Experience Psychology- Chapter 11: Social Psychology: Study Question
According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others is likely to
(wrong) enhance performance on all types of tasks (wrong) improve performance on new tasks
Low levels of which of the followings personality traits are associated with aggression?
Agreeableness and conscientiousness
Which of the following statements describes the false consensus effect?
An overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do
Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?
Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.
_______ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts
Attitudes
Which of the following research methods do social psychologists use most often?
Experimental methods
True or false: People with higher socioeconomic status tend to be more likely to help than those with lower socioeconomic status.
False
True or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.
False
_______ display more overt aggression than women in most cultures.
Men
Which of the following are cognitive determinants of aggression?
Observing others engaging in aggression and the presence of a weapon
_______ refers to directly physically or verbally harming another person.
Overt aggression
What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?
Personal attitudes and the perception of others
Based on the results of research in psychology, which of the following individuals is the least likely to express aggression in the situation?
Samantha had to sit in an air conditioned waiting room for 20 minutes.
_______-_______ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves
Self-esteem
_______ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior.
Self-perception
Which of the following neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior?
Serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin
_______ comparison is the process by which we compare ourselves to other people.
Social
_______ is the male hormone related to aggression
Testosterone
Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
a person's sexual orientation, a person's romantic interest in the participant and a person's propensity for violence
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. This illustrates _______.
a self-fulfilling prophecy
There are several factors that contribute to attraction, such as:
acquaintance, proximity and similarity
The limbic system and the frontal lobes and the brain structures related to:
aggression
Which of the following personality traits is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors?
agreeableness
Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _______ cause.
controllable
There is a _______ relationship between playing violent video games and aggression.
correlational
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make _______ rapidly.
decisions
A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called _______.
discrimination
_______is behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
discrimination
Cognitive _______ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
dissonance
A persuasion tool that involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale is called the _______-in-the-face-technique
door
The _______ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.
elaboration
A key social emotion in altruism is _______, a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.
empathy
What is a key emotion involved in altruism, and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?
empathy
_______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups
empathy
Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judge were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _______ cause.
external
Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?
faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces
True or false: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.
false
One theory of aggression suggests that _______ (the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to a readiness to display _______.
frustration; aggression
The _______ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.
fundamental
The _______ may be explained by the fact that, when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention grabbing than the observed person's behavior.
fundamental attribution error
In the context of psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence?
it refers to the influence people have on individual because the individual wants to be right
To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort _______.
justification
Festinger's social comparison theory proposed that when individuals _______, they compare themselves with others.
lack an objective way to evaluate their opinions and abilities
The bystander effect makes it _______ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.
less
How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face?
less than a second
Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _______ determinant(s).
multiple
When we feel compassion for another person, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _______ are activated.
pain
The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether.
people are less likely to help if other people are present.
Foot-in-door-technique is considered a successful _______ tool according to social psychologist.
persuasion
_______ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or their behavior
persuasion
According to the observational learning theory, if the consequences are _______, the behavior is likely to be imitated when observers find themselves in a similar situation.
positive
Individuals with high self-esteem have been shown to have a variety of _______ illusions
positive
When considering the factors of attraction, there is physical closeness, otherwise known as _______. There is also acquaintance, and _______.
proximity; similarity
_______ refers to activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.
relational aggression
The theory that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behaviors is called _______ theory
self-perception
High levels of the neurotransmitter _______ are associated with prosocial behavior.
serotonin
The _______ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.
social
_______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
social
Aggression is
social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally
_______ _______ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
social cognition
Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using _______ to evaluate his performance.
social comparison
Social psychology is similar to another social science, _______. However, social psychology emphasizes how individuals influence groups and how groups influence individuals.
sociology
Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier, and thinks "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _______ cause.
stable
A _______ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.
stereotype
_______ threat is one's fear of being judge based on a negative stereotype about his or her group
stereotype
True or false: Happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others.
True
True or false: Infants as young as 3 to 6 months showed a preference for looking at faces that were rated as attractive by adults.
True
True or false: The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is.
True
True or false: Watching television shows or playing video games that value helping behavior enhances prosocial thoughts as well as helping behavior.
True
Which of the following is a circumstances where research would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?
When the person's attitudes changed recently
In the "smoke filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room with research participants. If the participant was _______, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was _______, he or she was likely either take much longer to get help, or not get help at all.
alone; with another bystander
In the field of social psychology, the term _______ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.
attitude
_______ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
attribution
The self-serving _______ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
bias
Researchers who take a _______ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.
biological
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
bystander effect
The elaboration likelihood model refers to communication that can take two routes: the peripheral route or the _______ route
central
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
change the attitude causing the dissonance and change the behavior causing the dissonance
Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?
cognitive dissonance
What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?
cognitive dissonance
Social _______ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.
comparison
The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as _______.
fundamental attribution error
When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?
fundamental attribution error
The genetic basis for aggression states that _______ are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression.
genes
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _______ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.
greater
_______ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.
heuristics
In so-called cultures of _______, a man's reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival. Such cultures may foster aggressive behavior.
honor
Positive _______ are views of oneself that are not deeply rooted in reality.
illusions
Social psychology emerged as a field:
in the years after the U.S Civil War
Resisting persuasion can be done by _______ people with a weak version of a persuasive message.
inoculating
Westerners tend to make _______ attributions about the behavior of others, whereas people from more collectivist cultures tend to make _______ attributions about the behavior of others.
internal; external
Women are more likely to help in the context of _______, whereas men are more likely to help in the context of _______.
interpersonal relationships or nurturing; situations of perceived danger
In a classic study examining cognitive dissonance, participants were asked to do a boring task and then were paid either $1 or $20 to tell others that the task was enjoyable. Which of the following accurately describes what the researchers found?
the participants who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20
Which of the following brain areas is positively associated with agreeableness?
the posterior cingulate cortex
Researchers told grade school teachers that a small number of students were likely to be 'late bloomers' during that academic year. Even though the students were actually randomly selected, the teachers' expectations were reflected in the students' performance. This is an illustration of:
the self-fulfilling prophesy
_______ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
the self-serving bias
What is the definition of social psychology?
the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
True or false: Social psychologist tend to use experimental methods more often than descriptive methods.
true
Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _______ cause.
uncontrollable
When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?
when a person has strong attitudes, when a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes and when a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes