EXSC 493 Exam 4
Oxidative enzyme activities in endurance-trained older adults are ______% lower than in young, trained athletes.
10 to 15
VO2max decreases in normally active older individuals by about ______% per decade after age 20 to 25.
10%
Aerobic capacity peaks between _______ and ______ years of age in girls.
12,15
Peak rates of growth in body weight occur at age _______ in girls and ______ in boys.
12.5, 14.5
Using the currently accepted equation, a 70-year-old man might realistically have a maximal heart rate of ________ beats per minute.
160
Four to six months of aerobic training in older populations can restore to values seen _______ years earlier.
20
Bone mineral density peaks around the ages of
25 to 35 years
Muscle mass in childhood is about ______% of body weight and increases with age until it peaks around ______% of body weight in young men.
25, 45
The rate of muscle protein synthesis is about ______% lower in 60- to 80-year-olds compared to 20-year-olds.
30
An isolated short-term high-impact exercise program in childhood leads to increases in bone mineral density that can persist for up to
4 years
Recommendations for children include _____ minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day.
60
Voluntary activity of rats decreases by about ______% over their life span.
75
Which of these bioenergetic systems is relatively unchanged from childhood to adulthood?
ATP-PCr
Why is the prevalence of eating disorders often underestimated?
Athletes often lie about eating habits.
As children grow into adolescence and then adulthood, why does maximal oxygen uptake increase?
Cardiorespiratory capacities increase.
Which of these statements about menopause is true?
Exercise can help manage some symptoms of menopause.
Age-related losses in strength are a nuisance but do not pose a health risk.
False
Because children are smaller than adults, running economy is often better in children.
False
Both endurance training and strength training stimulate increases in muscle mass in older populations.
False
Children secrete more sweat per sweat gland than adults, helping children dissipate heat more easily through evaporation.
False
Competition during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle consistently leads to better performance and more record setting.
False
Cycling is the only sport in which performance improves with age
False
Estrogen leads to slower, prolonged bone growth.
False
In children, stroke volume is higher while heart rate is slower during a bout of endurance exercise, meaning that cardiac output values in children are similar to those in adults.
False
Maximal oxygen uptake cannot be improved with aerobic training in older populations.
False
Maximal oxygen uptake is a clear, unequivocal indicator of aerobic capacity in children
False
Peak height velocity occurs between ages 15 and 17 for both boys and girls.
False
Resistance training is dangerous to proper bone and muscle development in children.
False
Testosterone leads to faster closure of the growth plate in long bones.
False
There are significant overall sex differences in how men and women respond to chronic exercise training.
False
Women and men have similar maximal oxygen uptake values.
False
Women and men have similar maximal stroke volumes but different maximal heart rates.
False
Which statement is most accurate about the effects of exercise on health and longevity in humans?
Life span may not significantly increase with exercise, but quality of later life does.
Why do adolescent girls have lower maximal ventilatory volumes compared to adolescent boys?
Lung volumes are related to body size.
What is the postulated connection between delayed menarche and sport?
Naturally late-developing girls may be selectively drawn to sports.
What effects does exercise training have on thermoregulation in the heat in older individuals?
Skin blood flow is increased.
[Short Answer] Absolute VO2max is lower in children than in adults who have similar levels of training. Why? Explain why this difference is minimalized when relative is used, and discuss why children's performance is far inferior to that of an adult.
The reason absolute VO2max is lower in children than in similarly trained adults is because of their lower cardiac output. However, when VO2max relative to body weight is used, values become normalized and the difference in the groups is minimalized, showing little to no difference in aerobic capacity, because differences in body size are accounted for. Also, a child's performance is far inferior to that of an adult for the following reasons: ongoing myelination from immature neuromuscular development, lower cardiac output from developing cardiorespiratory system, lower metabolic function limited by amount of muscle mass, lower glycolytic capacity of muscle, hypoglycemic at onset of exercise, and poor economy of effort from undeveloped skill.
A greater percentage of women's total muscle mass (vs. men's) is located in the lower body.
True
Additional voluntary exertion as we age is an unusual pattern of behavior.
True
Aerobic training can help improve both evaporative and convective heat loss in older populations.
True
Age is accompanied by a decrease in stature.
True
Amenorrhea or anorexia nervosa can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.
