Exam Preparation Inf. Policy

Card 11 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): Today, in the digital age, social networks and instant messengers have entered the information space. Some experts predict, in connection with this, the decline of the media. Discuss with your partner whether you agree with the opinions of these experts. What role do social networks play in modern social life? What is the role of the media in the domestic politics of states? What is the role of the media in international life in modern realities? Justify your answer.

1. What role do social networks play in modern social life? 2. Social networks have become an integral part of modern social life, and they play various roles. Some of these roles include information sharing. Social networks provide a platform for people to share information, news, and ideas. This is beneficial for individuals, businesses, and organizations looking to reach a wider audience. 1. In addition, Social networks have been used as a tool for social activism and political organizing. This has been particularly evident in recent years, with movements such as #MeToo and Black Lives Matter using social networks to spread awareness and mobilize supporters. But what about the role of the media in the domestic politics of states? 2. The media plays an important role in the domestic politics of states. It serves as a critical source of information for citizens, shaping public opinion and influencing political decision-making. 1. Yes, you're right. Besides, the media is responsible for disseminating information about political events, policies, and decisions. This information helps citizens stay informed about their government and hold elected officials accountable for their actions. 2. What is the role of the media in international life in modern realities? 1. As far as I am concerned, the media can play a role in diplomacy by facilitating communication between countries. Journalists and media outlets can serve as intermediaries between governments, helping to build bridges and foster dialogue. 2. Furthermore, the media serves as a watchdog, holding governments and international organizations accountable for their actions. Investigative journalism can uncover corruption or wrongdoing on the global stage and help expose it to the public. 1. The media plays a critical role in shaping international life by providing information, setting agendas, facilitating diplomacy, and serving as a watchdog. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the role of the media in international life is likely to become even more important in the years to come.

Card 2 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): Some experts view information policy as an instrument of political influence and a means to achieve political goals. Discuss with your partner how information can affect the consciousness, psyche of people, their behavior. Answer the questions, how is the media used in the interests of government policy? How did certain groups of people (political parties, trading companies) use the information impact? How is information (PR technologies) used by individual public figures (politicians, actors, singers, etc.)? Give examples.

A: Hi, B, The past decades the technology and computer-mediated communication have noted an exploded advance. Technology is around us and is involved on each everyday action, which subsequently has changed the way people communicate and receive information, and mainly influenced person's mind and behavior. B: Hi, A, that' right, nowadays information systems and mass media are important for supporting, maintaining and enriching many aspects of livings, which can bring both benefits and drawbacks for individuals. For example, information technologies can successfully be used to shape public opinion and ensure popular support of particular politicians and policies. A: Government entities assume that they adopt social media channels mainly for three reasons: collecting the public's opinions, seeking citizens' cooperation toward initiatives and policies, and informing citizens about ongoing governmental processes and governmental decisions. However, many social researchers proved that the government's main target is the subtle affection of citizens' opinions and behavior for achieving desired reaction. B: That's right; researchers recently have identified three types of manipulation of public perception and opinion during elections: 1) Spreading disinformation to influence the vote, most often by denigrating a candidate; 2) Revealing personal information or internal data concerning a political party just before the ballot, leaving no time to verify the accusations, in the hope of instilling doubt and inducing a segment of the electorate to change their vote. For example, the 'Macron Leaks', which were published on the eve of the second round of voting in 2017. 3) Multiplying online messages containing biased information. A: Moreover, some political figures even hire special PR agencies with expertise in the political field can choose the appropriate approach and launch campaigns through social media to educate the public on the electoral process and reach a wider audience. One of the ways is through framing: the creation of a special narrative or context for a news story, which can have profound implications for how individuals view things. B: For example, during the presidential election of 2016, many news portals were mainly focusing on creating each candidate's "information bubble" by carefully choosing candidate images and information that could be published. In case of candidate Donald Trump media's were intentionally overlooking many offensive and racist comments said before, redirecting people's attention to personal achievements in other spheres. A: As a conclusion, the information technology offers a lot of convenience to people, but it still has its risks to people' minds and behavior, which empathize need for critical thinking and information analysis.

