EXSC 493 Exam 4

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Oxidative enzyme activities in endurance-trained older adults are ______% lower than in young, trained athletes.

10 to 15

VO2max decreases in normally active older individuals by about ______% per decade after age 20 to 25.

10%

Aerobic capacity peaks between _______ and ______ years of age in girls.

12,15

Peak rates of growth in body weight occur at age _______ in girls and ______ in boys.

12.5, 14.5

Using the currently accepted equation, a 70-year-old man might realistically have a maximal heart rate of ________ beats per minute.

160

Four to six months of aerobic training in older populations can restore to values seen _______ years earlier.

20

Bone mineral density peaks around the ages of

25 to 35 years

Muscle mass in childhood is about ______% of body weight and increases with age until it peaks around ______% of body weight in young men.

25, 45

The rate of muscle protein synthesis is about ______% lower in 60- to 80-year-olds compared to 20-year-olds.

30

An isolated short-term high-impact exercise program in childhood leads to increases in bone mineral density that can persist for up to

4 years

Recommendations for children include _____ minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day.

60

Voluntary activity of rats decreases by about ______% over their life span.

75

Which of these bioenergetic systems is relatively unchanged from childhood to adulthood?

ATP-PCr

Why is the prevalence of eating disorders often underestimated?

Athletes often lie about eating habits.

As children grow into adolescence and then adulthood, why does maximal oxygen uptake increase?

Cardiorespiratory capacities increase.

Which of these statements about menopause is true?

Exercise can help manage some symptoms of menopause.

Age-related losses in strength are a nuisance but do not pose a health risk.

False

Because children are smaller than adults, running economy is often better in children.

False

Both endurance training and strength training stimulate increases in muscle mass in older populations.

False

Children secrete more sweat per sweat gland than adults, helping children dissipate heat more easily through evaporation.

False

Competition during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle consistently leads to better performance and more record setting.

False

Cycling is the only sport in which performance improves with age

False

Estrogen leads to slower, prolonged bone growth.

False

In children, stroke volume is higher while heart rate is slower during a bout of endurance exercise, meaning that cardiac output values in children are similar to those in adults.

False

Maximal oxygen uptake cannot be improved with aerobic training in older populations.

False

Maximal oxygen uptake is a clear, unequivocal indicator of aerobic capacity in children

False

Peak height velocity occurs between ages 15 and 17 for both boys and girls.

False

Resistance training is dangerous to proper bone and muscle development in children.

False

Testosterone leads to faster closure of the growth plate in long bones.

False

There are significant overall sex differences in how men and women respond to chronic exercise training.

False

Women and men have similar maximal oxygen uptake values.

False

Women and men have similar maximal stroke volumes but different maximal heart rates.

False

Which statement is most accurate about the effects of exercise on health and longevity in humans?

Life span may not significantly increase with exercise, but quality of later life does.

Why do adolescent girls have lower maximal ventilatory volumes compared to adolescent boys?

Lung volumes are related to body size.

What is the postulated connection between delayed menarche and sport?

Naturally late-developing girls may be selectively drawn to sports.

What effects does exercise training have on thermoregulation in the heat in older individuals?

Skin blood flow is increased.

[Short Answer] Absolute VO2max is lower in children than in adults who have similar levels of training. Why? Explain why this difference is minimalized when relative is used, and discuss why children's performance is far inferior to that of an adult.

The reason absolute VO2max is lower in children than in similarly trained adults is because of their lower cardiac output. However, when VO2max relative to body weight is used, values become normalized and the difference in the groups is minimalized, showing little to no difference in aerobic capacity, because differences in body size are accounted for. Also, a child's performance is far inferior to that of an adult for the following reasons: ongoing myelination from immature neuromuscular development, lower cardiac output from developing cardiorespiratory system, lower metabolic function limited by amount of muscle mass, lower glycolytic capacity of muscle, hypoglycemic at onset of exercise, and poor economy of effort from undeveloped skill.

A greater percentage of women's total muscle mass (vs. men's) is located in the lower body.

True

Additional voluntary exertion as we age is an unusual pattern of behavior.

True

Aerobic training can help improve both evaporative and convective heat loss in older populations.

True

Age is accompanied by a decrease in stature.

