Experimental Psych Exam 3

Carefully review the research matrix presented below. If this is a within subjects design, how many total participants will be used in the experiment? No Caffeine 8 Ounces 24 Ounces 10 participants 10 participants 10 participants

10

Janiszewski and Uy (2008) conducted an experiment in which they had 43 participants read 10 scenarios. In this study, the researchers wanted to determine the impact of the scenario type on the anchoring and adjusting of participants. Anchoring and adjustment occurs when people use a starting point (anchor) as a basis to make judgments about a given scenario (adjustment). How many levels are there for the independent variable in this study?

10

Look at the research matrix below without column headings. If you wanted to have 10 participants for each condition, how many participants would you need for a within subjects factorial design?Attractive AttractiveFemale MaleUnattractive UnattractiveFemale Male

10

Carefully review the research matrix presented below. If this is a within subjects design, how many total participants will be used in the experiment? Immaculate Appearance Neat Appearance Sloppy Appearance 15 participants 15 participants 15 participants

15

Desrumaux and colleagues conducted a study to determine how evaluating a job applicant varies by the applicant's gender and physical appearance. For the purposes of chapter 10, the authors of the textbook focused on two IVs. From the research matrix below, how many participants would be needed for a mixed subjects factorial design if you wanted to have 10 participants in each condition?Male MaleAttractive UnattractiveFemale FemaleAttractive Unattractive

20

Your friend Joe wants to know about the study on monitor size and reaction time described in question #10. Tell Joe how many groups it is possible that a particular participants would be exposed to given that the study was a within subjects design.

3 of 3 groups

Look at the research matrix below without column headings. What type of design does this research matrix represent?High hurry High hurryHelping relevant Task relevantIntermediate hurry Intermediate hurryHelping relevant Task relevantLow hurry Low hurryHelping relevant Task relevant

3X2

Jessica's exam scores for General Psychology were as follows: 95, 85, 70, and 90. Calculate the median for these scores.

87.5

Which of the following is not one of the three most common type of methodologies used in single case designs?

ABAB

Chapter 10 contains a figure listing the advantages and disadvantages of a between subjects design. Which of the following statements is true in regard to the figure?

Although there were many advantages listed in the figure, a between subjects design is not the best design for all research experiments. The between subjects design is the only design with many advantages.

Which of the following statements is true?

Both practical and statistical significance are of equal importance.

Recall the research conducted by Bartlett et al. (2005) on the influence of action figures on male body image. If Barlett exposed participants to the three conditions in the same manner and found that scores on the third condition always decreased, he might be concerned about _________.

Order Effects

Single subject designs are more commonly known as designs.

Single Case

Which of the following classic studies in psychology is not a single case design?

Stroop Effect

Which of the following statements below inaccurately describes alpha?

The lower the p-value, the more likely the obtained differences are due to chance.

Tom is an undergraduate psychology major. He is conducting his first experiment and wants to know when he should determine the alpha level. What would you recommend to Tom?

Tom, the alpha level should be set prior to the experiment.

Kathryn has completed a study and rejected the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis was in fact true. Kathryn has made a __________.

a type I error

Of the following terms, which term fits least well?

assumption that the null is false

Susan is conducting a within subjects design. Her independent variable has 2 levels that must occur 1 week apart. In the first session during the first week, Susan has 120 participants. However, a week later when the second session occurs, Susan only has 85 participants show for the study. What disadvantage to within subject designs is Susan encountering?

attrition

The A in AB designs stands for .

baseline assessment

The A and B in an AB methodology stands for and respectively.

baseline, follow-up

A recent study by Dommeyer (2008) examined what factors influence whether or not people respond to a mail survey. In other words, are there factors that can influence if a person responds to a survey that he or she received in the mail? Dommeyer wanted to know if the attractiveness of the researcher (attractive and not attractive) in a cover letter would influence if people responded to the mail survey. Dommeyer also wanted to know if the sex of the researcher (male or female) in the cover letter would influence if people responded to the mail survey. So, participants viewed 1 of 4 mail surveys. The first independent variable of attractiveness of the researcher was a __________ variable.

between

Catz and colleagues conducted an experiment with 207 individuals taking HIV medications. Participants were randomly assigned to read one of six vignettes. The vignettes varied by medical situation and physician prescription action. For medical situation, participants were randomly assigned to one of three levels. For physician prescription action, participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In this example, the variable of physician prescription is a __________ subjects variable.

