exam review
What are the functions of the plant parts?
flower - Flowers produce the seeds of a plant. Colorful to attract pollinators. leaf - Leaves convert energy from sunlight into food for the plant through a chemical process called photosynthesis. root - Roots take food and water from the soil, store energy, and provides support for the plant. Most roots grow underground. stem - The stem is the main support of the plant. Shoot - above ground part of the plant Fruit - product of plant that follows the flower Seed - part of plant essential for reproduction
What must be present for aerobic respiration to occur?
oxygen
What species are K strategist?
Whales, elephants and humans
Write the equation for photosynthesis, label the recants and the products.
CO2 + H20 yeilds C6H2O6 + O2
Which part of photosynthesis takes place in the stroma?
Calvin Cycle Also called the ligh independant reactions
What are density dependant factors?
Some factors that influence the growth of a population are directly related to how many individuals there are. EX: Food, water, shelter
What are plant like protist?
ALGAE Autotrophic Contain cell walls Some are mobile—many are immobile
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
What are the characteristics of the 4 main phyla fungi?
Phylum zygomycota: zygomycetes; common molds; rizopus
What are fungi like protist?
SLIME MOLDS Heterotrophic decomposers Contain cell walls Exist in different forms and produce spores
What is an organisms habitat?
The place a plant or an animal lives in.
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Through a food web
How does evolution occur? Describe the steps involved.
. Organisms produce more offspring than actually survive. . Every organism must struggle to survive. 3.There is variation within a species 4. Some variations allow members of a species to survive and reproduce better than others. Organisms that survive and reproduce pass their traits to their offspring, and the helpful traits gradually appear in more and more of the population.
Describe or draw the Carbon Cycle.
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Describe or draw the nitrogen cycle.
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Describe or draw the water cycle.
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Describe the differenct seed dispersals?
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Draw a flower and label the parts.
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Draw a graph that shows exponial growth Draw a graph that shows logistic growth
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Draw a mushroom and labet the hyphae and mycellium.
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Draw a simple picture of Chloroplast.
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Draw a vascular plant and label the parts.
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Explain the ecological importance of bacteria.
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What are the functions of the petals and sepal?
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What are the functions of the three seed parts?
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What does it mean when an animals shows cephalization?
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What is a biochemical cycle?
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What is the ecological importance of protist?
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What is the most important role of fungi in a natural ecosystem?
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What happens during the lytic cycle of a virus?
1. Attachment to the cell 2. Injection of viral DNA or RNA 3. Replication & assembly of new viruses 4. Release of the new viruses into the environment (the cell lyses or bursts)
Write the equation for cell respiration. Label the recants and the products.
6O2+C6H12O6 yeilds 6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP
What is an organisms niche?
A niche is an organism's total way of life, or its job.
What is the name of the cells prefered form of energy.
ATP
What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors? Give examples of each.
Abiotic: factors are the nonliving parts of an organism's environment. EX: air currents, temperature, moisture, soil Biotic: Factors are all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. EX:Plants, and Animals
What colors to the pigment absorb?
Abosrobs red and blue reflects green
Describe the three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Amount of water available Temperature Anount of light energy
What type of cell respiration do wine makers use?
Anaerobic (Alcoholic Fermentation)
What type of cell respiration occurs when lactic acid has built up in our muscles?
Anaerobic (Lactic Acid Fermentation)
How do the two groups of prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaebacteria) differ?
Archeabacteria: Most primitive organisms on earth; found in very harsh environments-like volcanoes, extreamely salty places, deep sea ocean vent, and places without oxygen. Eubacteria: True bacteria; disease causing bacteria in this group- like E. coi and the bacteria that cause strep throat and staph infections.
How do fungi reproduce?
Asexual: Fragmentation Spores Budding (unicellular yeast do this!) Sexual: When 2 different hyphae forms meet (+ and -)
Describe the three types of symmetry demonstrated by animals.
