Exam II Part III

Redox reactions

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another substance

Electron transport chain

Each link in it is actually a molecule, usually a protein. In a series of redox reactions, each member of the chain first accepts and then donates electrons. With each transfer, the electrons give up a small amount of energy than can then be used indirectly to generate ATP.

electron transport

Electrons captured from food by the NADH formed int eh first two stages "fall" down electron transport chains to oxygen.

Reduction

Glucose is oxidized during cellular respiration, losing electrons to oxygen. The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction

Consumers

Heterotrophs. because they obtains their food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eating plants.

explain why photosynthesis is important to most ecosystems

Humans and other animals depend on plants to convert that energy of sunlight to the chemical energy of sugars and other organic molecules we consume as food. FOR FOOD!

write overall equation for cellular respiration.

a common fuel molecule for cellular respiration is glucose C6H12O6+6O2->->->6CO2+6H20+ATP Glucose + 6Oxygen -->-->--> 6 Carbon Dioxide +6 Water + ATP Energy

What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production by ATP synthase?

a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across teh inner membrane of a mitochondria.

glycosis

a molecule of glucose is split into 2 molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid. The enzymes for glycolysis are located int he cytoplasm.

Compare the reactants,, products, and energy yield of aerobic metabolism, vs. fermentation in human cells. Indicate where this process occurs in each type of cell

aerobic metabolism-requires oxygen. 3 stages glycolysis outside of mitochondria, citric acid cycle and electron transport takes place in the mitochondria fermentation in human cells- anaerobic harvest of food energy. through glycolysis.

citric acid cycle

aka krebs cycle. completes the breakdown of glucose all the way to carbon dioxide, one of the waste products of cellular respiration. The enzymes for it are dissolved in the fluid within mitochondria.

Cellular respiration real def.

an aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules.

fermentation

anaerobic harvest of food energy

Heterotrophs

humans and other animals. other feeders. Organisms that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones. Therefore, we must eat organic material to get our nutrients.

What kind of acid builds up in human muscle during strenuous activity?

lactic acid.

ATP synthase

miniature machines inside your mitochondria have structures that act as turbines. They are constructed from protein built into the inner mitochondrial membrane.

electron grabber

oxygen in redox reactions. an oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than almost any other type of atom.

Poison Cyanide

produces its deadly effect by binding to one of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain. When bound there, it blocks the passage of electrons to oxygen. This blockage is like turning off a faucet; electrons cease to flow through the pipe. As a result, no hydrogen ions gradient is generated and no ATP is made.

Autotrophs

self-feeders. or organisms that makes all of their own organic matter- including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids- from nutrients that are entirely inorganic: carbon dioxide from the air and water and minerals from the soil.

Compare the reactants, products, location in the cell, and energy yield of the three states of cellular respiration

stage 1 glycolysis- splitting the sugar. 6 carbon glucose molecule broken in half, forming 2 three carbon molecules. what remains are 2 pyruvic acid molecules. This takes place outside of the mitochondria state 2 citric acid cycle- 1st pyruvic acid loses a carbon as carbon dioxide. This is the first of this waste product we've seen so far int he breakdown of the glucose. The remaining fuel molecules, each only with 2 carbons left, are callled acetic acid ( acid in vinegar). 2nd oxidation of the fuel generates NADH. stage 3 Electron Transport- the molecules of electron transport chanins are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. An electron transport chain functions as a chemical machine that uses the energy released by the "fall" of electrons to pump hydrogen ions.

Explain how the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary to each other.

The chemical ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, a gas that passes from the air into a plant via tiny pores, and water, which is absorbed from the soil by the plant's roots. Chloroplasts int he cells of the leaves use light energy to rearrange the atoms of these ingredients to produce sugars, most importantly glucose. A by product of photosynthesis is oxygen gas. Cellular respiration harvests energy that is stored in sugars and other organic molecules. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to help convert energy extracted from organic fuel to another source of chemical energy, called ATP. In both plants and animals, the production of ATP during cellular respiration occurs mainly int he organelles called mitochondria. The waste products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water, the very same ingredients used for photosynthesis. Plants store chemical energy via photosynthesis and then harvest this energy via cellular respiration.

NADH

The first stop is a positively charged electron acceptor called NAD+. The transfer of electrons from the organic fuel (food) to NAD+ reduces the NAD+ to NADH the H represents the transfer of hydrogen along with the electrons.

Explain how the processes of oxidation and reduction are used to transfer electrons from food molecules to NADH, the electron transport chain, and oxygen.

The transfer from electrons from organic fuel(food). to NAD+ reduces to NAD+ to NADH. In staircase analogy, the electrons have now taken oen baby step down their trip from glucose to oxygen. The rest of the staircase consists of an electron transport chain. In a series of redox reactions, each member of the chain first accepts and then donates electrons. With each transfer. The electrons ive up a small amount of energy that can then be used indirectly to generate ATP.

fermentation in microorganisms

We have domesticated such microbes to transform milk into cheese, sour cream and yogurt. These foods owe their sharp or sour flavor mainly to lactic acid.

Producers

biologists refer to plans and other autotrophs.

Aerobic

cellular respiration is a _______________ process, by which is just another way of saying that it requires oxygen.

compare the processes of cellular respiration and breathing.

cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange two gases with its surroundings. Breathing results in the exchange of these same gases between your blood and the outside air. Oxygen present int eh air you inhale diffuses across the lining of your lungs and into your bloodstream. And the carbon dioxide in your bloodstream diffuses into your lungs and exits when you exhale.

cellular respiration

cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange two gases with its surroundings. The cell takes in oxygen in the form of carbon dioxide, it get rid of waste int eh from of the gas carbon dioxide. a living version of internal combustion is the main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP energy.

An overview of cellular respiration

ex of a metabolic pathway. That means that it is not a single chemical reaction, but a series of reactions. A specific enzyme catalyzes each reaction in a metabolic pathway. 3 metabolic stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport.

fermentation in human muscle cells

fermentation relies on glycolysis, the same metabolic pathway that functions as the first stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis does not require oxygen but does produce 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down to pyruvic acid.

lactic acid

the addition of electrons to pyruvic acid produces a waste product. This is a by product that is eventually transported to the liver, where liver cells convert it back to pyruvic acid. plays in muscle fatigue.

oxidation

the loss of electrons during a redox reaction

explain overall equation for cellular respiration

the series of arrows indicates that cellular respiration consists of many chemical steps, not just a single chemical reaction. The main function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP for cellular work the process can produce up to 38 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule consumed.

Photosynthesis

uses light and energy from the sun to power a chemical process that builds organic molecules.

anaerobic

without oxygen