F and M

What is the purpose of community-based participatory research? a. Allows scientists to freely enter communities for research purposes b. Gives lay community members the opportunity to do their own research c. Creates co-learning and shared research between scientists and lay community members d. Is strictly a survey methodology intended to use community data at the national level

Creates co-learning and shared research between scientists and lay community members

Many student research projects fail because of unrealistic planning a. True b. False

True

Which of the following styles is most often used in social sciences and nursing? a. APA b. Vancouver c. Chicago d. AMA

a. APA

Which of the following threats to internal validity is temporal? a. Attrition b. Testing c. Instrumentation d. Sampling

a. Attrition

Which of the following tests hypotheses using nominal (categorical) data? a. Chi square b. T-Test c. Means comparisons d. Correlation

a. Chi square

What is the key to meta-analysis? a. Conversion of different reported statistics to a common value b. Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is actually true c. Using nonparametric procedures to replace parametric procedures d. Comparing the results of multiple studies using their original raw data

a. Conversion of different reported statistics to a common value

Which type of statistics is used to present demographic data? a. Descriptive b. Inferential c. Rasch d. Combined Multivariate

a. Descriptive

Which of the following is a merit indicator when stating a research question? a. Feasibility b. Political Correctness c. Curiosity d. Structured

a. Feasibility

What are the three principles outlined in the Belmont Report in 1979? a. Justice, Beneficence, and Autonomy b. Entitlement, Progress, and Rigor c. Honesty, Integrity, and Meaning d. Service, Support, and Selectivity

a. Justice, Beneficence, and Autonomy

What types of research is most controlled? a. Laboratory b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Applied

a. Laboratory

Which of the following is generally considered "secondary source"? a. Newspapers b. Journal articles c. Conference presentations d. Dissertations

a. Newspapers

Which of the following best describes an un-randomized study design with a single treatment following by a single observation? a. One-shot case study b. Posttest only control group c. Pretest-posttest d. Counterbalanced

a. One-shot case study

What phase of research establishes the toxicity of an investigational medication? a. Phase I b. Phase II c. Phase III d. Phase IV

a. Phase I

Which of the following paradigms best fits quantitative research? a. Positivism b. Interpretivism c. Constructivism d. Criticalism

a. Positivism

Which of the following databases contains dissertations and theses? a. Proquest b. Medline c. Google Books d. Web Science

a. Proquest

What type of design is typically used on concurrent cohort studies? a. Prospective b. Retrospective c. Mixed d. Phenomenological

a. Prospective

11. What type of research generates new theory? a. Pure b. Experimental c. Clinical d. Applied

a. Pure

Which type of systematic review is designed to generate theory? a. Qualitative b. Scoping c. Traditional d. Integrative

a. Qualitative

Which of the following types of systematic reviews is the most broad? a. Scoping b. Review of Reviews c. Integrative d. Qualitative

a. Scoping

Which of the following is the most frequently using statistic to report variability? a. Standard deviation b. Square root c. Interquartile range d. Complete range

a. Standard deviation

Which of the following represents the classic Likert scale? a. Strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree b. Check all that apply c. Rate the items using 1=Preferred, 2=Acceptable, 3=Not Preferred d. Rank the items in order of importance from 1 to 10

a. Strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree

Who oversees and manages adverse events that occur to study participants? a. The principal investigator b. The study coordinator c. The clinical study monitor d. The appropriately trained medical technician

a. The principal investigator

A systematic review is a study of studies. a. True b. False

a. True

Community priorities often trump researcher priorities in CBPR. a. True b. False

a. True

Primary comparisons in tables should be presented horizontally, not vertically. a. True b. False

a. True

The choice of a "null" hypothesis influences the approach to the problem as well as the statistical analysis of the data collected. a. True b. False

a. True

The principle investigator typically inactivated the study by providing a final status report to the Institutional Review Board (IRB). a. True b. False

a. True

The research problem is defined by what is known and what is now knowns. a. True b. False

a. True

In which of the following is statistical significance more likely to be found? a. When using a one-tailed test b. When the differences in two means are small c. When sample sizes are small d. When variances are large

a. When using a one-tailed test

How far back do most clinical reviews source their information? a. 2 years b. 5 years c. 10 years d. 15 years

b. 5 years

Which of the following is an example of an implication? a. A measured difference between study groups b. A call to replicate the study c. Explanation of problems during the study d. An author revealed bias

b. A call to replicate the study

Which of the following activities would be considered action-oriented community diagnosis AOCD? a. Researchers drive around the community and take photographs b. A member of the community takes researchers on a tour to collect field notes c. A group of community members meet with a researcher for a roundtable interview at the local library d. Community members are trained to ask questions to each other concerning the research topic

