EXPH 4450 exam 4
Which of the following would increase muscle blood flow?
1. An increase in arterial pressure 2. An increase in arteriole radius in the muscle 3. A decrease in resistance in the blood vessels in the muscle
After training:
1. At any given intensity there would be less disruption of homeostasis and thus less drive to increase ventilation 2. At any given intensity ventilation would be lower (total lung capacity and vital capacity are, indeed, higher in elite endurance athletes, but training does not increase lung volumes or capacities)
Comparing the blood pressure of a healthy young subject response during isometric and aerobic exercise involving the legs, which of the following is/are true?
1. DBP would tend to increase during isometric exercise due to mechanical compression of blood vessels 2. The SBP would be higher during isometric than during aerobic exercise 3. MAP would tend to be higher during isometric exercise
Which of the following is/are true about autonomic control of heart rate (HR) during exercise?
1. During the transition from rest to exercise, much of the increase in HR would be associated with a decrease in acetylcholine acting on the SA Node 2. Most ofthe increase in HR up to about 100bpm would be associated with a decrease in vagus nerve activity 3. much of the increase in HR above 100 bpm would be associated with an increase in norepinephrine acting on the SA Node 4. much of the increase in HR above 100 bpm would be associated with an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 5. maximum heart rate would be lower if a subejct was given a beta blocker
While exercise training reduces cardiac risk, there is an increase in cardiac risk (risk of serious arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death) during and immediately following a bout of exercise. Which of the following is/are true about this?
1. Exercise training may reduce the risk of serious arrhythmias, in part, by increasing parasympathetic and decreasing sympathetic tone to the heart 2.During an acute bout of exercise there is greater risk of myocardial ischemia due to an increase in the heart's oxygen needs; this increases the liklihood of ventricular arrhythmias 3. during exercise there is a greater risk of ventricular arrhythmias, in part, due to changes in Na+/K+ balance 4. Immediately after exercise, a cessation of the muscle pump may reduce blood pressure; this may reduce coronary blood flow 5. If myocardial ishemia occurs during, or following, exercise, this might alter conduction velocity and depolarization 6. the elevation in circulating catecholamines enhances the possilbity of ventricular arrhythmmias during exercise
Which of the following is/are true about the possible role of the pulmonary system (PS) in limiting exercise performance?
1. MVV is greater than VEmax in most subjects; the PS is not limiting performance 2. Most subjects maintain SaO2 above 97% (even at maximal exercise); the PS does not limit performance 3. pO2 drops significantly during high int. exercise in up to 50% of elite endurance athletes; the PS may limit performance in these subjects 4. In cases where high intensity exercise causes respiratory muscle fatigue, the PS may limit exercise performance (question 99)
Blood pressure (BP) following exercise:
1. May remain low for several hours; this is called post-exercise hypotension 2. The BP changes following aerobic exercise because of histamine release during exercise, which increases systemic vascular conductance
There are notable changes in blood volume, erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, and hematocrit with exercise training; which of the following is/are true?
1. Plasma volume increases during training 2. Erythrocyte volume increases during training 3. Blood volume increases during training 4. in the early stage of training it is common to see a reduction in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration; this is sometimes called athletic anemia 5. Because of their extreme training elite athletes often have such a large increase in plasma volume that their hematocrit is lower than in untrained subjects 6. the increase in blood volume contributes to the enhanced venous return and stroke volume in trained subjects
TPR during exercise: which of the following is/are true?
1. Sympathetic NS would tend to cause an increase in TPR 2. local metabolic factors cause dilation and decrease TPR in active tissues 3. TPR would be lower during cycling than arm cranking
simple subtraction/addition problem with lung volumes and capacities: If your subject has a TLC of 5L, an IC of 2.5L, and an RV of 1 L, which of the following is/are true? (I recommend drawing a spirograph like the one in figure 10-9 of your text on p 223to help with your answer)
1. The ERV is 1.5L 2. The FRC is 2.5L 3. The VC is 4L
Which of the following is/are true about partial pressures of oxygen (PO2)?
1. The PO2 of the atmosphere at sea level is approximately 160 mmHg (760 x 21%O2) 2. Because fresh air (from atmosphere) mixes with air already in the lungs during inspiration, the PO2 in the alveoli is LOWER than the PO2 in the atmosphere 3. a common value for the PO2 of the blood leaving the systemic capillaries is around 40 mmHg
Which of the following is/are true about the heart's energy and and oxygen requirements?
