EXS 261- First Aid, CPR and AED Final Exam
Child
1 year of age to puberty.
Infant
1 month to 1 year of age.
Primary Survey- Finding the problem
1. Make sure the scene is safe. 2. Check for responsiveness-tap/shout 3. Is person is unresponsive-Yell for help Call 911 or have another person call 911 and have them get the first aid kit and AED or you get it if you are alone. 1-3 should take about 10 seconds to do. Check breathing-watch respirations-watch chest rise and fall every 5-10 seconds.
Difference Between Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest- Heart Attack
A heart attack is a "clot" problem. It's occurs when a clot blocks blood flow.
Heart Attack
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked by a clot. Typically, during a heart attack, the heart confuses to pump blood. A person having a heart attack may have discomfort or pain in the chest. There may be an uncomfortable feeling in one or both arms, the neck, the jaw, or the back between the shoulder blades. The longer the person with a heart attack does without treatment, the greater the possible damage to the heart muscle. Occasionally, the damaged heart muscles triggers an abnormal rhythm that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest.
Gasps- Agonal Gasps
A person in cardiac arrest will not be breathing normally or only gasping. Agonal gasps are frequently present in the first minutes after sudden caradic arrest. If a person is gasping, it usually looks like he is drawing air in very quickly. He may open his mouth and move his jaw, head, or neck. The gasp may sound like a snort, snore, or groan. These gasps may appear forceful or weak. Sometime may pass between gasps because they often happen at a slow rate. Gasping is not regular breathing or normal breathing. It is a sign or cardiac arrest in someone who is unresponsive.
Mild vs Severe Allergic Reactions- Mild Allergic Reaction
A stuffy nose, sneezing, and itching around the eyes. Itching of the skin Raised, red rash on the skin (hives)
Key Steps of First Aid
Access the scene. Phone for help. Take Universal precautions. Find the problem. Protect the person's privacy.
Adult
Adolescent (after the onset of puberty) and older.
1.When you are providing first aid, you should A. Wear PPE B. Only wear PPE if the person is someone you do not know C. Not be concerned about PPE if you wash your hands D. Use Cloth gloves to protect your hands
Answer: A. Wear PPE
5. When assessing the scene, you should consider which of the following (circle all that apply) A. Danger to yourself and others B. How many people are injured or ill C. Where the location is D. Where the nearest telephone is
Answer: All- A. Danger to yourself and others B. How many people are injured or ill C. Where the location is D. Where the nearest telephone is
3. After giving first aid at your workplace, you A. Can talk about what happened with anyone you want B. Cannot discuss anything with coworkers; you must keep private things private C. Can speak to a reporter about the incident D. Can discuss the incident with your immediate coworkers only
Answer: B. Cannot discuss anything with coworkers; you must keep private things private
2. When you phone for help, you should stay on the line with dispatcher until A. People with more advanced training arrive B. The dispatcher tells you it's OK to hang up
Answer: B. The dispatcher tells you it's OK to hang up.
4. You should wash your hands for at least A. 10 seconds B. 15 seconds C. 20 seconds D. 3 minutes
Answer: C. 20 seconds
6. You should replace any supplies you use from the first aid kit. Ture? or False?
Answer: True
When to Phone for Help
As a general rule, you should phone 9-1-1 and ask for help whenever someone is seriously ill or injured or you are not sure what to do in an emergency. Some examples of when you should phone 9-1-1 are if the ill or injured person: Doesn't respond to voice or touch Has chest discomfort, signaling possible heart attack Has signs of a stroke Has a problem breathing Has a severe injury or burn Has severe bleeding Has a seizure Suddenly can't move a part of the body Has received an electric shock Has been exposed to poison
Asthma
Asthma is a disease of the air passengers. A person who is having an asthma attack will have trouble breathing.
Find the Problem
Before you give first aid, you must assess the ill or injured person to find out what the problem is. Check to see if the person is responsive or unresponsive. If the person is unresponsive, check for breathing. If the person is breathing and doesn't need immediate first aid, look for any obvious signs of injury, such as bleeding broken bones, burns, or bites. Look for any medical information jewelry. This tells you if the person had a serious medical condition. Follow the actions outlined in the "Actions for Finding the Problem" section.
Secondary Survey
Check injuries: obvious signs or injury-bleeding-broken bones-(Should take about 10 seconds)-bites-bruises- Medical jewelry/Medical tattoos.
