EXP3604 Chapter 13

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40 percent

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? A) No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. B) All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. C) I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today. D) If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the ________

belief bias

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

confirmation bias

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning

deductive

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of

expected emotion

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning

Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an __________ emotion.

incidental

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

sample size

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias.

status quo

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic

People tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.