1. The heart is such an aerobic organ that it is more likely to consume lactate as a fuel than to make lactate 2. The heart's oxygen demand can be estimated by the formula HR x SBP, which is called the Double Product or Rate Pressure Product 3. While the heart's oxygen needs increase substantially duirng exercise, there is a large reduction in the time for coronary blood flow during exercise because coronary flow occurs mostly during diastole 4. Increasaes in coronary blood flow are so important during exercise because the heart is usually already extracting so much of the oxygen delivered to it
During a graded exercise test, which of the following is/are true?
1. The increae in ventilation is proportional to increases in VO2 across low and moderate intensities, such that the ratio of one to the other is somewhat stable 2. The increase in ventilation beyond the ventilatory threshold is principally due to increases in respiratory rate 3. beyond the ventilatory threshold, VE and VCO2 increase at a faster rate than VO2, in order to help buffer the blood 4. in the transition from high to very high intensity VE eventually begins to increase at a faster rate than VCO2; this has been called the respiratory compensation point
Which of the following is/are true about VO2max and training?
1. The increase in VO2max in the 1st 4 months of training is associated especially with increases in max stroke volume (SV) 2. The increase in VO2max in the 1st 4 months of training is associated especially with increases in max stroke volume (SV) 3. the increase in maximal a-vO2difference with training is accomplished partly due to increased muscle capillarity 4. after 2.5 years of training the increase in max a-vO2 diff may be responsible for more of the VO2max increase than increases in max Q
Which of the following is/are true about the stroke volume response to aerobic exercises like cycling and running?
1. The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in EDV 2. The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in venous return 3. The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in the activity of the muscle pump
Understanding changes in intrapleural, intra-alveolar, and transmutation pressure are critical for understanding the respiratory cycle, which of the following is NOT true about these pressures?
1. The intra-alveolar pressure decreases during inspiration 2. The intrapleural pressure is always lower than the intra-alveolar pressure; except in the case of a pneumothorax 3. Before inspiration, the intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures are temporarily equal 4. When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls on the pleural sac, this increases the volume of the pleural sac, which decreases the intrapleural pressure
How would this figure be different during aerobic exercise? (Wigers)
1. The peak aortic and ventricular pressures would be higher (than the 120 indicated in the figure) during the ejection period 2. the duration of both systole and diastole would be shorter, but the duration of diastole would decrease more than the duration of systole 3. The end diastolic volume would be higher than the 130 recorded on this figgure 4. the end systolic volume might be a little lower than the 65 indicated on this figure 5. the ventricles would fill faster than indicated on this figure
Which of the following is NOT true about respiratory regulation during exercise?
1. The stimulus for the increase ventilation prior to the onset of exercise comes from cortical regions of the brain 2. The stimulus for the rapid increase in ventilation after the onset of exercise comes from the cortex and muscle receptors 3. arterial chemoreceptors & muscle chemoreceptors play a role in determining where VE levels off (during low & moderate intensity exercise) 4. a neural pathway e that could cause the increase in VE during exercise: cortex-hypothalamus-pre-Botzinger comp-ventral resp group-resp muscles
Not all of the air entering the lungs each minute participates in gas exchange; which of the following is/are true?
1. The term anatomic dead space refers to the volume of air in the airways 2. The alveolar ventilation provides a better indication of the amount of air participating in gas exchange than the pulmonary ventilation
If your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the following would be true?
1. Their Stroke Volume would be 100ml 2. Their Ejection Fraction would be 67% 3. Their Cardiac Output would be 10 L/min
The SA Node normally serves as the pacemaker of the heart. Which of the following is/are true about the electrical activity of these pacemaker cells
1. They begin to depolarize as soon as they repolarize 2. The pacemaker cells begin to depolarize, in part, due to sodium leaking in 3. Once the pacemaker cells start to depolarize, the permeability to calcium increases, causing further depolarization 4. The depolarization phase of their action potential is associated with an influx of calcium, not sodium like most other electrically excitable cells
Which of the following are NOT true about changes in stroke volume (SV) with endurance training?
1. Training increases maximal stroke volume 2. An increase in blood volume contributes to the increase in maximal stroke volume by increasing venous return and EDV 3. Endurance training increases left ventricular volume, which increases the maximal EDV and SV 4. Training may increase relaxation rate of ventricular muscle cells so that at any given heart rate there is more filling time
Which of the following is/are true?
