Exam Study Guide

Intext Citation

(Miller 39). - When AUTHOR"S LAST NAME is available ("Animals" 39). -When author's last name is NOT present, so use first word of the article

Works-Cited Page

-Hanging Indention -Alphabetical Order -Use a source to format information into MLA (Modern Language Association) formatting

Upstage Right

1

Center Stage Left

6

Downstage Right

7

Open Yard

Audiences paid one penny to stand here and watch the performance, rain or shine. Often these patrons, or groundlings, would participate in the play by cheering, shouting, or throwing snacks at the actors.

Director

Besides being an actor, Shakespeare was often this

Novel

Books were this when Shakespeare was a boy

London

City where Shakespeare's theater was built -Streets were dark and narrow -Perfect for thieves -Home of St. Pauls Cathedral and and the Tower of London -Went from 50,000 to 200,000 in 50 years (1550-1600) -All available spots for building were being taken and built on

The Resolution/ Denoument

Feud ends and a statue is built.

Comedies

One of the types of plays Shakespeare wrote

Shaxpere

One way Shakespeare spelled his name

Iambic

Shakespeare wrote plays in this; unrhymed lines of poetic meter (2 words)

Resolution

The action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter -In Romeo & Juliet: Burial for the two children

Dennotation

The literal (dictionary) definition of a word; unemotional

Climax

The most intense, exciting or important point of something; a culmination or apex -In Romeo & Juliet: The death of Romeo and Juliet

Irony

The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning -Dramatic Irony: when the reader or audience knows something a character does not -Verbal Irony: when a character or author says 1 thing but means another -Situational Irony: when a characters or reader expects something to happen and the opposite happens (includes twists and surprise endings) -When Romeo believes Juliet is dead so kills himself

Unicorn

This magical animal is found in Shakespeare's Tempest

Knock-Knock

This type of joke was first done by Shakespeare (2 words)

Blank Verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter (rhythm but no rhyme); like a heartbeat {2 sets of 5 syllables- total of 10 beats} -"A glooming peace this morning with it brings..." (Act 5, Scene 3) -Used in most of the dialogue/ monologues in Shakespearean plats; used to show higher status characters; also, the rhymed/pattern made it easier for actors to memorize quickly

Most "attention grabbing" way to entire the stage

Upper Right (we read left to right)

Monologue

When a character speaks uninterpreted for an extended period of time; other characters are onstage with him -Juliet's speech to the Nurse about how torn she is when she learns how Romeo killed Tybalt (Act 3, Scene 2) -Mercutio about Queen Mab -Prince Escalus about fighting -Benvolio to Prince Escalus -Reveals characterization, plot, and relationships

Support Pillars

these wooden pillars supported the roof and were painted to look like marble. Actors used these pillars to hide on the main stage and observe other characters while speaking in "asides" to the audience.

Entrance

"Gatherers" stood at the single entrance to collect one penny from each patron per performance. Patrons put their names into a box, hence the term "box office." It took audience at least half an hour to file into the theater.

Shakespeare's Words

-Leapfrog, Alligator, Knock-Knock, Lonely, Catching a cold

Nurse

1.) Characteristics -A second mother to Juliet, Juliet's only friend, trustworthy, bawdy, comical, and extroverted 2.) Main Events Nurse is considered a second mother to Julie. Juliet trusts her and is the only one that knows about her love for Romeo. The Nurse goes to Romeo and finds out when and where Juliet is to go to get married. The two of them bond in the process. However once Romeo is banished from Verona, Nurse tells Juliet that she should forget him and listen to her father and marry Paris. Juliet feels betrayed because Nurse was the only one that understood her.

Trap Door

Actors playing ghosts or witches could rise or descend through this door built into the main stage. The cellarage underneath was referred to as "hell"

Brick Foundation

The Globe's foundation needed to be constructed of brick, as it was built on wet, marshy land close to the Thames River

Connotation

The emotional impact of a word (positive or negative)

Globe Theatre

The name of Shakespeare's theatre

Galleries

Three seating sections. Audiences paid more to sit on these tiered wooden benches under a thatched roof, which kept out rain. For an additional penny, a patron could barrow a cushion to sit on.