Heart Attack
Clot problem, 1-2 aspirin(s), compressions, AED
Signs of a Heart Attack-Discomfort in other areas of the body
Discomfort also may appear in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
Epinephrine Pen for a Severe Allergic Reaction
Epinephrine is a drug that can stop a severe allergic reaction. It is available by prescription in self-injectable pen device called an epinephrine pen. There are 2 types of epinephrine pens--spring active and electronic.
Access the Scene
First, make sure the scene is safe. Be aware of any danger for you, the ill or injured person, and anyone else nearby. Continue to assess the scene while you provide first aid to be aware of anything that might change and make it unsafe. You can't help others if you are injured yourself.
How to use an Epinephrine Pen
Follow the instructions on the pen. Make sure you are holding the pen in your fist without touching either end because the needle comes out of one end. You may give the injection through clothes or on bare skin. Take off the safety cap Press the tip of the injector hard against the side of the person's thigh, about halfway between the hip and the knee. Hold the pen in place for about 10 seconds. Pull the pen straight out, making sure you don't put your fingers over the end that has been pressed against the person's thigh. Either the person getting the injection or the person giving the injection spot for about 10 seconds. Note the time of the injection n. Give the pen to the emergency responders for proper disposal. Call 9-1-1 if the person doesn't get better or if there is a delay greater than 10 minutes for advanced help to drive. Consider giving a second dose, if available.
Protect the Person's Privacy
Give all information about an ill or injured person to EMS rescuers. If you are in your workplace, also give this information to your company's emergency response program supervisor. You may need to fill out a report for your company. If an emergency happens in your workplace, you must not share this information with other coworkers. Keep private things private.
Actions for Removing Protective Gloves
Grip one glove on the outside near the cuff, and peel it down until it comes off inside out. Cup it with your pther gloves hand. Place 2 fingers of your bare hand inside the cuff of the glove that is still on your other hand. Peel that gloves off so that it comes off inside out with the first gloce inside it. If blood or blood-containing material is on the gloves, dispose of the gloves properly. Put the gloves in a biohazard waste bag. If you do not have a biohazard waste bag, put the gloves in a plastic bag that can be sealed before you dispose of it. Wash your hands well. You should always wash your hands after removing gloves, just in case some blood or body fluids came in contact with your hands.
Blood born pathogens
HIV, Hepatitis B and C.
Heart Attack
If someone has signs of a possible heart attack, you must act and phone 9-1-1 right away--even if the person doesn't want you to. Tell them you are first aid certified and ask them if you can help. The first minutes of a heart attack are the most important. That's when a person is likely to get worse or eve die. Many of the treatments for heart attack will be most successful is they are given quickly. heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world.
Who Should Phone for Help
If you are- Alone- Then you should- Shout for help. If no one answers and the person need immediate care and you have a cell phone, phone 9-1-1 and put the phone on speaker mode. The dispatcher will provide further instruction, such as how to give first aid, give CPR, or use an AED.
Who Should Phone for Help
If you are- With others- Then you should- Stay with the ill or injured person and be prepared to give first aif or CPR if you know how. Send someone elese to phone 9-1-1 and get the first aid kit and AED kit if avaiable. Have the person put the phone on speaker mode so that yo can receive further instruction from the dispatcher.
Using Waterless Hand Sanitizer
If you can't wash your hands right away use waterless hand sanitizer. Rub your hands together so that the sanitizer covers the tops and bottoms of both hands and all fingers. Then, let the sanitizer air dry. As soon as you can, wash your hands with soap and water.
Good Samaritan Laws
If you have any questions about whether or not it's legal to provide someone first aid, you should know that all states have Good Samaritan laws. These protect anyone who provides first aid, but they differ from state to state.
Phone 9-1-1
In an emergency, use the most readily avaliable phone to phone 9-1-1 or the emergency responce number for your area, if it is different. This may be your cell phone or the cell phone of someone who comes to help.
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
It is a lightweight, portable device that can detect an abnormal cardiac rhythm requiring treatment with a shock. An AED can deliver a shock to convert the rhythm back to normal.
EPI Pen use with children
It is okay for children if they can not keep the EPI in for 10 seconds to keep it in for 3 seconds.
Maintaining the First Aid Kit
It's important that the first aid kit contains the supplies you'll need for most common emergencies. Be sure to restock it after an emergency.
Maintaining the First Aid Kit part 2
Keep the supplies in a sturdy, watertight container that is clearly labeled. Know where the first aid kit is. Replace what you use so that the kit will be ready for the next emergency. Check the kit at the beginning of each work period for expired supplies and to make sure it is complete and ready for an emergency.