1. acetylcholine has a negative chronotropic effect on the heart 2. acetylcholine binds with muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the heart 3. acetylcholine slows heart rate
which of the following would increase quadriceps blood flow?
1. an increase in femoral artery pressure 2. a decrease in femoral vein pressure 3. an increase in perfusion pressure 4. vasodilation in quadriceps arterioles
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis:
1. are two pulmonary diseases categorized as COPD 2. are associated with increased airway resistance\ 3. are associated with reduced flow rates
Which of the following is true?
1. cycle training may increase running VO2max a little bit, but not as much as it would increase cycling VO2max 2. cycle traning will not influence running lactate threshold becuase LT is determined by peripheral training adaptations & thus are specific to the activity (explination question 102.5)
What are true about the cardiac muscle cell action potential?
1. during phase Y, there would be an Ca2+ influx 2. during phase Z, there would be a K+ efflux
Regarding training principles, which of the following is true?
1. if some exercise causes an adaptation to training a greater intensity or duration may cause a greater adaptation to training 2. if you do not keep training, training adaptations will go away (question 100 has explination)
Calcium is critical for signalling contraction in all types of muscle. What is true about calcium regulation in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
1. in skeletal muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors 2. in cardiac muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors 3. in skeletal muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a voltage sensor 4. in cardiac muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a calcium channels 5. in skeletal muscle, essentially all of the calcium signalling contraction is from the SR, In cardiac muscle, some of the calcium comes from the SR and some from the ECF
The muscle pump:
1. increases venous return, which would be expected to increase EDV and SV 2. decreases venous pressure immediately after contraction, which increases muscle blood flow 3. can increase perfusion pressure during exercise even if arterial pressure stays the same
Which of the following is/are true about CO2 transport in the circulation
1. most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is in the form of bicarbonate 2. high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hypercapnia
The blood pressure (BP) response to isometric and resistance exercise is in some ways similar, but also at least a little different from the BP response to aerobic/dynamic exercise. Which of the following are true about these BP differences/similarities between dynamic and isometric/resistance exercise ?
1. systolic blood pressure increases in both resistance and aerobic exercise 2. in aerobic exercise DBP decreases due to vasodilation in the active muscles 3. in resistance exercise DBP increases due to increases in TPR 4. mean pressures tend to be higher during isometric exercise than during aerobic excercise
Which of the following is true about VO2max, genetics, and training?
1. the ability to increase VO2max with training is also heritable; genetics is responsible for almost 50% of the ability to increase VO2max 2. in the untrained state, genetic predispostion is about 50% responsible for determing VO2max 3. people who have traditionally been called "non-responders" may be able to increase VO2max if higher intensities are used 4. VO2max typically increases 10-20% with training
Which of the following is/are true about the bicarbonate buffering system?
1. the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the interconversion between CO2 + H2O and carbonic acid 2. in the tissues, CO2 and water form carbonic acid, which then forms H+ and HCO3- 3. Over 60% of CO2 transport from the tissues to the lungs is in the form of bicarbonate 4. in the lungs, where pCO2 is lower, the reaction favors the production of CO2 and H2O 5. when body fluids become acidic during intense exercise this system allows us to buffer the blood by blowing off extra CO2
Which of the following is/are NOT true regarding the endurance performance model?
1. the lactate threshold is an important determinant of what percentage of maximum a subject can maintain for prolonged periods of time 2. a runner with better running economy can run faster for a given VO2 3. VO2max reflects the highest aerobic rate of ATP production; it sets the upper limit for aerobic metabolic rate
Which of the following is/are true about neural control of respiration?
1. the pre-Botzinger complex typically serves as the rhythm generator and helps to initiate inspiration 2. the retrotrapezoid nucleus in the medulla is an important mediator of the increase in ventilation during exercise 3. sensory information from muscle and arterial chemoreceptors are sent to the nucleus tractus solitarius
Which of the following is/are NOT true about cardiac drift?
