Exploring Business Ch 10,11,12

injunction

A court order directing someone to do something or to refrain from doing something

job enrichment

A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself.

job description

A summary of the objectives of a job, the type of work to be done, the responsibilities and duties, the working conditions, and the relationship of the job to other functions.

yellow dog contract

A type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of employment not to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932.

Training and Development

All attempts to improve productivity by increasing an employee's ability to perform. Training focuses on short-term skills, whereas development focuses on long-term abilities.

Lockout

An attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business

performance appraisal

An evaluation that measures employee performance against established standards in order to make decisions about promotions, compensation, training or termination.

American Federation of Labor

An organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues; founded in 1886.

agency shop agreement

Clause in a labor-management agreement that says employers may hire nonunion workers; employees are not required to join the union but must pay a union fee.

reverse discrimination

Discrimination against whites or males in hiring or promoting.

Affirmative Action

Employment activities designed to "right past wrongs" by increasing opportunities for minorities and women.

hygiene factors

In Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased.

Motivators

In Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction.

Management by Objectives (MBO)

Peter Drucker's system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees.

extrinsic rewards

Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions.

time and motion studies

Studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task.

orientation

The activity that introduces new employees to the organization; to fellow employees; to their immediate supervisors; and to the policies, practices, and objectives of the firm.

Arbitration

The agreement to bring in an impartial third party (a single arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators) to render a binding decision in a labor dispute.

Networking

The process of establishing and maintaining contacts with key managers in and outside the organization and using those contacts to weave strong relationships that serve as informal development systems.

management development

The process of training and educating employees to become good managers and then monitoring the progress of their managerial skills over time.

recruitment

The set of activities used to obtain a sufficient number of the right employees at the right time.

principal of motion economy

Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions.

vestibule training

Training done in classrooms where employees are taught on equipment similar to that used on the job

apprentice programs

Training programs involving a period during which a learner works alongside an experienced employee to master the skills and procedures of a craft.

Expectancy Theory

Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome

strike breakers

Workers hired to do the work of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved; called scabs by unions.

contingent workers

Workers who do not have the expectation of regular, full-time employment.

grievance

a charge by employees that management is not abiding by the terms of the negotiated labor-management agreement

job enlargement

a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment

job rotation

a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another

Job Analysis

a study of what employees do who hold various job titles

strike

a union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work; the purpose is to further workers' objectives after an impasse in collective bargaining

Job specifications

a written summary of the minimum qualifications required of workers to do a particular job

open shop agreement

agreement in right-to-work states that gives workers the option to join or not join a union, if one exists in their workplace

negotiated labor-management agreement (labor contract)

agreement that sets the tone and clarifies the terms under which management and labor agree to function over a period of time

job sharing

an arrangement whereby two part-time employees share one full-time job

secondary boycott

an attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm that is the subject of a primary boycott; prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act

Union

an employee organization whose main goal is representing its members in employee-management negotiation of job-related issues

mentor

an experienced employee who supervises, coaches, and guides lower-level employees by introducing them to the right people and generally being their organizational sponsor

craft union

an organization of skilled specialists in a particular craft or trade

Fringe benefits

benefits such as sick-leave pay, vacation pay, pension plans, and health plans that represent additional compensation beyond base wages

union shop agreement

clause in a labor-management agreement that says workers do not have to be members of a union to be hired, but must agree to join the union within a prescribed period

closed shop agreement

clause in a labor-management agreement that specified workers had to be members of a union before being hired (was outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947)

Certification

formal process whereby a union is recognized by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) as the bargaining agent for a group of employees

cafeteria-style fringe benefits

fringe benefits plan that allows employees to choose the benefits they want up to a certain dollar amount

core time

in a flextime plan, the period when all employees are expected to be at their job stations

industrial union

labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining

right-to-work laws

legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop, to join or not join a union if it is present

union security clause

provision in a negotiated labor-management agreement that stipulates that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues to the union

Scientific Management

studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques

Knights of Labor

the first national labor union; formed in 1869

Equity Theory

the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions

Goal Setting Theory

the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions

intrinsic rewards

the personal satisfaction and enjoyment felt after attaining a goal

Decertification

the process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them

Human Resource Management (HRM)

the process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivating, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals

Selection

the process of gathering information about job applicants to decide who should be offered a job

collective bargaining

the process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management agreement, or contract, for workers

bargaining zone

the range of options between the initial and final offer that each party will consider before negotiations dissolve or reach an impasse

Hawthorne effect

the tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied

Mediation

the use of a third party, called a mediator, who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute

job simulation

the use of equipment that duplicates job conditions and tasks so trainees can learn skills before attempting them on the job

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs

online training

training programs in which employees complete classes via the internet

Off-the-job training

training that occurs away from the workplace and consists of internal or external programs to develop any of a variety of skills or to foster personal development

On-the-job training

training that takes place in the work setting as employees perform their job tasks

shop stewards

union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests on a daily basis

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955

sexual harassment

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature

primary boycott

when a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy the products of a firm involved in a labor dispute

cooling-off period

when workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations

compressed workweek

work schedule that allows an employee to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days

flextime plan

work schedule that gives employees some freedom to choose when to work, as long as they work the required number of hours or complete their assigned tasks