Acting for helping someone with breathing problems
Make sure the scene is safe. Ask the person if he needs help. If he does, ask if he has medicine. If he has medicine, get it for him. Then, assemble and help him use the inhaler. Phone 9-1-1 if The person had no medicine The person does not get better after using his medicine The person's breathing gets worse The person has trouble speaking The person becomes unresponsive Stay with the person until someone with more advanced training arrives and takes over.
Actions for Finding the Problem-If the person is unresponsive
Make sure the scene is safe. Check to see if the person responds. Approach the person, tap him, and shout. "Are you OK? Are you OK?" If the person is unresponsive: Shout for help and phone 9-1-1. Phone or send someone to phone 9-1-1 and get a first aid kit and AED. If you are alone and have a cell phone, put it on speaker mode and phone 9-1-1. Go get the first aid kit and AED yourself. If the person is unresponsive: Check for breathing. If the person is breathing normally, stay with him until advanced help arrives. Check for injuries and medical information jewelry. If the person is not breathing normally or only gasping, begin CPR and use an AED. If the person is unresponsive: Stay with the person until advanced help arrives.
Actions for Finding the Problem-If the person is responsive
Make sure the scene is safe. Check to see if the person responds. Approach the person, tap him, and shout. "Are you OK? Are you OK?" If the person is responsive: Ask what the problem is. If the person is responsive: If the person only moves, moans, or groans, shout for help. Phone or send someone to phone 9-1-1 and get the first aid kit and AED. If the person is responsive: Check for breathing. If the person is breathing and doesn't need immediate first aid, look for any obvious signs of injury, such as bleeding, broken bones, burns, or bites. Look for any medical information jewelry. This tells you if the person has a serious medical condition. If the person is unresponsive: Shout for help and phone 9-1-1. Phone or send someone to phone 9-1-1 and get a first aid kit and AED. If you are alone and have a cell phone, put it on speaker mode and phone 9-1-1. Go get the first aid kit and AED yourself. If the person is unresponsive: Check for breathing. If the person is breathing normally, stay with him until advanced help arrives. Check for injuries and medical information jewelry. If the person is not breathing normally or only gasping, begin CPR and use an AED. If the person is unresponsive: Stay with the person until advanced help arrives.
Signs of a Heart Attack-Chest discomfort
Most heart attack involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain.
Take Universal Precautions
Once you have assessed scene safety, there are universal precautions you should take. These precautions are called universal because you should treat all blood and other body fluids as if they contain germs that can cause diseases.
Signs of a Heart Attack-Other signs
Other signs of a heart attack are shortness of breath (with or without chest discomfort), breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea, or light-headedness.
Phone for Help
Phoning 9-1-1 activates the EMS network of responders. Make sure you know the nearest loctation of a phone to use in an emergency. Often, the first aid kit and AED are stored at the same location as the emergency phone.
Questions for Assessing the Scene- Help
Question- "Are others around to help?" Explanation- "If so, have someone phone 9-1-1. If no one else is near, phone for help yourself."
Questions for Assessing the Scene- Danger
Question- "Is there danger for you or the ill or injured person?" Explanation- "Move an injured person only if he is in danger or if you need to move him to safely provide first aid or CPR."
Questions for Assessing the Scene- Where
Question- "Where are you?" Explanation- "You'll need to tell others how to get to you -- in particular, the 9-1-1 dispatcher. If there are other bystanders at the scene, send one of them to meet the emergency responders and lead them to the scene.
Questions for Assessing the Scene- Who
Question- "Who is ill or injured?" Explanation- "Can you tell how many people are hurt and what happened?"
Actions for Exposure to Blood
Remove your gloves if you are wearing them. Immediately wash your hands and rinse the contact area with soap and lots of water for 20 seconds. Rinse your eyes, your nose, or the inside of your mouth with plenty of water if body fluid splattered in any of these areas. Contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible.
Allergic Reactions
Some things that can cause a severe allergic reaction are: Eggs Peanuts Chocolate Some medications Insect bites and stings, especially bee stings.
Unresponsive
Someone who does not move, speak, blink, or otherwise react is unresponsive. (is not breathing) If someone is unresponsive, you will check to see if the person needs CPR.