1. this term relates to the gradual increase in heart rate (HR) over time during a constant intensity exercise bout 2. HR must increase to maintain cardiac output (Q) as stroke volume (SV) decreases 3. an increase in HR may contribute to the decrease in SV 4. a loss of plasma volume contributes to the decrease in SV 5. an increase in cutaneous blood flow contributes to the decrease in SV 6. Cardiac drift is greater if the subject is dehydrated or exercising in a hot/humid environment
Which of the following is/are true about exercise training and VO2max?
1. we would expect high intensity training to increase VO2max more than moderate intensity exercise 2. we would expect long distance training to increase VO2max more than moderate duration trainnig 3. when considering the optimal training intensity & duration it is also important to consider the increase in risk of injury or cardiac events
The volume of blood in the ventricle would be decreasing:
1. when ventricular pressure is higher than the aortic pressure 2. when the aortic valve is open
If your subject's cardiac output was 7 liters per minute and their heart rate was 100 beats per minute and their end systolic volume was 60 milliliters, then their end diastolic volume would be how many milliliters?
130.0
Your subject is a 22 year old female who has a hemoglobin concentration of 14.1 g/100ml; which is a bit over the average for her age and gender, but still in the normal range. If her SaO2% was 98%, what would be her arterial oxygen content in vols%?
19.2
Given the data below for this subject, what is this subject's Functional Residual Capacity in L?Vital Capacity = 5LDead Space = 0.15LInspiratory Reserve Volume = 2.5LTidal Volume = 0.6LResidual Volume = 1.1LRespiratory Rate = 15 br/min
3.0
Given the data below for this subject, what is this subject's Alveolar Ventilation in L/min?Vital Capacity = 5LDead Space = 0.15LInspiratory Reserve Volume = 2.5LTidal Volume = 0.6LResidual Volume = 1.1LRespiratory Rate = 15 br/min
6.75
The highest human permanent settlement is at an altitude of over 16,500 feet (5,100m) at La Rinconada, Peru, where the the atmospheric pressure is 414 mmHg. What is the pO2 at La Rinconada in mmHg?
86.65
Given the data below for this subject, what is this subject's Ventilation in L/min?Vital Capacity = 5LDead Space = 0.15LInspiratory Reserve Volume = 2.5LTidal Volume = 0.6LResidual Volume = 1.1LRespiratory Rate = 15 br/min
9.0
If your subject's blood pressure was 112/82 then their mean arterial pressure would be ___.
92.0
Which of the following would NOT increase muscle blood flow?
A decrease in perfusion pressure
The ----------- is/are a part of the heart's electrical conduction system that causes a brief delay between atrial and ventricular depolarization. This is important because --------.
AV Node, it allows the ventricles to finish filling before they begin to contract
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the stroke volume (SV) response to exercise?
An increase in ESV during exercise would increase SV
While exercise training reduces cardiac risk, there is an increase in cardiac risk (risk of serious arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death) during and immediately following a bout of exercise. Which of the following is/are NOT true about this?
Atherosclerosis is the number one cause of sudden cardiac death during exercise in young subjects
If your subject's blood pressure was 132/78 then
Current guidelines (after Nov 2017) would classify this person as having hypertension
Which of the following is/are true about the heart rate (HR) response to exercise?
HR at 100 Watts would be higher during arm crank than during cycling exercise
Not all of the air entering the lungs each minute participates in gas exchange; which of the following is/are NOT true?
If your goal was to increase gas exchange, it would be more effective to increase respiratory rate than to increase tidal volume
Flow-Volume Loop X was recorded from subject X, who has normal lung function. Loop Y was recorded from subject Y, who has a pulmonary disease. Which of the following is/are NOT true? (question 87)
Subject Y appears to have a restrictive pulmonary disease
Which of the following is/are NOT true about partial pressures of oxygen (PO2)?
The PO2 of the blood in the pulmonary vein is usually higher than the blood in the systemic arteries
Comparing the blood pressure of a healthy young subject response during isometric and aerobic exercise involving the legs, which of the following is/are NOT true?
The Pulse Pressures would tend to be higher during isometric exercise
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the heart's energy and and oxygen requirements?
The heart's oxygen demand increases approximately 2-fold between rest and maximal exercise in young, healthy subjects
Which of the following is/are NOT true about VO2max and training?
The increase in VO2max with training is due partly due to an approximately 5% increase in maximal heart rate
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the stroke volume response to aerobic exercises like cycling and running?
The increase in stroke volume during exercise is due, in part to increases in ESV
During a graded exercise test, which of the following is/are NOT true?