Tragic Flow

the character flaw that the tragedy's protagonist has which bring downfall

Type of Poetry by Shakespeare

"Serious", Sonnets

William Shakespeare's Life

-3 brothers, 4 sisters (7 total) -Born April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK -Worked as an actor, writer, director, etc. -Only lived 52 years (April 23, 1616) -Whole immediate family is gone -Married Anne Hathaway -3 children (Susanna, Hamnet, and Judith) -Father was John Shakespeare (was a glove maker) -Mother was Mary Arden -Learned to read, speak, and write in LATIN -Went to a private school for ONLY boys

Globe Theater

-Built in London in 1599 by Lord Chamberlains's men- one of the most popular theaters. -Richard Burbage and 5 others became part owners with Shakespeare -Placed here since people had the money to buy tickets; and large population had Royalty. -Holds up to 3,000 people. -Burned down on June 29, 1613 after 14 years of existence. -Built in same spot but then burned down in 1644. -Then built once more. Many floors, seating was by social rank. -Walls were made of timber frames, covered in plaster with cow hair -Thatch roof was built for a cheaper cost -First play was most likely Julius Ceaser

Globe II

-Rebuilt by Sam Wanamaker -23 years to find land and finally when given permission, Same died -Built in almost the same way and place but some restrictions had to be put into place -Builders began with using the same wood -More exits were added with a fire-proof thatch was made -Stewards were added to the audience to watch the audience. -New plays go on each season to honor Shakespeare's open mind to new plays

Indoor Theaters

-Smaller in size from outdoor theaters -Lighting candles and daylight were the only sources of light -Boy companies performed privately (once a week) -Adult companies performed once a day -Comfier seats -Food could be bought -Smaller spaces made magical effects better -Use of candles meant more breaks to trim them

Writing Plays

-William Shakespeare was the most famous playwright -Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson were also some of the best -Playwrights weren't paid much due to their unpopular opinion -Plays were wrote in groups (multiple at a time) so they weren't paid much -Master of the Revel: Gives licenses to theaters -Many playwrights made ideas up so they wouldn't offend the master of the Revels

The Fight

1- A fight breaks out between Tybalt and Sampson. Prince Escalus threatens death to whoever starts another fight between families.

Tybalt

1.) Characteristics -A Capulet, Juliet's cousin, vain, hot headed, aggressive, fashionable, enemy to Montague, and violent. 2.) Main events Tybalt takes the feud seriously, when he saw Romeo and the party he want to kick him and and then kill him. He later challenges Romeo for attending the party. Romeo refuses but the offer is taken up by Mercutio. However, he defeats Mercutio and kills him. Romeo was furious with him and then for his love of his best friend Romeo kills Tybalt.

Friar Lawrence

1.) Characteristics -He is a kind hearted friar or holy man. He is trusted, worshiped, loyal and loving 2.) Main events Friar Lawrence helps Romeo and Juliet throughout the story. He performs there marriage and gives them both good advice. He was not fond of Romeo wanting to marry Juliet at first because he thought his love was not real, saying he was just complaining about Rosaline. However, he agreed to the marriage hoping it would end the feud between the two families. Once romeo was banished Friar gives a soliloquy showing there is good and bad in every person. He is telling Romeo that he should be thankful that he is not dead for his actions and instead is just banished. Juliet later goes to him for find a way to see Romeo again after he was banished. He comes up with a plan to give Juliet a potion that will "kill" her for 42 hours and then she will wake up again in the arms of romeo.

Lord Capulet

1.) Characteristics -Loving, but quick tempered 2.) Main Events Capulet believes that Paris is a well manner man and should marry his daughter Juliet. However, he delays the marriage because Juliet is so young. He later changed his mind when Juliet is in grief about Romeo being banished and the two of them agree to each other which ends in Lord Capulet saying if Juliet does not obey him she will be disowned and have to live on the streets. When Juliet kills herself his father is crushed. He agrees to end the feud with the Montagues and there will be statues made of each of the them.

Lord Montague

1.) Characteristics -Loyal and loving 2.) Main events Montague is Romeo's father. In the beginning he was very concerned for his his sons melancholy about Rosaline however he did know it was about her. In the end he saw his son dead after he killed himself to see Juliet again. He was upset and agreed to end the feud against the Capulets and put up statues of them.

