EXER 321: Ch. 4 Homework

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrates to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrates can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of

fat

Rank the following foods from highest (left) to lowest (right) carbohydrate content.

1/2 cup rice 1/2 cup pinto beans 1/2 cup cooked broccoli 3 oz beef

Use the terms on the left to complete the following sentences about hormonal regulation of blood glucose.

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release glucagon to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose. After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases insulin in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells. You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases epinephrine, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

Select the food combinations that contain dietary fiber.

Bowl of chili with kidney beans Bowl of ice cream with fresh blueberries on top Bowl of whole wheat pasta with marinara sauce

Use the terms and phrases on the left to complete each of the following sentences about diabetes. Terms may be used more than once.

Diabetes is a disease of improper glucose regulation that results in more than 250,000 deaths per year in North America. The majority of people with diabetes in North America have type 2 diabetes (formerly called noninsulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes). This type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance. Approximately 5-10% of diabetes cases are type 1 diabetes (formerly called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes). This type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in no pancreatic insulin production. The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes. Women with this type of diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

When whole grains are refined, what part of the grain remains in the refined product?

Endosperm

Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of carbohydrates.

False

People who follow a gluten-free diet cannot consume any whole grains.

False

Use the terms below to complete each of the following sentences about health conditions related to carbohydrate intake.

Fiber plays an important role in bowel health. A diet that is low in fiber and/or water leads to small, hard stools. This condition is known as constipation. If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing hemorrhoids. Lots of pressure in the colon caused by excessive straining during defecation can cause small pouches called diverticula to protrude through the large intestine wall. When these pouches are inflamed and painful, the condition is known as diverticulitis. During periods of inflammation, a low-fiber diet is indicated. If pouches in the large intestine exist without painful symptoms, the condition is known as diverticulosis. In this case, a high-fiber diet can ease stool elimination and prevent future attacks.

Some people with irritable bowel syndrome may benefit from eliminating FODMAPs from their dietary pattern. Which of the following types of carbohydrates are classified as FODMAPs?

Fructose Lactose Sugar alcohols

Three disaccharides are important in the human diet: sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Click and drag the monosaccharides to build each of the disaccharides below.

Glucose+Frutose Glucose+Galactose Glucose+Glucose

Match each enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion.

Maltose: breaks a disaccharide into two molecules of glucose Lactase: breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose Sucrase: breaks a disaccharide into glucose and frutose

Classify each of the following simple carbohydrates as monosaccharides or disaccharides.

Monosaccharides: Fructose, Glucose Disaccharide: Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose

Click to select the parts of the digestive system that produce enzymes to digest carbohydrates.

Mouth, Pancreas, Small Intestines

Rank the four types of canned pineapple from lowest (1) to highest (4) sugar content

Pineapple packed in water Pineapple packed in its own juice Pineapple packed in light syrup Pineapple packed in heavy syrup

Dietary fiber has many health benefits. Match each health benefit with fiber's action in the body.

Promotes colon health: nonfermentable fiber increases stool bulk and increases bowel regularity Improves diabetes management: viscous fiber slows down absorption of glucose from the small intestine Aids in weight management: fiber increases feeling of satiety Reduced cardiovascular disease risk: fiber reduced cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion

Classify each characteristic of grains as refined grain or whole grain.

Refined Grain Characteristics: typically less expensive to purchase, lower in nutrient density but enriched, lighter texture, lower in fiber, faster glucose response, contains only endosperm Whole grain characteristics: typically more expensive to purchase, higher in vitamin, minerals, and antioxidants, denser texture, higher in fiber, slower blood glucose response, contains all components of the grain

For a person to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, he or she must have at least three of five specific risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Click to select the cases below that meet the criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Wanda is a 65-year-old woman. Wanda has a waist circumference of 34 inches, fasting blood glucose of 110 mg/dL, triglycerides of 100 mg/dL, HDL of 45 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 135/90 mmHg. Danielle is a 46-year-old woman. Danielle has a waist circumference of 42 inches, fasting blood glucose of 145 mg/dL, triglycerides of 200 mg/dL, HDL of 65 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 132/90 mmHg.

Compared to products made with whole grains, refined grain products ______ fiber, vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats.

are lower in