Card 13 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): The fourth information revolution began in the 19th century with the invention and spread of new media of information communication such as radio, telephone and television. Discuss with your partner what impact these tools have had on the formation of public consciousness. What impact did the new media have on the domestic politics of states? Has the spread of new means of communication had an impact on international relations? Justify your answer.

A: Hi, B, the end of 19th century can be characterized by the development and widespread adoption of new technologies that have had a profound impact on virtually every aspect of modern life, including communication, transportation, medicine, manufacturing, and entertainment, which can also be called the technological revolution. B: Hi, A, the technological revolution became the time, when the mass media of information transmission finally took shape, and the idea of ​​mass manipulation of society became possible. With the advent of the Internet, television and radio, the world has become more informational. Information has become not only the privilege of a minority, but the everyday and necessary content of a wide audience. A: In the early decades of the 20th century, the first major nonprint form of mass media- radio - exploded in popularity. Radios, which were less expensive than telephones and widely available by the 1920s, had the unprecedented ability of allowing huge numbers of people to listen to the same event at the same time. B: In addition, the radio became a very useful tool to disseminate information during conflicts. Its significance in warfare was first understood during World War I, when most military communications would have to rely on telegraph — a slow, risky and laborious task for those involved in manning the channels. Radio changed the world and its communication was essential to the success of massive operations during the war. Faster channels of communication between the varied corps, such as the artillery, infantry and air, could be established. A: Besides, radios became useful in domestic politics too, mainly for creating a bond between the government and nation. For example, Franklin Delano Roosevelt successfully used radio for the first time during the worst economic depression in history, delivering the message for his fellow Americans and morally supporting them with reassurance that they as one the strongest nations can overcome this problem. B: On the other hand, in the Nazi Germany radio became the tool for propaganda. Joseph Goebbels, minister of propaganda for the German Third Reich, understood the art of persuasion. He wanted to utilize the potential of the radio to broadcast Hitler's messages, due to this he made sure that everybody had an affordable radio receiver. A: The post-World War II era was marked by the introduction of a seductive new form of mass communication: television. Broadcast television became the new dominant form of mass media, and the three major networks controlled more than 90 percent of the news programs, live events, and sitcoms. B: Television grew into one of the influential means of communication both towards and from the citizens. Like for example, the Vietnam War was the first televised military conflict, and images of war footage broadcasted to American citizens in order to raise the morale of the troops, only caused war protests, which helped to intensify the nation's internal conflicts and to end the war as fast as possible. A: Moreover, the possibility of shaping public opinion through television became most prominent during the First Gulf War (1991) in Iraq. CNN had reporters and cameras on the ground, reporting the conflict 'live'. The CNN team broadcast live from the Rashid Hotel in Baghdad when no other network was able to. The real-time news coverage increased transparency, but complicated the sensitive diplomatic relationships between states. B: All in all, such drastic development of means of communication had its impact not only on individuals but also on global situation as a whole, intensifying the process of globalization and worldwide economic, political, social and cultural integration.

Card 4 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): Information wars are actions aimed at creating information superiority, influencing the enemy through interference in information processes, local media activities, psychological campaigns in social networks, forming a favorable public opinion. Discuss with your partner how propaganda, disinformation, manipulative information can influence public behavior and consciousness? Give historical examples. What countermeasures should the state take