Price Escalus

1.) Characteristics -Loyal, and concerned -Ruler of Verona 2.) Main Events Prince informs the town that the next person to start a fight will be killed. He wants to end the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets. He did not succeed until the end when the two lovers kill each other.

Juliet

1.) Characteristics -Loyal, self-assured, capable women, determination, strong, sober minded and is most confident -Capulet's only child 2.) Main events About to turn 14, her mother informs her that she is to marry Paris. Juliet says that she is not fond of the idea, however, she will try to love him. She attended a party and there she meets Romeo. She believes there is love at first sight. Later Juliet went behind her family and married Romeo. But after Romeo kills Tybalt , Juliet's cousin, he was banished from Verona. Juliet does not believe the worst in Romeo and still loves him. However, Lord Capulet, her father, plans a wedding for Juliet to marry Paris the next day. In order to get out of the wedding and to see Romeo again she goes to Friar Lawrence, who comes up with a plan. However the plan did not work as thought and when Juliet sees Romeo dead, she stabs herself with his dagger.

Mercutio

1.) Characteristics -Loyal,l lightning-quick wit, clever mind, jester, and prankster 2.) Main events Mercutio constantly made jokes, puns, and always teased people. He was Romeo's close friends and was always with him. Mercutio was the princes kings man. When he finds out about Romeo's love for a Capulet he mocks him. When Tybalt challenges Romeo, Mercutio takes on the challenger to support his best friend. However, he is defeated by Tybalt.

Benvolio

1.) Characteristics -Part of the Montague family and is seen as a peacemaker 2.) Main events Benvolio is Romeo's cousin and best friend. He tries to help Romeo get over his love for Rosaline. Benvolio is the one to tell the story of Mercutio's death to everyone he tries to lessen Romeo's death sentence which leads Romeo to just being banished.

Romeo

1.) Characteristics -Well known man around the town (Montague) -Intelligent, quick-witted, fond of verbal jousting, loyal, and unafraid of danger 2.) Main events Romeo fell in love with Rosaline, but later saw Juliet and it was love at first sight. He later realized that Juliet was a Capulet, and he was a Montague ( two families are enemies and are not supposed to get along.) However, that did not stop him from his love to Juliet. After a day, Romeo went to Friar Lawrence and asked to marry Juliet. The two of them got married but their love was forbidden. Aside of this, Romeo killed Tybalt and was banished from Verona. A plan was made, however Romeo was not informed; therefore, when he saw Juliet "dead" Romeo killed himself.

Paris

1.) Characteristics -Well mannered, attractive, and loyal 2. Main events He is the Kinsmen to Prince Escalus. He is a close friends to the Capulets. Lord Capulet gives him permission to marry Juliet. Later in the play Paris and Romeo meet by Juliet's tomb when she is "dead." Paris believes that Romeo is there to desecrate her body. The two of them fight and Paris is killed.

Banishment

10- Romeo is banished by Prince Esculas for revenging Mercutio's death and killing Tybalt.

The Plan

11-Friar Lawrence, Romeo and Nurse plan for the couple to meet the night before Romeo leaves Verona.

Paris Wins

12- Lord Capulet agrees to permit Paris and Juliet to wed on Thursday

Goodbyes

13- Romeo sneaks into Juliet's room to say goodbye

Runaway

14- After Juliet learns she is to marry Paris, she runs away to Friar Lawrence

Sonnet

14-line poem; a poetic style familiar to Elizabethan audiences. -Chorus: "Two households, both alike in dignity..." ({Prologue of Act 1} and 2 only times in play) -Shakespeare used sonnets as prologues to ensure that the audience was able to follow the action of the play; poetry was also considered "the love language"

Here's the Potion

15- Friar Lawrence gives Juliet a potion so she can feign death.

Homecoming

16- Juliet returns home and agrees to marry Paris. Capulet moves the party to Wednesday.

Sleeping Beauty

17- Juliet takes the potion; she appears dead to those who find her

Romeo Returns

18- After Balthasar reveals that Juliet is dead, Romeo buys poison and rushes to see Juliet's tomb before taking his life

Juliet Awakens

19- Juliet awakens to find Romeo dead. Deciding she cannot live without him, she takes her own life.