Asymmetry--no plane (irregular shape) Radial Symmetry--any plane through a central point (pizza) Bilateral Symmetry--only one plane through central axis
How can fungi harm humans and other living things?
Athletes foot Ring worm Jock itch
Compare and Contrast autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
Autotrophs: Can make their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs: Can not make their own food.
Explain how evolution relates to the following: antibiotic resistant bacteria and pesticide resitance.
Bacteria develop drug-resistance to antibiotics. (ex: tuberculosis TB)
How do we get energy from ATP?
By breaking the high energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
What are the characteristics that all living things share?
Cell, Homeostasis,reproduction, Matabalism,growhth, hereditary,
Who is considered the father of of modern evolutionary theory?
Charles Darwin is considered by many to be the Father of Modern Evolutionary theory. He conducted much of his research on the Galapagos Islands. He wrote a controversial book, "The Origin of Species". It was published in 1859.
What is the name of the pigment involved in Photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What plant cell organell is involved in Photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
What is coevolution?
Coevolution - two organisms evolve in response to changes in each other (ex: flowering plants have to have a pollinator that is attracted to a specific color, odor, and shape of flower in order to reproduce.)
Tell the difference between community, population, and ecosystem
Community:group of different species that live in the same place at the same time and interact with one another. Population:a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place and interbreed. Ecosystem:a community of organisms and their abiotic enviroment; terrestrial and aquatic
Compare and contrast convergent and divergent evolution.
Convergent evolution = similarities evolve in organisms not closely related to one another, often b/c the organisms live in similar habitats. (Ex: shark & whales both have streamlined bodies for swimming in ocean, Birds & some insects have wings for flying) Divergence = acculumulation of differences b/t groups.....leads to a new species.......over time species differ genetically & become subspecies
What are the eight taxonomic categories of the linnaean classification system?
Domain Kingdom Phylum class order family genius species
What are fairy rings?
Fairy Rings - new mushrooms only grow at the edge of the mycelium due to depletion of nutrients.
What are the major characteristics of protist?
Eukaryotic Mostly unicellular - several multicellular Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, and both Cell wall may or may not be present
What characteristics do all animals share?
Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Cells lack a cell wall
What are the defining characteristics of fungi?
Eukaryotic Multicellular (except for yeast) Heterotrophic (Absorptive) Contains cell wall with chitin Chitin - a structural carbohydrate which is also found in the exoskeletons of insects.
What is the differece between exponial growth and logistic growth, what is carrying capacity?
Exponial growth: growth increases steadily, Must have unlimited resources. Logistic growth: Considers the density dependant factors in the growth of a population. Carrying Capacity: the population size that the enviornment can support.
What is a food chain? What is a food web?
Food Chain:Pathway of energy transfer between organisms of a single feeding relationship. Food Web: Diagram that shows interconnected feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
Compare gradulism and punctuated equilibrium.
Gradualism = evolution occurs at a gradual pace over time Punctuated Equilibrium = evolution occurs in rapid jumps (big steps)
Compare and contrast gymnosperm adn angiosperms?
Gymnosperms are "naked" seed plants whose seeds do not develop within a sealed container (fruit). Gymno means "naked". Examples: any conifer (pines, firs, palms, ginkgo trees) Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce their seeds within a fruit. Divided into 2 subgroups: monocots or dicots.
Describe ways in which bacteria can be harmful and helpful.
Helpful: Decomposers—break down organic materials and recycle important materials back into the environment so that they can be used "Fix" nitrogen into a useable form—important for the growing of crops. Many plants (ex. Rhizobium) have bacteria that live in their roots enabling them to perform nitrogen fixation. Food production—bread, yogurt, cheese, etc. Sewage Treatment—Break down animal waste Clean Oil Spills--bioremediation Harmful:Some cause disease! Bacteria cause disease in one of two ways: 1. Damaging the tissues of the infected organism by breaking them down and using them for food (metabolism). Ex: the bacteria that causes tuberculosis 2. Releasing toxins that poison the body. Ex: Botulism, strep throat, and food poisoning. See chart on page 447 Antibiotics can be used to treat/cure bacterial infections. Ex: penicillin and tetracycline. Antibiotic resistance has become a serious medical problem (This means the bacteria adapt to the antibiotic, so it does not kill them.) Food Spoilage—Contamination with bacteria causes food to spoil. This is why we put leftovers in airtight containers and refrigerate things. Biowarfare—Bacteria have been used to deliberately expose humans to harmful bacteria. (Ex: anthrax in the mail)
How does the amount of energy avaliable at each trophic level change as you go up?