True
In resistance training programs, older men may exhibit greater strength gains than older women.
True
Many of the concerns related to exercising during pregnancy are still unresolved, so an exercise program should be undertaken only after consultation with an obstetrician.
True
Maximal heart rate and stroke volume both decline with age.
True
Muscle mass starts to decrease around age 40.
True
Muscle strength increases with age in part because of neurological maturity.
True
Muscles lengthen as children grow by adding more sarcomeres to myofibrils.
True
Neural adaptations to strength training may play a role in strength gains in the elderly.
True
Physical activity is necessary for the development of motor ability.
True
Puberty is an important marker of the shift from childhood to adolescence
True
The health benefits of exercise in older populations outweigh the potential dangers of exercise-related injury.
True
With aerobic training in children, VO2max undergoes little or no change.
True
Women have lower lung volumes compared to men because they have smaller lungs.
True
Young female gymnasts would be at high risk for developing eating disorders.
True
What precaution should older athletes take when exercising in the cold?
Wear more layers to compensate for lower heat production.
Which of the following statements about sex differences in muscle fibers is false?
Women have more lower-body fiber hypertrophy than men do.
Which expression of lactate threshold may be more useful when dealing with exercise limitations in older populations?
absolute
Why does maximal heart rate decrease with age?
adrenergic receptor desensitization
Lower VO2max values in women are largely attributed to: lower cardiac output lower hemoglobin concentrations lower oxidative potential all of these
all of these
Which of these groups of women most likely has the lowest bone density?
amenorrheic untrained
The peak rates of growth in height and weight occur
at the same time
The best form of exercise for increasing bone mineral density in children is
basketball
Hormone replacement during menopause increase the risk of
blood clot
In women, strength gains from resistance training are a result of
both muscle hypertrophy and neural adaptations
Other than physically supporting the body, bone serves an important function as a(n)
calcium reservoir
At a given absolute submaximal aerobic intensity, _______________ will be similar between men and women.
cardiac output
Maximal oxygen uptake improves with aerobic training due to _____________ adaptations in young exercisers and _______________ adaptations in older exercisers.
central, peripheral
With aging, which type of strength loss is greatest?
concentric
Maximal stroke volume is reduced in older hearts because of all of these factors EXCEPT
conducting deficiencies at the SA node
Which of these heat loss avenues are most affected by age?
convection, evaporation
An amenorrheic athlete would most likely be found on the ____________ team.
cross country
With both resistance and aerobic training, children exhibit a(n) ______________ in fat mass and a(n) ________________ in fat-free mass.
decrease, increase
Which of the following factors contributes to chronic weight loss associated with advanced aging?
decreased appetite
Which of these risks does not increase as a result of taking hormone replacement therapy?
diabetes
Amenorrheic athletes are more likely to also exhibit
disordered eating
Why is skeletal muscle vasodilation improved after habitual exercise in older individuals?
enhanced endothelial function
How do skeletal muscle arterioles in older individuals compensate for reduced blood flow during exercise?
enhanced muscle oxygen extraction
Motor ability in girls plateaus after puberty because of all of the following factors EXCEPT
enhanced testosterone production
Anaerobic capacity is lower in children than in adults for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
faster lactate accumulation
Which fuel substrate do children rely on more during aerobic exercise?
fat
From childhood to adulthood, increases in muscle mass (even in the absence of a training program) are primarily due to
fiber hypertrophy
Resistance to fatigue is _________ in women compared to men.
greater
Endurance training in older adults results in all of the following EXCEPT
greater fat-free mass
Which of these cardiovascular variables is higher during a single bout of submaximal exercise in children (compared to adults)?
heart rate
Why does stroke volume increase from childhood through adolescence to adulthood?
heart size increases
Exercise training may affect all of the following aspects of growth and maturation EXCEPT
height
The state of a child or adolescent's maturity can be defined by all of these except
height
Which of these is NOT a contributing factor to the development of osteoporosis?
high estrogen concentrations
Why is the arterial-venous oxygen difference during a single bout of exercise higher in children than in adults?
higher muscle blood flow
Why are children at higher risk for excessive convective heat transfer?