A: Hi, B, today technology is shifting conflicts from traditional methods of force towards non-traditional methods, including information. Information warfare can be seen a set of actions carried out to gain information superiority in providing a national strategy through "influencing the information and information systems of the enemy. B: Hi, A, Information warfare offers a wide range of technological capabilities, starting from psychotropic weapons to communication technologies, which aims to impact and manipulate the consciousness of a person or a social group. Like any war, the information war has its own methods of influencing and weakening the enemy. One of them is propaganda. A: Since the information war is aimed primarily at the human mind, it uses propaganda as tool of creating false perception of the situation. The Dulles Plan is often cited as an example - the US action plan against the USSR during the Cold War, according to which it was supposed to sow false values ​​​​and make the Soviet people believe in them, in other words - support immorality and moral decay of the population. Some believe that the plan has become a reality through the influence of the media. B: Furthermore, the second method is disinformation, the dissemination of deliberately false information in order to influence the opinion of the leadership and the population of the country. One example is the military intervention of the United States and its allies in Iraq in 2003. The fighting was carried out under the pretext of fighting international terrorism and destroying weapons of mass destruction .The mass media were actively used, which, on the one hand, formed the necessary attitude of the world community, on the other hand, led to deterioration in the moral and psychological mood of the Iraqi population, thereby reducing its combat capability. A: Besides, such misleading information or fake news can become harmful for population by inciting panic and confusion, leading to a breakdown in social order. All of this can be caused by discretization of political groups and figures that people trust the most. But what can a state do to counter such attacks? B: Counteracting information warfare can be challenging for states, as it often involves countering false information spread through a variety of channels, including social media, websites, and other online platforms. However, there are several strategies that states can use to counter information warfare: - Monitor and identify false information: The state should establish monitoring systems to identify false information and propaganda campaigns, using both human analysts and advanced algorithms. This can help track the sources of false information and help counter it more effectively. - Develop and implement response strategies: Once false information is identified, the state should develop and implement response strategies to counter it. This may include issuing public statements or providing accurate information to the media, social media, or other platforms. A: Moreover, states can counteract information attacks by promoting media transparency, including their funding and ownership to prevent the spread of propaganda through hidden channels. This can also help citizens to identify false information sources and make informed decisions. And last but not least, strengthening cybersecurity is essential during information war, and can be carried out by implementing firewalls, conducting regular security audits, and increasing cybersecurity awareness among the population.

Card 10 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): Among the measures to develop the information space, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has set the task of improving the information policy. Discuss with your partner what actions by the state can lead to an increase in the competitiveness of the media? What should the competent authorities do to improve the quality of domestic information content? What value content of the information space meets the interests of Kazakhstan in modern realities? What measures can stimulate the entry of domestic producers of information products into foreign markets?

According to Kazakhstan Doctrine 2023, "in order to increase the competitiveness of domestic media, the formation of high-quality domestic content, and increase its demand, it is planned to: 1) increasing the share of the domestic information product with analytical content, contributing to the development of critical thinking among the population, the formation of stable moral guidelines; 2) support of information projects of scientific, educational, cultural, educational, leisure and other nature for different target groups of the population, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the nation and strengthening the image of the state; 3) stimulating the entry of domestic producers of information products into foreign markets; 4) creating conditions for improving the professional skills of journalists and influencers; 5) mastering new information trends and digital technologies; 6) reducing the gap in Internet access between the city and the countryside; 7) continuation of the policy of development of telecommunication infrastructure and introduction of modern domestic technical standards in the field of information and broadcasting." As for me, The following actions can be taken by the state to achieve this: Increase funding for the development of the media industry, including both state-owned and private media companies. This can be done through tax incentives, subsidies, and grants. Encourage media companies to adopt modern technologies, such as digital platforms and social media, to increase their reach and influence. Improve the legal framework for media operations and freedom of the press to ensure that media outlets are not subjected to undue government influence or censorship. Provide training and professional development programs for journalists to improve their skills and promote high-quality journalism. To improve the quality of domestic information content, the competent authorities should take the following steps: Encourage media companies to prioritize accuracy and objectivity in their reporting, and provide incentives for those who do so. Ensure that media outlets have access to reliable sources of information, such as government statistics and academic research. Promote media literacy among the general public to help them distinguish between credible and unreliable sources of information. In modern realities, the content of the information space that meets the interests of Kazakhstan includes information about the country's economic, social, and political developments, as well as cultural and historical topics that promote national identity and unity. To stimulate the entry of domestic producers of information products into foreign markets, the government can take the following measures: Support the export of domestic media products through marketing campaigns and trade shows. Provide subsidies and other forms of financial assistance to media companies to help them enter foreign markets. Encourage international collaborations between domestic and foreign media companies to promote the exchange of ideas and expertise. In conclusion, improving the information policy can have a significant impact on the competitiveness of the media in Kazakhstan. By taking these measures, the government can help to create a more diverse and dynamic media landscape, promote high-quality journalism, and increase the country's presence in the global media market.