True

Amenorrhea or anorexia nervosa can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

True

In resistance training programs, older men may exhibit greater strength gains than older women.

True

Many of the concerns related to exercising during pregnancy are still unresolved, so an exercise program should be undertaken only after consultation with an obstetrician.

True

Maximal heart rate and stroke volume both decline with age.

True

Muscle mass starts to decrease around age 40.

True

Muscle strength increases with age in part because of neurological maturity.

True

Muscles lengthen as children grow by adding more sarcomeres to myofibrils.

True

Neural adaptations to strength training may play a role in strength gains in the elderly.

True

Physical activity is necessary for the development of motor ability.

True

Puberty is an important marker of the shift from childhood to adolescence

True

The health benefits of exercise in older populations outweigh the potential dangers of exercise-related injury.

True

With aerobic training in children, VO2max undergoes little or no change.

True

Women have lower lung volumes compared to men because they have smaller lungs.

True

Young female gymnasts would be at high risk for developing eating disorders.

True

What precaution should older athletes take when exercising in the cold?

Wear more layers to compensate for lower heat production.

Which of the following statements about sex differences in muscle fibers is false?

Women have more lower-body fiber hypertrophy than men do.

Which expression of lactate threshold may be more useful when dealing with exercise limitations in older populations?

absolute

Why does maximal heart rate decrease with age?

adrenergic receptor desensitization

Lower VO2max values in women are largely attributed to: lower cardiac output lower hemoglobin concentrations lower oxidative potential all of these

all of these

Which of these groups of women most likely has the lowest bone density?

amenorrheic untrained

The peak rates of growth in height and weight occur

at the same time

The best form of exercise for increasing bone mineral density in children is

basketball

Hormone replacement during menopause increase the risk of

blood clot

In women, strength gains from resistance training are a result of

both muscle hypertrophy and neural adaptations

Other than physically supporting the body, bone serves an important function as a(n)

calcium reservoir

At a given absolute submaximal aerobic intensity, _______________ will be similar between men and women.

cardiac output

Maximal oxygen uptake improves with aerobic training due to _____________ adaptations in young exercisers and _______________ adaptations in older exercisers.

central, peripheral

With aging, which type of strength loss is greatest?

concentric

Maximal stroke volume is reduced in older hearts because of all of these factors EXCEPT

conducting deficiencies at the SA node

Which of these heat loss avenues are most affected by age?

convection, evaporation

An amenorrheic athlete would most likely be found on the ____________ team.

cross country

With both resistance and aerobic training, children exhibit a(n) ______________ in fat mass and a(n) ________________ in fat-free mass.

decrease, increase

Which of the following factors contributes to chronic weight loss associated with advanced aging?

decreased appetite

Which of these risks does not increase as a result of taking hormone replacement therapy?

diabetes

Amenorrheic athletes are more likely to also exhibit

disordered eating

Why is skeletal muscle vasodilation improved after habitual exercise in older individuals?

enhanced endothelial function

How do skeletal muscle arterioles in older individuals compensate for reduced blood flow during exercise?

enhanced muscle oxygen extraction

Motor ability in girls plateaus after puberty because of all of the following factors EXCEPT

enhanced testosterone production

Anaerobic capacity is lower in children than in adults for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

faster lactate accumulation

Which fuel substrate do children rely on more during aerobic exercise?

fat

From childhood to adulthood, increases in muscle mass (even in the absence of a training program) are primarily due to

fiber hypertrophy

Resistance to fatigue is _________ in women compared to men.

greater

Endurance training in older adults results in all of the following EXCEPT

greater fat-free mass

Which of these cardiovascular variables is higher during a single bout of submaximal exercise in children (compared to adults)?

heart rate

Why does stroke volume increase from childhood through adolescence to adulthood?

heart size increases

Exercise training may affect all of the following aspects of growth and maturation EXCEPT

height

The state of a child or adolescent's maturity can be defined by all of these except

height

Which of these is NOT a contributing factor to the development of osteoporosis?

high estrogen concentrations

Why is the arterial-venous oxygen difference during a single bout of exercise higher in children than in adults?

higher muscle blood flow

Why are children at higher risk for excessive convective heat transfer?