It decreses by ten percent each level.
How did Darwin come to develop the theory of natural selection? Who influenced him?
Lamarck, Hutton, Lyell, and Darwin Charles Darwin is considered by many to be the Father of Modern Evolutionary theory. He conducted much of his research on the Galapagos Islands. He wrote a controversial book, "The Origin of Species". It was published in 1859. The book presented two major ideas: 1)species change over time 2) Changes in a species occur due to natural selection.
What happens during the lysogenic cycle of a virus?
Latent viruses stays inside cell, but do not kill the cell. Viral DNA integrates with host DNA Host cell divides normally, therefore new cells are infected with virus Can eventually enter the lytic cycle & kill cell
What is binomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus' naming system Two word (Genius and Species)
In what way can protist be harmful?
Many cause disease (Malaria, African sleeping sickness, amebic dysentery, Giardia) 2. Responsible for "Red Tide" that poisons shell fish & kills fish
What are monocots and dicots? List three ways to tell them apart
Monocot and Dicot are the type of plant they are. Monocots have one cotylendon, and dicots have two. Dicots Net-veined leaves Monocots Parallel-veined leaves MONOCOTS, such as the False Garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve) below, produce flowers in which the flower parts all typically number 3, or a multiple of 3 DICOTS have flowers in which the flower parts, usually number 4, 5, or multiples of 4 or 5. The Ruellia (Ruellia caroliniensis), below, clearly shows a typical dicot's floral structure.
Describe two mutualistic relationships between fungi and another organism
Mycorrhizal fungi Symbiotic relationship between fungi & plant roots. Fungus gets food that plant makes using photosynthesis. Plant gets large surface area to absorb water & nutrients from soil. Symbiots: live in mutual relationship Ex: Lichens - between fungus & algae
Describe why nonvascular plants are not able to grow larger?
Nonvascular plants are relatively small b/c they do NOT have a vascular root system to bring water & nutrients up
How do isolationg mechanisms influence evolution?
Reproductive isolation is the condition in which two populations of the same species do no breed with one another b/c of geographic separation. As two isolated populations of the same species become more different over time, they may eventually become unable to breed with one another. These 2 populations of squirrels
Describe the symbiotic relationships.
Parasitsm: one benifits, and the other is harmed. Commensilism: one benefits and the other is not effected. Mutualism: both are benefited.
What are density independant factors?
Popultions are also affected by factors that dont depend on how many individuals there are. EX: Weather, climate, fires, earthquakes.
Describe the trophic levels of an energy pyramid.
Producer:organisms that can make there own food through photosynthesis. Primary Consumer:consumers that eat producers to get energy. They are herbivores. Secondary Consumers: a consumer that eats another consumer. It is a carnivor or omnivore, it may be a predator of a scavenger. Tertiary Consumers: a consumer that eats a consumer that eats a secondary consumer.
Tell the difference between producers, consumers, and decomposes.
Producers:organisms that can make glucose during a process call photosynthesis. Consumers: organisms that can not make their own energy. Decomposes: an organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms, examples include bacteria and fungi.