Upstage Center

2

The Invite

2- After discovering the guest list, Romeo decides to attend the Capulet party, hoping to find Rosalind, his crush.

The Discovery

20- Romeo and Juliet's bodies are discovered by the Capulets. Lord Montague and Prince Escalus Friar Lawrence explains the tragic outcome of Romeo and Juliet. Lady Montague dies of grief.

Upstage Left

3

The Proposal

3- Lord Capulet discusses Paris' desire to wed Juliet.

Center Stage Right

4

The Party

4- The Capulet's party. Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time.

Center Stage

5

The Balcony

5- Romeo professes his love for Juliet and Juliet asks to plan a marriage

The Deal

6- Friar Lawrence agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet hoping it will end the feud.

The Meeting

7-The Nurse Shares Romeo's wedding plans to Juliet

Downstage Center

8

The Marriage

8- Romeo and Juliet are wed by Friar Lawerence

Downstage Left

9

Mercutio's Death

9- Romeo tries to break up a brawl between Tybalt and Mercutio. Mercutio gets killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt.

Foil

A character in a play who is the opposite/in contrast of another

Simile

A comparison between two unlike things using like or as -Romeo comparing Juliet's beauty to fine jewelry: "...It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear..."

Metaphor

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable; without using like or as -Romeo compares love to smoke saying, ""Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs. Being purged, a fire sparkling in lover's eye."

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes -Weirdly capitalized; not usual -Lord Capulet when Juliet dies, "Death is my son-in-law, Death is my heir"

Clause

A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing. -He is sleeping.

Phrase

A group of words with a meaning; (no subject or MOST USUALLY, no verb) an expression -On the couch.

Pun

A humorous play on words -When Mercutio is dying and says he will be a "grave man" tomorrow and then dies.

Foreshadowing

A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader. The use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot. -When Romeo has a gut feeling that something bad will happen if he goes to the Capulet ball, but Mercutio gets him to go (it doesn't happen that night, but later in the story something bad happens), "I fear, too early: for my mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin his fearful date

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event -Often to Greek and Roman Mythology -Cupid, Dianna, etc. -Mercutio to Romeo about Venus the love god, "Speak to my gossip Venus one fair word, One nick-name for her purblind son and heir"

Formal Outline

A way of organizing information into main ideas (Roman Numerals) and supporting details (capital letters); often used as a prewriting step

Othello

Another of Shakespeare's famous tragic characters/plays

Tradgedies

Another type of plat that Shakespeare wrote tragic hero (protagonist) has a tragic flaw which brings downfall; ends with death

Histories

Another type of play Shakespeare wrote

The "Heavens"

Ceiling over the stage that protected the actors from too much sun or rain It also represented the sky and heavens and was painted blue with golden stars. Actors who played angels or spirits descended from the hut on top of this "roof" to the main stage. The but was also used for storage and additional sound effects such as alarm bells, cannon fire, and thunder.

Aside

Character speaks thoughts aloud, but words are only meant to be heard by comrades or audience, NOT the other characters onstage -[Aside] written in stage directions -Romeo: [Aside] "Shall I hear more, or...." (Act 2. Scene 2) -Shakespeare used to reveal characters' thoughts and schemes; it lets the audience "in on a secret"

Tiring House

Dressing and storage rooms. Actors rested here between scenes and changed into lavish costumes, which made up for the lack of props and scenery. The doors to the tiring house also served as actors' main entrances and exits.

Hyperbole

Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. -Romeo to Juliet, "The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars, As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heaven Would through the airy region stream so bright That birds would sing and think it were not night."

Denouement

Final part of a play, story, etc. when the strands of the plot are tied up; final explanations -In Romeo & Juliet: when Capulet and Montague agree to erect statues

Exposition

First section of a book or story; introduces the protagonist, setting and basic situation -In Romeo & Juliet: A fight breaks out between Tybalt and Sampson (Capulet and Montague). Prince Escalus threatens death to whoever starts another fight. Families are introduced because of the situation. Romeo is introduced before the Capulet party, and Juliet during the party.

