experimental psy270 test 2

Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self-report methods?

"I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it."

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following?

Content validity

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following?

reactivity

Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? 1) "How often do you shop online?" 2) "Why did you choose your Facebook profile photo? 3) "When was the last time you tweeted/retweeted?" 4) "Have you ever sent a 'sext' (a sexually explicit message or photo)?"

4) "Have you ever sent a 'sext' (a sexually explicit message or photo)?"

A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a(n)

?

Which of the following is necessary for a sample to be considered representative?

All members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample.

What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"?

If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean?

If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%.

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? Question options:

It is a double-barreled question.

Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this question?

It is a leading question

Which of the following is true of sample size?

It primarily affects statistical validity.

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?

The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.

Why are techniques like cluster sampling and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling?

They all contain elements of random selection.

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following?

a measure of spirituality

Research articles that use terms such as unbiased sample, random samples, or representative sample allow for readers to

be confident in a study's external validity.

known-groups paradigm.

face validity.

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question?

how well it is worded

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following?

internal reliability

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots?

interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following?

observer effects

RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? Which of the questions above is an example of a forced-choice question?

question c

Dr. Paul is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting?

using scales with an even number of response options

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?

whether the participant drank coffee in the 24 hours prior to the study

Which of the following results in an unbiased sample?

systematic sample

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. If all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following?

relied on a cenus

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study bird owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique?

He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants.

In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask?

Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid?

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a

known-groups paradigm.

The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is

multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this?

to obtain evidence for criterion validity