CArd 5 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): Cyber attacks are offensive special operations with the aim of physical impact (destruction, distortion, falsification) on information or information technology infrastructure. Discuss with your partner what cyber threats exist for the state? How is the concept of "Cybershield" designed to ensure the cybersecurity of Kazakhstan? What measures does it define? What are the goals of the new Cybershield-2 concept?

Here are some examples of common cyber threats that could potentially affect Kazakhstan: • Phishing attacks: This is a type of social engineering attack in which cybercriminals attempt to trick users into providing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card numbers. Phishing attacks are often carried out via email, instant messaging, or social media. • Malware infections: Malware refers to any software designed to harm a computer system or network. Malware infections can occur through email attachments, malicious websites, or infected software downloads. • Ransomware: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key. Ransomware attacks can be devastating for businesses, government agencies, and individuals. • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks: DDoS attacks involve overwhelming a targeted system or network with traffic, causing it to crash or become unavailable. DDoS attacks can be used to disrupt government services, financial institutions, or critical infrastructure. • State-sponsored cyber espionage: This involves using cyberattacks to steal sensitive information or disrupt the operations of a foreign government or organization. State-sponsored cyber espionage can have significant political and economic consequences.To address these threats, the government of Kazakhstan has developed the "Cybershield" concept, which is designed to ensure the cybersecurity of the country's information technology infrastructure. • Developing national cybersecurity standards and guidelines for public and private entities. • Establishing a national Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) to coordinate incident response and threat intelligence sharing. • Conducting regular cybersecurity awareness and training programs for government officials, critical infrastructure operators, and other stakeholders. • Implementing network monitoring and intrusion detection systems to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time. The Cybershield-2 concept is an updated version of the original Cybershield framework, which aims to enhance Kazakhstan's cybersecurity capabilities further. The new framework focuses on: • Developing a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy that aligns with international best practices and emerging threats. • Building a national cybersecurity ecosystem that fosters public-private partnerships and collaboration between different stakeholders. • Enhancing the capacity of the national CERT to provide more effective incident response and threat intelligence sharing EXAMPLES (Самат полюбому спросит)- in 2015, a cyberattack targeting Kazakhstan's national telecom operator Kazakhtelecom resulted in significant disruption of internet services in the country. - in 2018, the website of the Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs was also targeted by a DDoS attack, causing the website to become temporarily unavailable. - in the same year, a group of hackers claimed to have breached the network of Kazakh state railway operator Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ), leaking data that included employee and passenger details. - in 2021, Kazakhstan reported that its government agencies, scientific and research organizations, and other entities were being targeted by a cyber espionage campaign known as "MontysThree." The campaign used malware to steal sensitive information and has been linked to a Chinese state-sponsored threat actor

Card 1 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): There are two aspects of public information policy: technological and content. Discuss with your partner what measures of the information policy of the state are technological? What are the content activities? What do you think, which of them are more important for Kazakhstan's information policy? What measures are needed for the information development of other Central Asian countries? Justify your answer.