Animal Phylums
Profieria: Sponges—the simplest animals—mostly marine They are sessile and live attached to a single spot their entire life. They are filter feeders, relying on a steady water current moving through their bodies. They have a few specialized cells. These cells are specialized for feeding, building their bodies, reproduction and responding. Sponges are ecologically important as habitat for many marine animals. Economically sponges are important for bath sponges. Phylum Cnidaria:Jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, corals, Portugese man-of-war, and comb jellies. Live in marine and freshwater. Most are soft bodied, carnivorous animals with stinging tentacles around their mouths. Most cnidarians have a polyp and a medusa life stage. Some jellyfish can light up (bioluminescence). Many sting using their tentacles in order to feed and for protection. Some of their stings are deadly (Man-of-war, box jelly). Even a dead jellyfish can sting if its nematocyst cells have not been triggered. Coral is very important ecologically as habitat for many other organisms. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Soft, flattened worms that have tissues and internal organs They are acoelomates. Flatworms are the simplest animals to have three germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization. Many flatworms are hermaphrodites that reproduce sexually. Some reproduce asexually through fission. Breathe through their skin. Turbellarians—free living flatworms, most live in water Flukes and Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that live in a host and harm it. Phylum Nematoda:Unsegmented worms that are pseudocoelomates. Can be free-living or parasitic. Breathe through their skin. Reproduce sexually and most have separate sexes. Many Nematodes are the cause of serious diseases in humans (and other mammals). Examples: hookworms, trichinosis, heartworms, and pi n worms. Phylum Annelida:Segmented worms with a true body cavity. Have several characteristics that are more highly evolved than the flatworms, roundworms, etc. These include: a closed circulatory system, respiration through gills or skin, a digestive tract that runs the length of their body, a well-developed nervous system, longitudinal and circular muscles, some have separate sexes - some are hermaphrodites. Phylum Mullusca:Body plan of most mollusks has four parts: foot, mantle, shell, and internal organs Glands in the mantle secrete the shell. Mollusks can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritovores, or filter feeders. To eat, they either scrape food with their radula or they strain food from water that passes in through their siphon, They respire using gills (if aquatic) or through their skin (terrestrial). Phylum Athropoda:The single largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Contains Class Insecta-the single largest class in the animal kingdom. Arthropods have a segmented body, an exoskeleton made of chitin, and jointed appendages. Phylum Echinodermata:When they outgrow their exoskelton, arthropods will molt (shed their exoskeleton) and grow a new one. This can take hours and sometimes even days. Most Arthropods will molt many times between hatching and adulthood. Some arthropods do direct development while others do indirect development. Direct development (or incomplete metamorphosis) is when immature nymphs that look like smaller versions of the adults will develop into the adult over time (ex: grasshoppers) Indirect development (or complete metamorphosis) is when larvae hatch and look (or act) nothing at all like the adult version. (ex: butterflies) Doing indirect development can be an advantage because predators might not recognize the larval form and often the larvae and the adult live in different habitats and eat different things.
Name the six kindoms?
Protist Fungi Plantae Animalla Archabacteria Eubacteria
What are animal like protist?
Protozoans Heterotrophic None contain cell walls Most can move Pseudopods Cilia Flagella
Contrast between the these different types of locomation? (Psuedopod, cilia, flagella)
Psuedopods:temporary outgrowth used by some microgranisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion. Cilia:a hairlike protection from the surface of the cell. Flagella: tail used for locomotion
List and describe the major terrestrial biomes.
Rainforest:around equator, south america, south asia, north australia; plants: all kinds; Animals:half of the earth's species of terrestrial organisms; Parcipitation: 450 centimeters. Climate: hot and wet Savannas: Location:africa, south america, australia; Plants: grassland and widely spaced trees; Animals: grazzing mammals; Percipitation: 90 to 15o cm; Climate: hot Taiga: Location: North of North america, North Asia; Plants: coniferous trees, spruce and fir; Animals:deer, wolves, moose; Percipitation: percipitation in the summer; Climate: cold and wet; Deserts: Location: west of united states, south tip of south america, north africa, south west asia; Plants: cactus, sperce vegatation; Animals: Rabbits, Lizards, Snakes; Percipitation: less that 25 cm; Climate: 0 to 30 c Tundra: Location: very north of North America, abd North of Asia; Plants: mossy grasses; Animals:Foxes, limming, caribou; Percipitation: less the 25cm; Climate:cold and artic Temperate Grasslands: Location between 30 degrees south and 30-60 degrees north; Plants: grass; Animals: grazing animals, bison; Percipitation: 100 cm of percipitation; Climate: between 0 and 20 degreecs c Temperate Forests: :Locations: between 60 degrees north and 3o degrees north; Plants: hardwoods, oaks, hickory, evergreeens; Animals: beavers and raccoons; Percipitation 75 to 250cm; Climate: 0 to 20 degrees c.