higher surface-area-to-mass ratio

Aerobic training in children leads to improved running performance primarily because of

improved running economy

Anaerobic training in children leads to increased anaerobic capacity due to all of the following EXCEPT

increased calcium availability

The clinical recommendation for treatment of the female athlete triad is

increased caloric intake

With exercise during pregnancy, increased fetal heart rate is most likely a sign of

increased maternal and fetal catecholamines

Although the mechanisms by which aerobic training leads to enhanced aerobic performance in adolescents are still unclear, it is likely that ________________ may play a role.

increased maximal stroke volume

Age-related decrements in muscle strength can lead to all of the following EXCEPT

increased risk for diabetes

From ages 14 to 20 in boys, fat-free mass _______________ and fat mass _______________.

increases greatly, increases slightly

Fat deposits increase through childhood and adolescence due to

increases in size and number of fat cells

Starting around the onset of puberty, the strength per kilogram body mass in boys ________________ and strength per kilogram body mass in girls _______________.

increases, plateaus

With aging, running performance declines

independent of race distance

Women have greater fat deposition on their hips and thighs due to local increased activity of

lipoprotein lipase

Which type of study design reveals more information about the aging process?

longitudinal

Which time sequence of causes and consequences of the female athlete triad is correct?

low energy availability, secondary amenorrhea, low bone mass

Which of these is the most critical factor that predisposes older women to osteoporosis?

low estrogen levels later in life

Although exceptions can and do exist, generally women have ________ VO2max values compared to men.

lower

During maximal exercise, cardiac output in women is __________ than in men.

lower

The reduced ability of aging exercisers to adapt to exercise in the heat is largely due to

lower aerobic capacity

Which of these cardiovascular changes is the primary cause of age-related decrements in VO2max

lower maximal heart rate

Compared to adults, children have

lower peripheral resistance

Children are at an increased risk of heat-related injuries because of

lower sweat rate

Stroke volume in women is ___________ than in men due to ________________.

lower, smaller heart size

Men on average are taller than women because adolescent boys' bones grow

more slowly for a longer period of time

High levels of muscle strength, power, and skill are not possible in children until ________________ occurs.

nerve myelination

Resistance training leads to strength gains in children through which mechanism?

neural mechanisms

When lower body strength is expressed relative to fat-free mass, women are ________ than men.

no different

The presence of irregular or inconsistent menstrual cycles is known as

oligomenorrhea

VO2max in older individuals is primarily limited by

oxygen transport to muscles

Primary aging leads to a shift in body composition from the________ of the body and toward the ____________.

peripheral, center

From ages 14 to 20 in girls, fat-free mass ______________ and fat mass _______________.

plateaus, increases

Which of these factors is the best predictor of menstrual dysfunction in female athletes?

prolonged energy deficit

With exercise during pregnancy, fetal hypoxia would be the result of

reduced blood flow to the uterus

Reductions in maximal aerobic capacity with aging are due to

reduced cardiac output

Loss of strength in aging is primarily a function of

reduced cross-sectional area of the muscle

Even though vital capacity decreases with age, why is total lung capacity unchanged?

residual volume increases

In older populations, a beneficial change in body composition will most likely result from

resistance training

Even after intense training in both male and female elite athletes, which event will likely exhibit the most noticeable sex-specific difference in performance?

shot put

Resistance training in older populations leads to all of the following EXCEPT

significant transformation from type I fibers to type II fibers

At submaximal intensities, cardiac output in women is ______ compared to men at the same intensity.

similar

In general, women have ________ lactate thresholds (expressed as % VO2max ) compared to men.

similar

Muscle fiber hypertrophy and gains in strength are generally ______ in women when compared to men.

similar

In which type of resistance exercise would the weight lifted by women come closest to matching the weight lifted by men (regardless of training status)?

squats

What causes the decrease in pulmonary function with age?

stiffening of the lungs and chest wall

Which category of sport is NOT at high risk for eating disorders?

team sports

The magnitude of change in body composition after exercise training is most closely related to

total energy expenditure

Recommendations from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) support mild to moderate exercise three or more days a week for pregnant women.

true

Type I muscle fibers may become more prevalent with aging for all of these reasons except

type I fiber hypertrophy

Muscle mass gain via strength training in older individuals is dependent on

type and volume of training

The demographic group at highest risk for eating disorders is

young female athletes


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