Public information policy is a set of rules and guidelines that the government follows to make sure that people can get reliable and trustworthy information. There are two parts to this policy: one part is about the tools and technology used to manage and distribute information, like the internet, cybersecurity and Data storage and management. The other part is about the actual information that people get, like making sure it's accurate and easy to understand. For example, governments can provide access to information about their policies, programs, and activities through websites, public meetings, and other means. Other tools can be public education and media regulation. Kazakhstan wants to become a society that uses information a lot, and is working to get better at using advanced technology. A good public information policy should have both parts so that people can trust the information they get from the government. Both technological and content measures are important for ensuring that information is accessible, secure, and reliable. Before we talk about possible measures for development, first and foremost we have to take into account the challenges and potentials of the region. Developing effective public information strategies in Central Asian nations can be difficult for a number of reasons. For example, Many people in Central Asia have restricted internet access, which can make it challenging to obtain and exchange information. Additionally, Some Central Asian nations have limited media freedom, which makes it challenging for citizens to obtain accurate and fair information. Also they may not have enough money to invest in new infrastructure and technologies, which might make it challenging to strengthen information policy. Therefore, some potential actions that Central Asian nations could take to address the difficulties and opportunities of creating successful public information policies might be: · Increase internet accessibility: Governments might spend money on enhancing internet infrastructure and expanding internet access, particularly in rural areas. · Governments could try to ensure that the media can function independently and without interference in order to promote media freedom. · Governments could spend money on educational initiatives that assist people gain knowledge and skills required to efficiently explore and assess information. · Create jobs and encourage innovation in the information sector by investing in the development of local technology firms, which governments could do. · Encourage international cooperation: To share best practices, work on shared initiatives, and encourage information sharing, Central Asian nations might cooperate with one another and with international organizations. · Boost information security: Governments might take action to protect people's information, including strengthening data protection and cybersecurity regulations.

Card 3 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): According to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the National Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "information security is the state of protection of the information space of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the rights and interests of a person and a citizen, society and the state in the information sphere from real and potential threats..." Discuss with your partner what potential threats to the interests of the state exist in the information sphere? What are the potential threats to society? Which ones are for the citizen? Justify your answers

TO THE STATE: Threats to the national security of a state in information space include: -Information war; Information Warfare is any action to Deny, Exploit, Corrupt or Destroy the enemy's information and its functions. Example: The Russian Invasion of Crimea -Information counter-measures Information counter-measures refer to a range of techniques and strategies used to protect information and communication systems from attacks and other security threats -Information weapons, cyberattacks; The term "cybersecurity" pertains to the utilization of information and communication technologies with the intention of inflicting detrimental effects or disturbances on individuals, establishments, or governing bodies. -Cyber espionage; It is digital techniques and tools to gather intelligence or sensitive information from a target organization, government agency, or individual. Cyber espionage can be carried out by nation-states, criminal organizations, or other groups seeking to gain a competitive advantage or further their strategic goals. -Dissemination of classified official information. is a process of sharing sensitive or confidential information with individuals or entities that have been authorized to receive it. The dissemination of classified information is often subject to strict rules and protocols to ensure that the information remains secure and does not fall into the wrong hands. What are the potential threats to society -Cyber-tracking Cyber-tracking refers to the use of digital techniques and tools to monitor and track the online activities of individuals or entities. -Online fraud (fake emails) -Phishing (disclosure of personal data: username, password, bank card number) for the citizen: Viruses—a piece of code injects itself into an application. When the application runs, the malicious code executes Wi-Fi eavesdropping—an attacker sets up a Wi-Fi connection, posing as a legitimate actor, such as a business, that users may connect to. Email hijacking—an attacker spoofs the email address of a legitimate organization, such as a bank, and uses it to trick users into giving up sensitive information or transferring money to the attacker

Card 6 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): Sociological surveys in 2021 in Kazakhstan showed that 45.2% of respondents prefer to receive information on social media. Discuss with a partner how the development of global messengers and online platforms affects public consciousness and behavior. Why do you think there has been an increase in the politicization of some social networks lately? Can social media become sources of disinformation? For what purpose? Give examples.