between

Researchers Brescoll and Uhlmann (2008) wanted to know if men and women were judged the same for expressing similar emotions in the workplace. Participants in this experiment watched a video of a job candidate. The job candidates were being interviewed while sitting at a table. The job candidates were describing an incident in which they and a colleague lost an important account and how it made them feel. The first independent variable was sex of job candidate. Sex had two levels—male and female. The second independent variable was emotion displayed. Emotion displayed had two levels—anger and sadness. So, participants viewed one of four job candidates. Which statement below accurately describes this research design?

both the first and second IVs are between subjects

When the effects of a prior treatment condition influences subsequent treatment conditions, a researcher is faced with this disadvantage to a within subject design.

carry over effects

Tim developed a new psychological treatment for depression. He is using an ABA methodology for a single case design. If he has administered the independent variable and he does see positive results, what concern might Tim have in continuing to use an ABA methodology?

ethical concerns

__________ research designs have more than one independent variable.

factorial

Tamara has just finished collecting her data for her research methods final project. Her results indicate that there is not a statistically significant difference between the means of the groups. In this situation, Tamara should __________.

fail to reject the null hypothesis.

In a within subjects design, all participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable. A major concern to the participants going through all levels of the independent variable is becoming tired of participating in the study. What disadvantage is being described here?

fatigue

Which of the following is a category for not using ABA designs?

feasibility concerns

Wundt used to train individuals to become consciously aware of his/her inner thoughts/feelings.

introspection

Which of the following is an advantage of a within subjects design?

less statistical difference

During the late 1980s and the early 1990s the Pepsi Challenge was in full swing. During the challenge, participants were asked to taste cola from both Coke and Pepsi. Once they had tasted both drinks, the participants were asked to report which was better tasting. The results indicated that participants found Pepsi products to be better tasting. Which of the following is an advantage of this type of research design?

less statistical variance

Which type of single case design methodology involves researchers having a small number of participants that receive the independent variable at varying times?

multiple baseline

Which of the following is an advantage to a between subjects design?

multiple dependent variables

A __________ distribution is one in which most scores cluster in the center and few, but equal numbers, are on the extremes.

normal

Kuoch and Mirenda (2003) conducted a single case design in which they looked at the influences of a social story on the behavior of autistic children. The researchers would observe the participants in certain problem situations, recording their behavior. Then, the researchers would read the participants a story before a problem situation was presented. They would then record the number of behaviors exhibited by the participants in relation to the problem situation. Finally, the researchers removed the story and recorded the number of behaviors the next time the problem situation arose. What is the dependent variable in this study?

number of behaviors

When you have one independent variable with 3 or more levels, you would use a (n) ______ to analyze the results.

one way ANOVA

_________ occur when participants improve performance due to subsequent experiences on the same task.

practice effect

Farris et al. conducted a study to determine if men and women were equal in their ability to judge women's nonverbal cues. In this example, what was the IV?

sex of participants

Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted a classic study in psychology using a subject known as Little Albert. In that experiment, the researchers conditioned Little Albert to associate a white rabbit with being scared. What type of design was used by Watson and Rayner (1920)?

single subject design

Wundt's use of introspection by participants is an example of which type of design methodology?

single subject design

Which term below fits least well?

small group difference

The degree of spread among data surrounding the mean is known as .

statistical variance

What does the 3 stand for in a 3 X 2 design?

the levels of the first independent variable

What does the 2 stand for in a 3 X 2 design?

the levels of the second independent variable

Tamir et al. (2008) conducted a study to see what impact music has on participants playing computer games. The researchers had participants play computer games while listening to angry, exciting, and neutral music. The researchers then measured the participant's performance while listening to each type of music. What is the dependent variable in this study?

the performance on the computer games

Reasons for not using an ABA design usually fall into categories.

two

Single case designs have the same disadvantages as designs.

within subject

In Chapter 11 we discussed a study known as the Stroop effect. Stroop developed 3 types of stimuli for his study. Each type of stimuli presented a different task that participants had to complete. Stroop then measured the amount of time it took the participants to complete each task. This is an example of what type of design?

within subjects design