally, your boss demands that you turn down any loans requested by African Americans. According to your text, you are a (n):

Unprejudiced discriminator.

One concern with the practice of family wages employed by Henry Ford was that it:

Was based on an ideal family structure.

An event that launched many women into the traditional male workplace:

World War II.