The development of global messengers and online platforms has had a significant impact on public consciousness and behavior worldwide, including in Kazakhstan. Social media platforms have become an essential part of people's lives, providing instant access to information, communication, and entertainment. As a result, social media has also become an important tool for shaping public opinion and influencing behavior. The rise of social media has led to an increase in the politicization of some platforms, as people use them to express their political views and engage in political debates. Social media has created a new form of political activism, allowing people to organize protests, share political news, and voice their opinions on political issues. EXAMPLES - Masa.media - Village Kazakhstan - Azattyk - Orda.kazakhstan, etc. However, this increased politicization has also led to the spread of disinformation and propaganda, as some groups use social media to promote their political agenda. Social media can become sources of disinformation for various purposes, such as political manipulation, propaganda, and personal gain. EXAMPLE - During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media platforms were used to spread false information about the virus, its origins, and the effectiveness of various treatments. Some of this disinformation was spread intentionally to promote alternative cures or to undermine the credibility of government health agencies. - During the 2020 US presidential election, social media platforms were used to spread false information about the election process, promote conspiracy theories, and undermine public confidence in the election results. This disinformation campaign was part of a deliberate effort to influence the outcome of the election.

CArd 7 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): With the development of instant messengers, the emergence of the phenomenon of blogging, the classic concept of traditional journalism and methods of informing the audience have undergone a transformation. Discuss with your partner why blogging is so popular. Why are the audiences of some bloggers larger than the audiences of individual media? What is the reason for turning the blogosphere into an alternative channel for obtaining social and political information? Should the state control the blogosphere?

The development of instant messaging messengers and the growing popularity of blogs have changed the way people consume information and news. Traditional journalism faced competition from bloggers who managed to attract a large audience. There are several reasons why the audience of some bloggers is larger than the audience of individual media: 1)Niche Appeal: Bloggers can serve a specific audience with a special interest or hobby, which allows them to attract loyal subscribers. 2)Authenticity, which allows their conventions to be more attractive. 3)Interactivity: Blogs often provide an interactive platform for discussion and engagement, allowing the audience to feel more engaged and invested. The blogosphere has become an alternative channel for obtaining social and political information, as bloggers often offer a fresh, alternative view to traditional media. Bloggers can broadcast topics that may not be covered by the mainstream media. They can also provide analysis and commentary on current events. However, while the blogosphere offers many advantages, it is important to note that some bloggers may spread misinformation, and there are concerns about the lack of editorial control in the blogosphere. As for the question of whether the state should control the blogosphere, it is important to balance the need for freedom of expression with the need for responsible journalism. While there are legitimate concerns about the spread of misinformation, censorship should be avoided as much as possible. Instead, efforts should be made to increase media literacy and critical thinking skills among the audience, allowing them to evaluate the information themselves. In addition, efforts can be made to promote ethical blogging practices, such as fact-checking and transparency, to ensure that bloggers are held accountable for their content.

Card 8 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): In recent years, short content in the form of a video snippet has grown in popularity on social media. Discuss with your partner whether this trend could lead to the fact that the mass audience will no longer perceive complex and important information. Can a lack of critical thinking skills create risks of widespread misinformation and manipulation of public opinion? What measures can prevent this?

The popularity of short video content on social media has certainly changed the way people consume information, and there are concerns that this trend may lead to a lack of interest in complex or important topics. In addition, there is a risk that the lack of critical thinking skills in the audience may lead to the spread of misinformation and manipulation of public opinion. However, it is important to note that the popularity of short video content does not necessarily mean that the audience is no longer interested in complex or important information. Rather, it may reflect a desire to receive information that would be presented in a more fascinating and accessible form. At the same time, there is a risk that the audience may be more susceptible to manipulation or misinformation if they do not have strong critical thinking skills. This is very important to take into account, as the issue of cybersecurity and information warfare is acute now. Where criminals use various methods like hacking, stealing secret documents, etc. During the information war, it is important to think critically about each incoming news, so as not to follow the lead of others, because there is also the issue of national security. To prevent such risks, efforts can be made to develop media literacy and critical thinking skills, especially among younger audiences. Schools can incorporate media literacy training into their curricula, and social media platforms can provide resources and tools to help users assess the validity of the information they encounter. In addition, efforts can be made to ensure that reliable sources of information are easily accessible and visible on social media platforms. For example, social media platforms can promote fact-checking organizations and news agencies known for their journalistic integrity. Finally, content creators are responsible for presenting information in an ethical and responsible manner. They should strive to provide accurate and reliable information and be transparent about their sources and biases. This can help build audience confidence and prevent the spread of misinformation.