Plays by Shakespeare

Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, A Midnight Summer's Dream, etc

"Wooden O"

How Shakespeare's theater is often described (nickname)

Rising Action

In a plot is a series of relevant incidents that create suspense & tension in a narrative -In Romeo & Juliet: Romeo and Juliet's marriage

Oxymoron

Lit. device used by Shakespeare; contradictory terms used in conjunction ("feather of lead")

Zeffirelli

Name of the director of the 1968 film of Romeo and Juliet

Audiences

Not all audiences could read and write, so Shakespeare had to appeal to all types of people.

Stage Right

OUR left in the audience, but the ACTORS right on stage.

Stage Left

OUR right in the audience, but the ACTORS left on stage.

Bard

Old word for poet- Shakespeare was called this

Macbeth

One of Shakespeare's most famous tragic characters

Young Men

Onstage, they played the girls in Shakespeare's plays (2 words)

Prose

Ordinary speech with no pattern pr accented rhyme. -Printed like a regular paragraph after the character names -(Mercutio is talking with his friends) "More the the Price of cats, I can tell you..." (Act 2, Scene 4) -Most stories and plays written like this; Shakespeare used it to show lower-class characters or more casual conversation; also used in times of character distress.

Falling Action

Parts of a story after the climax and before the very end -In Romeo & Juliet: The families finding Romeo and Juliet's dead bodies.

Playwright

Person who writes plays; Shakespeare was a famous one

Semester Focus

Reading and interpreting DRAMA

Avon

River in Stafford, England (where Shakespeare was born)

Vocabulary

Shakespeare used one over 26,000 different words

Quills

Shakespeare wrote with this

Renaissance

Shakespeare's time; in Europe, a flourishing of intellectual activity

Flag

Signified which type of play was being performed-black for tragedy, white for comedy, and red for history. The flag was flown high enough so most of London could see it waving from the top of the Globe. This was important because the theater was located on the outskirts of the city across the Thames River.

Soliloquy

Specific type of monologue; when a character is alone onstage giving a lengthy speech -Juliet's fearful speech as she prepares to "fake" her own death (Act 4, Scene 3) -Friar Lawrence about the good and bad -Romeo before his death -Reveals the innermost thoughts and feelings of the character

Elizabeth I

The Queen of England in Shakespeare's time

Inciting Incident

The event that introduces the conflict (problem); disrupts the life of the protagonist -In Romeo & Juliet: The party where Tybalt seeks revenge from Romeo, the love of Romeo and Juliet and attempt to marry through Friar Lawrence.

Downsatge

The part of the stage closest to the audience; called downstage since the stages were slanted down.

Upstage

The part of the stage farthest from the audience; called upstage since the stages were slanted.

Conflict

The problem the protagonist struggles w/ throughout the story (rising action); can be internal or external -In Romeo & Juliet: A forbidden marriage between Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio and Tybalt's death, Romeo's banishment, and the fight between families

Upper Stage

This "chamber" was used for most bedroom and balcony scenes

Inner Stage

This stage was used mostly for indoor scenes. It had a curtain that could be opened or closed for scene changes.

Dialogue

Two or more characters conversing onstage -All scenes with multiple characters talking to each others (like the fight scene in act I) -Most common type of stage language used in plays today

Rhymed Verse

Usually rhyming couplet (two lines of verse in which the final words rhyme with each other) -Romeo: "I'll go along, no sight to be shown, But to rejoice in splendor of mine own." (Act 1, Scene 1) -Shakespeare often used rhyming couplets to show the end of a scene of to emphasize an important idea.

Drama

Verse or prose intended to tell a story; it involves conflicts and emotions expressed primarily through action (what the characters do) and the dialogue (what is spoken); it is written for a theatrical performance.

Main Stage

Where main action of the play took place, especially outdoor scenes of battlefields, forests, or cityscapes. It was often called an "apron" stage because audiences could sit around all three sides. The stage was intentionally built four to five feet high so the audience could not jump up and into the action. For a larger fee, patrons could sometimes sit up on the stage next to the actors.

Comic Relief

brief, humorous scene in otherwise serious/tragic plays; relieves tension of audience; Shakespeare often used uneducated characters in these