higher surface-area-to-mass ratio
Aerobic training in children leads to improved running performance primarily because of
improved running economy
Anaerobic training in children leads to increased anaerobic capacity due to all of the following EXCEPT
increased calcium availability
The clinical recommendation for treatment of the female athlete triad is
increased caloric intake
With exercise during pregnancy, increased fetal heart rate is most likely a sign of
increased maternal and fetal catecholamines
Although the mechanisms by which aerobic training leads to enhanced aerobic performance in adolescents are still unclear, it is likely that ________________ may play a role.
increased maximal stroke volume
Age-related decrements in muscle strength can lead to all of the following EXCEPT
increased risk for diabetes
From ages 14 to 20 in boys, fat-free mass _______________ and fat mass _______________.
increases greatly, increases slightly
Fat deposits increase through childhood and adolescence due to
increases in size and number of fat cells
Starting around the onset of puberty, the strength per kilogram body mass in boys ________________ and strength per kilogram body mass in girls _______________.
increases, plateaus
With aging, running performance declines
independent of race distance
Women have greater fat deposition on their hips and thighs due to local increased activity of
lipoprotein lipase
Which type of study design reveals more information about the aging process?
longitudinal
Which time sequence of causes and consequences of the female athlete triad is correct?
low energy availability, secondary amenorrhea, low bone mass
Which of these is the most critical factor that predisposes older women to osteoporosis?
low estrogen levels later in life
Although exceptions can and do exist, generally women have ________ VO2max values compared to men.
lower
During maximal exercise, cardiac output in women is __________ than in men.
lower
The reduced ability of aging exercisers to adapt to exercise in the heat is largely due to
lower aerobic capacity
Which of these cardiovascular changes is the primary cause of age-related decrements in VO2max
lower maximal heart rate
Compared to adults, children have
lower peripheral resistance
Children are at an increased risk of heat-related injuries because of
lower sweat rate
Stroke volume in women is ___________ than in men due to ________________.
lower, smaller heart size
Men on average are taller than women because adolescent boys' bones grow
more slowly for a longer period of time
High levels of muscle strength, power, and skill are not possible in children until ________________ occurs.
nerve myelination
Resistance training leads to strength gains in children through which mechanism?
neural mechanisms
When lower body strength is expressed relative to fat-free mass, women are ________ than men.
no different
The presence of irregular or inconsistent menstrual cycles is known as
oligomenorrhea
VO2max in older individuals is primarily limited by
oxygen transport to muscles
Primary aging leads to a shift in body composition from the________ of the body and toward the ____________.
peripheral, center
From ages 14 to 20 in girls, fat-free mass ______________ and fat mass _______________.
plateaus, increases
Which of these factors is the best predictor of menstrual dysfunction in female athletes?
prolonged energy deficit
With exercise during pregnancy, fetal hypoxia would be the result of
reduced blood flow to the uterus
Reductions in maximal aerobic capacity with aging are due to
reduced cardiac output
Loss of strength in aging is primarily a function of
reduced cross-sectional area of the muscle
Even though vital capacity decreases with age, why is total lung capacity unchanged?
residual volume increases
In older populations, a beneficial change in body composition will most likely result from
resistance training
Even after intense training in both male and female elite athletes, which event will likely exhibit the most noticeable sex-specific difference in performance?
shot put
Resistance training in older populations leads to all of the following EXCEPT
significant transformation from type I fibers to type II fibers
At submaximal intensities, cardiac output in women is ______ compared to men at the same intensity.
similar
In general, women have ________ lactate thresholds (expressed as % VO2max ) compared to men.
similar
Muscle fiber hypertrophy and gains in strength are generally ______ in women when compared to men.
similar
In which type of resistance exercise would the weight lifted by women come closest to matching the weight lifted by men (regardless of training status)?
squats
What causes the decrease in pulmonary function with age?
stiffening of the lungs and chest wall
Which category of sport is NOT at high risk for eating disorders?
team sports
The magnitude of change in body composition after exercise training is most closely related to
total energy expenditure
Recommendations from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) support mild to moderate exercise three or more days a week for pregnant women.
true
Type I muscle fibers may become more prevalent with aging for all of these reasons except
type I fiber hypertrophy
Muscle mass gain via strength training in older individuals is dependent on
type and volume of training
The demographic group at highest risk for eating disorders is
young female athletes