CArd 15 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): The sixth information revolution (network) was the unification of computers to transmit data over the network, which led to the emergence of a single global information space. Discuss with your partner how the Internet has influenced the domestic politics of states? To what extent has the Internet influenced the foreign policy of states? What is the importance of the Internet for international relations? Justify your answer.

There are several ways in which it has affected us: 1) Scientific advancements: Technology has enabled researchers and scientists to process vast amounts of data and conduct complex experiments that were not possible before. This has led to significant advancements in fields such as medicine, physics, and engineering, which have benefited society as a whole 2) Economic changes: Technology has also transformed the way businesses operate. For instance, the use of automation and machine learning algorithms has made many jobs redundant, while creating new ones that require different skillsets. 3) Social changes: Social media and other digital platforms have transformed the way we communicate and interact with each other. While these technologies have enabled us to connect with people from all over the world, they have also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the spread of misinformation. Did the use of computing technology matter for the economic life of states? Definitely, the use of computing technology has been crucial for the economic life of states. Computing technology has revolutionized the way businesses operate, making it easier and more efficient to manage operations, store and analyze data, and communicate with customers and suppliers. Computing technology has helped people get more work done faster and for less money. Automation and robots help factories make things quickly and better, without needing people to do the work. This has made things cheaper and easier for people to buy, which helped the economy grow. Has the use of computing technology affected international economic relations? it has affected: 1) Globalization: The rise of computing technology has made it easier for businesses to operate globally 2) Cybersecurity: The use of computing technology has also raised concerns about cybersecurity and the protection of sensitive economic data 3) International regulations: the use of computing technology has raised questions about international regulations and standards.

Card 14 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): The fifth information revolution began in the 1950s, ie. from the time when digital computing facilities began to be used in social practice. Discuss with your partner how the use of these tools to process scientific, economic and social information has affected society? Did the use of computing technology matter for the economic life of states? Has the use of computing technology affected international economic relations? Justify your answer.

There are several ways in which it has affected us: 1) Scientific advancements: Technology has enabled researchers and scientists to process vast amounts of data and conduct complex experiments that were not possible before. This has led to significant advancements in fields such as medicine, physics, and engineering, which have benefited society as a whole 2) Economic changes: Technology has also transformed the way businesses operate. For instance, the use of automation and machine learning algorithms has made many jobs redundant, while creating new ones that require different skillsets. 3) Social changes: Social media and other digital platforms have transformed the way we communicate and interact with each other. While these technologies have enabled us to connect with people from all over the world, they have also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the spread of misinformation. Did the use of computing technology matter for the economic life of states? Definitely, the use of computing technology has been crucial for the economic life of states. Computing technology has revolutionized the way businesses operate, making it easier and more efficient to manage operations, store and analyze data, and communicate with customers and suppliers. Computing technology has helped people get more work done faster and for less money. Automation and robots help factories make things quickly and better, without needing people to do the work. This has made things cheaper and easier for people to buy, which helped the economy grow. Has the use of computing technology affected international economic relations? it has affected: 1) Globalization: The rise of computing technology has made it easier for businesses to operate globally 2) Cybersecurity: The use of computing technology has also raised concerns about cybersecurity and the protection of sensitive economic data 3) International regulations: the use of computing technology has raised questions about international regulations and standards.

Card 9 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): The objectives of the Kazakhstan Information Doctrine 2023 are to ensure the information security and ideological sovereignty of the country. Discuss with your partner what new trends are emerging in the information space today? What are the challenges to the information policy of the state today? What measures of the information policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan should be aimed at consolidating society and strengthening civic identity?