Responsive
Someone who is responsive will move, speak, blink, or otherwise react to you when you tap him and ask it he's OK. (is breathing)
Difference Between Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest-Sudden cardiac arrest
Sudden cardiac arrest is a "rhythm" problem. It occurs when the heart malfunctions and stops beating unexpectedly.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Sudden cardiac arrest results from an abnormal heart rhythm. This abnormal rhythm causes the heart to quiver so that it can no longer pump blood to the brain, lungs, and other organs. Within seconds, the person becomes unresponsive and is not breathing or is only gasping. Death occurs within minutes if the victim does not receive immediate lifesaving treatment.
(A) Compression
The act of pushing hard and fast on the chest. When you push on the chest, you pump blood to the brain anf heart. To give CPR, you provide sets of 30 compressions and 2 breaths.
First Aid
The immediate care that you give a person with an illness to injury before rescuers with more advanced training arrive and take over.
Actions for Assembling and Using an Inhaler
To assemble the inhaler: First, shake the medicine. Put the medicine canister into the mouthpiece. Remove the cap from the mouthpiece. Attach a speaker if there is one available and if you know how. To help someone use an inhaler, ask him to do the following: Tilt his head back slightly and breathe out slowly. Place the inhaler or spacer and breathe out slowly. Push down on the medicine canister. Breathe in very deeply and slowly. Hold his breath for about 10 seconds. Then, breathe out slowly.
Treating patient based on their age
Treat anyone who has signs of puberty as an adult. If you are in doubt about whether somone is an adult or a child, provide emeergency care as if the person is an adult.
Mild vs Severe Allergic Reactions- Severe Allergic Reaction
Trouble breathing Swelling of the tongue and face Signs of shock
Actions for Universal Precautions
Wear PPE whenever necessary Wear protective gloves whenever you give first aid. Wear eye protection if the ill or injured person is bleeding. Place all disposable equipment that has touched blood or body fluids containing blood in a biohazard waste bag or as required by your workplace. To dispose of the biohazard waste bag, follow your company's plan for disposing of hazardous waste. After properly removing your gloves, wash your hands well with soap and lots of water for 20 seconds.
Actions for Washing Hands Well
Wet your hands with clean running water (warm if available) and apply soap. Rub hands together and scrub all surfaces of hands and fingers over for at least 20 seconds. Rinse hands with lots of running water. Dry your hands using a paper towel or air dryer. If possible, use your paper towel to turn off the faucet.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
When a person's heart stops suddenly, providing CPR can double or even triple the chances of survival. CPR is made of 2 skills: Providing compressions Giving breaths
Use Caution When Moving and Ill or Injured Person
When giving first aid, you might wonder, "Should I move an ill or injured person?" The answer is generally no. This is especially important if you suspect that the person may have a pelvic or spinal injury. However, there are times when the person should be moved, such as the following: If the area is unsafe for you or the ill or injured person, move to a safe location. If a person is unresponsive and breathing normally, you may roll the person onto his side, By rolling the person onto his side, you may help keep his airway open in case he vomits. One way to move someone is to drag the person by his clothes. Place your hands on the person's shoulders, grab his clothes, and pull him to safety. If the victim has to be moved grab by their clothes up near their shoulder and drag them flat. Normally we do not want to move the victim unless we have to.
Asking to Give First Aid
When you come upon an ill or injured person and the person responds introduce yourself as a first aid provider before you touch the person. Ask if you may help. If the person agrees, give first aid. If the person refuses, phone 9-1-1 and stay with him until help arrives. If the person is confused or can't answer, assume the person wants help.
Follow the Dispatcher's Instructions
When you're on the phone with the dispatcher, don't hang up until the dispatcher tells you to. Answering the dispatcher's questions won't delay arrival of help. Always be aware of your surroundings--knowing the address of your location will helo emergency responders reach you more quickly.
Signs of Breathing Problems
You can tell if someone is having trouble breathing if the person Is breathing very fast or very slowly Is having g trouble with every breath Has noisy breathing-you hear a sound or a whistle as the air enters or leaves the lungs Can only make sounds or speak more than a few words at a time in between breaths although the person is trying to say more
Your (My) Role in the EMS System
Your (my) role as a first aid rescuer is to: Recognize that an emergency exists Make sure the scene is safe for you and the ill or injured person Phone 9-1-1 Provide care until someone with more advanced training arrive and takes over
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Your first aid kit includes PPE, such as eye protection and medical gloves. While you are giving first aid, these help keep you safe from blood and body fluids, such as saliva and urine. The first aid kit also contains a mask for giving breaths in case you need to give CPR.