What does an energy pyramid represent?
Shows the transfer of energy in an ecosystem in a pyramid form. It also shows that the largest are the producers, because they are on the bottom, and the Tertiary Consumers are on the top because there are fewer of them than producers.
When a virus is latent what does that mean? Give an example of a latent virus?
Some eukaryotic viruses remain dormant for many years in the nervous system tissues Chickenpox (caused by the virus Varicella zoster) is a childhood infection It can reappear later in life as shingles, a painful itching rash limited to small areas of the body
What is natural selection?
Some organisms are more suited to their environment than others and therefore they are more likely to reproduce than those who are not better suited. "Survival of the Fittest" or Natural Selection
List and describe the evidence scientists say support the theory of evolution.
The fossil Record Homologous structures Vestigial structures Comparative Embryology Similarities and differences in DNA and Proteins
Compare and Contrast Vertabrates and Invertabrets.
The largest subphylum of Chordates and the only animals with a true internal skeleton (backbone) Vertebrates are the most highly evolved animals. They have the most sophisticated body systems and behaviors.
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
The products of Photosynthesis are the recants of aerobic respiration and vice versa.
List four distinguishing characteristics of arthropods.
The single largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Contains Class Insecta-the single largest class in the animal kingdom. Arthropods have a segmented body, an exoskeleton made of chitin, and jointed appendages.
Describe the differences between vascular and nonvascular plants. Give examples of each.
Vascular plants have evolved to where they do NOT have to live so close to a water source like nonvascular plants. They have a complex root system that helps them bring water & nutrients to the rest of the plant. Nonvascular plants are relatively small b/c they do NOT have a vascular root system to bring water & nutrients up. This is why they are found around moist, wet areas. Examples: mosses, liverworts
Distinguish between viroids and prions
Viroids:Small, circular RNA molecules without a protein coat Infect plants Ex: Potato famine in Ireland Prions:Prions are "infectious proteins" They are normal body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins They have no DNA or RNA
Why are viruses not considered living things?
Viruses are NOT considered living. They have some properties of life but not others They can't maintain a constant internal state (homeostasis). They are not made up of cells. They cannot reproduce by themselves. They do not metabolize.
Describe the two main functions of vascular tissues?
Xylem consists of dead cells with no end walls, which contain lignin to form stiff tubes. They are impermeable, and are strengthened with fibres. Phloem consists of living cells lined with cytoplasm, with walls made of cellulose and perforated end walls called sieve plates. They are permeable, and are surrounded by companion cells.
What is symbiosis?
an interaction between two organisms living toghether in a close long term association.
How are photosythesis and cellular respiration ecologically important?
carbon cycle
What are the levels of ecology in order?
cell:tissue:organ:organ system:organism:community:population:ecosystem:biome:biosphere
describe the three types of body cavitys demonstrated by an animal.
coelmate:true body cavity psuedocolmate:false body cavity aceolmate: no body cavity
Which part of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid membranes?
light recations also called the light dependant reactions
What organelle is involved in cellular resperation?
mitochondria
What species are R strategist?
mosquitoes
Explain the terms ventral, dorsal, anterior and posterior.
ventral:bottom dorsal:top anterior:front posterior:back
What are unicelluar fungi called? How do they reproduce?
yeast Budding