· The President of Kazakhstan signed approval of the information doctrine on March 20, 2023. · At the moment, the government must develop and approve an action plan for its implementation within 3 months. · The key area of implementation of the doctrine will be ensuring the information security of the country and its citizens, timely response to information challenges and risks. Challenges The issues of dissemination of reliable information, countering unreliable and manipulative information and, in general, increasing public confidence in the media are becoming more and more urgent. With the advent of new communication channels, the way people consume media has changed and the audience has become more segmented. The borders of the information environment have been erased, which means that many factors can now influence people's perceptions and beliefs. However, the communication mechanisms between the government, society, and citizens are not perfect, which limits the full implementation of the principle of information openness. This is why it is necessary to rethink the approach to information work and eliminate formalism. There is also the low level of public awareness of their right to access information and low level of media literacy in the population. This, combined with ineffective mechanisms to combat disinformation, can lead to distorted perceptions of events and erroneous behavior. The spread of provocative and discrediting content in the media using various manipulative technologies highlights the importance of ensuring the information security of citizens, especially minors. Trends That more and more people are switching to other ways of communicating and receiving information, and this indicates that the public's interest in traditional printed publications, such as newspapers and magazines, is decreasing. In recent years, Internet resources have been gaining wide popularity among domestic media, but the issue of producing high-quality content in the state language also remains relevant here. This has also led to consumers migrating to social media to get their news. The development of global messaging apps and online platforms has significantly changed the architecture of the media industry. Some social media networks have become highly politicized and are sources of disinformation. Today, people often prefer fast and easily digestible content, such as short texts or videos. This leads to a change in media consumption habits and the fact that people stop perceiving more complex and structured information. Consolidation etc The objectives of this doctrine are to ensure information security and ideological sovereignty of the country, to build an information policy that meets modern trends and challenges, aimed at consolidating society and strengthening civic identity. The main approaches to the development of the information space: ü improving information policy- e.g. maintaining and developing a competitive and secure national information space, strengthening local media, transformation of Kazakhstan into a regional information hub, formation of a unified strategy for regional integration ü improving the competitiveness and quality of domestic information content - e.g. increasing the share of a domestic information product with analytical content, the formation of stable moral guidelines; support of information projects of scientific, educational, cultural, educational, leisure and other nature for different target groups of the population. ü value filling of the information space. - e.g The basis of ideological attitudes that correspond to the positions of Kazakhstan on the world stage, conveying to every citizen the basic values of our society such as patriotism, liberty, fairness, rule of law and etc.

CArd 12 Discuss with your partner (2-3 minutes): The third information revolution is related to the invention of printing, which should be recognized as one of the first effective information technologies. Discuss with a partner how the growth in the number of information documents used in society has affected the internal life of states. How did the widespread dissemination of information affect the foreign policy of states? Did the accumulation of scientific knowledge and the increase in information culture have an impact on international relations? Justify your answer.

• 1st revolution is often associated with the invention of writing, which allowed information to be recorded and transmitted across time and space.• 2nd information revolution is generally associated with the invention of the printing press, which allowed information to be produced and disseminated on a mass scale. This revolution enabled the spread of knowledge and ideas throughout society and contributed to the rise of modern science and democracy.• 3rd information revolution is a more recent concept, which is often associated with the digital revolution and the widespread use of computers and the internet.The growth in the number of information documents used in society has had a significant impact on the internal life of states. The invention of printing made it possible to produce books, newspapers, and other printed materials on a large scale, which allowed information to be disseminated more widely and rapidly than ever before. This led to a greater exchange of ideas and information, which in turn had a profound impact on social, cultural, and political life. One of the most significant effects of the widespread dissemination of information has been on foreign policy. With the advent of modern communication technologies, it became possible for states to communicate and exchange information more quickly and easily than ever before. This has led to a greater awareness of global events and an increased emphasis on diplomacy and international cooperation The accumulation of scientific knowledge and the increase in information culture have also had an impact on international relations. As scientific knowledge has advanced, it has become increasingly important for states to cooperate and share information in order to address global challenges such as climate change, pandemic disease, and resource depletion. This has led to the development of international organizations and agreements designed to promote cooperation and coordination among nations. Moreover, the increase in information culture has also had an impact on international relations by promoting greater understanding and empathy between nations. As people have become more exposed to different cultures and perspectives through media and the internet, they have become more open to new ideas and more tolerant of differences.