The increase in ventilation in the transition from rest to low intensity exercise is mostly accomplished by increasing respiratory rate
In class we discussed a study that looked at the blood pressure response to heavy resistance exercise among elite power lifters. Which of the following were NOT among its findings?
The increases in blood pressure were partly due to sympathetically-mediated constriction of arterioles in the active muscles
There are notable changes in blood volume, erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, and hematocrit with exercise training; which of the following is/are NOT true?
The initial increase in blood volume with training is associated mostly with an increases in erythrocyte volume
True or False? After considering complications, the optimal training regimen for increasing VO2max is 60-80% of VO2max for 20-30 minutes, 3-4 days/wk
True
which of the following would NOT be expected to increase a-vO2 difference during an exercise bout?
a decrease in pulmonary capillary pO2
The pulmonary response to constant intensity exercise includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a very slow and gradual rise in ventilation after the start of exercise
Which of the following respiratory muscles are correctly matched with the phase or respiration?
abdominal muscles: expiration
Which of the following is NOT true about VO2max, genetics, and training?
an untrained subject is likely to experience smaller gains in VO2max than someone who has been endurance training for years
The drive for the cardiovascular control centers in the medulla to make cardiovascular (CV) responses to exercise (increase HR, MAP, etc) comes from multiple loctions except for the following:
arterial chemoreceptors which detect a decrease in pO2 in the arterial blood at the onset of exercise, this helps to initiate the CV drive at the onset of exercise
The sympathetic nervous system can cause constriction of arteries & arterioles, and also of veins. In all cases, constriction would tend to increase blood pressure, but constriction in these different parts of the circulation increase blood pressure by different mechanisms. Constriction of ---------- would increase total peripheral resistance which would increase mean arterial pressure.
arterioles
Which of the following is/are true about changes in total peripheral resistance during exercise?
during aerobic exericse local factors in the active muscles cause vasodilation and decrease resistance even though the sympathetic nervous system is trying to cause vasoconstriction (this is called sympatholysis)
Myoglobin
even at a somewhat low tissue pO2 of 40mmHg, myoglobin would be more saturated than hemoglobin
After aerobic exercise sustained vasodilation in the active muscle may be due to secretion of __________from Mast Cells; this may contribute to post exercise hypotension
histamine
Which of the following is/are NOT true about arterial gas partial pressures?
if arterial pO2 dropped from 100 to 80 mmHg we would expect this to cause a significant increase in ventilation
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the blood pressure response to exercise?
in young healthy subjects during large muscle mass aerobic exercises (like cylcing) we would expect diastolic blood pressure to increase
During a graded exercise test, RER:
it may exceed 1 at very high intensities because of the need to buffer the blood
Which of the following is/are true about a-vO2 difference and its response to exercise?
it usually increases during exercise mostly due to decreases in venous oxygen content
Which of the following is/are NOT true about a-vO2 difference and its response to exercise?
it usually increases during exercise mostly due to increases in arterial oxygen content
In class I described an experiment where a blood pressure cuff could be inflated during or at the end of forearm exercise and that this would slow the recovery of heart rate and blood pressure after exercise. This type of experiment has been used to study the role of the -----reflex in regulating the cardiovascular response to exercise. This reflex is initiated by group III and IV afferents in the active muscle and they send signals about the metabolic status of the muscle, which is important for the perception of effort, and also helps to match the metabolic demands of the activity with the cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to exercise.
muscle pressor
On an EKG, the T wave represents the _
repolarization of the ventricles
Regarding training principles, which of the following is NOT true?
running at a comfortable pace for 30 minutes most days is likely to accumulate more performance-benefiting adaptations to training the longer the subjectdo this
During an ACUTE BOUT of exercise, which of the following would NOT be expected to increase EDV and SV?
two of the above
The sympathetic nervous system can cause constriction of arteries & arterioles, and also of veins. In all cases, constriction would tend to increase blood pressure, but constriction in these different parts of the circulation increase blood pressure by different mechanisms. Constriction of -------------- would be expected to increase venous return, which would increase end diastolic volume, which would increase stroke volume, which would increase cardiac output, which would increase mean arterial pressure.
veins
The activity of the respiratory (or abdominal thoracic) pump would increase ---------- ---------, which would increase end diastolic volume, which would increase stroke volume, which would increase cardiac output.
venous return