b. A member of the community takes researchers on a tour to collect field notes

Which of the following is used when comparing the results of two groups? a. Histogram b. Bar chart c. Line graph d. Bubble chart

b. Bar chart

Which of the following applied to an expedited ERB review? a. Conducted by the full board in a rapid manner b. Conducted by the IRB chairperson alone c. Used for research that is considered of immediate importance to human health d. Used when the research only includes psychiatric measurements and no physical interventions

b. Conducted by the IRB chairperson alone

What is the paradigm associated with community-based participatory research? a. Positivism b. Constructivism c. Deconstructivism d. Pragmatism

b. Constructivism

What type of research includes qualitative measures? a. Laboratory b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Applied

b. Descriptive

What type of research includes trend analysis? a. Laboratory b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Applied

b. Descriptive

Which of the following scenarios violates FDA regulations? a. Having someone other than the principle investigator obtain informed consent from study participants b. Drawing lab work on patients to see if they qualify for the study prior to obtaining consent c. Paying study participants at the time of the baseline visit d. Having someone other than a registered nurse dispensing study medication

b. Drawing lab work on patients to see if they qualify for the study prior to obtaining consent

What is the main goal of the institutional review board approval (IRB)? a. Assists the research with the design of the study b. Ensures the protection of the study participants c. Reviews the final study report for grammatical errors d. Sends members to investigate possible fraudulent study activities

b. Ensures the protection of the study participants

What type of validity is threatened by choosing participants from a small subgroup of the overall population? a. Internal b. External

b. External

A written informed consent form must be obtained for all human subjects involved in a research study regulated by the IRB. a. True b. False

b. False

All research performed in the clinical setting including quality improvement projects requires institutional review board approval (IRB). a. True b. False

b. False

Authors should present an apologetic tone when describing limitations of study design weaknesses. a. True b. False

b. False

Health care professionals do not need to know research terminology. a. True b. False

b. False

Hotelling's T squared can be used when more than one variable is compared between three or more groups. a. True b. False

b. False

Posters are not generally considered legitimate forms of academic scholarship. a. True b. False

b. False

Releasing study records to the corporate sponsor of a clinical research study is a violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1096 (HIPAA). a. True b. False

b. False

Replicated studies are typically less valuable than the original. a. True b. False

b. False

The only adverse events included in study documentation are those deemed to be caused by the investigational product or device. a. True b. False

b. False

The results section of a research report typically includes the researchers conclusions about the meaning of the findings. a. True b. False

b. False

When collecting demographic data asking for the same data, such as salary, in multiple and different ways is a technique used to improve the accuracy of responses. a. True b. False

b. False

Where should the author present subjective thoughts and insights resulting from the study? a. In implications b. In discussion c. In limitations d. In recommendations

b. In discussion

Which of the following tests should be used to compare two independent groups using one categorical independent variable and one continuous dependent variable? a. Paired t-test b. Independent samples t-test c. One-way ANOVA d. Chi square

b. Independent samples t-test

What is meant by the term "emic" perspective? a. Outsider b. Insider c. Shared d. Universal

b. Insider

How is an Institutional Review Board (IRB) formed? a. The Department of Health and Human Services certified individuals who serve at each institution b. Local individuals with varying expertise are selected from inside and outside of the institution c. The Vice President for Research selects on the most qualified scientists available within the institution d. The Board in created from community volunteers with no affiliation with the institution to maintain objectivity

b. Local individuals with varying expertise are selected from inside and outside of the institution

Which of the following is the best measure of central tendency when evaluating ordinal data? a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. None

b. Median

Which of the following activities is used to enhance credibility in a qualitative study? a. Audit trails b. Member-checking c. Thick description d. Thematic summaries

b. Member-checking

Which of the following terms is used when the plagiarist intertwines ideas with the original author's words? a. Direct plagiarism b. Mosaic c. Paraphrase d. Insufficient acknowledgement

b. Mosaic

What is the meaning of the acronym PICO? a. Patient, Integration, Consultation, Orders b. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes c. Problem, Information, Conclusions, Outliers d. Proposal, Interests, Criteria, Objectives

b. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes

Which order is most appropriate in systematic research? a. Objectives, Questions, Problem Statement, Purpose b. Problem Statement, Questions, Aims, Objectives c. Questions, Objectives, Aims, Problem Statement d. Aims, Objectives, Problem Statement, Questions

b. Problem Statement, Questions, Aims, Objectives

What is the two P rule of interrater reliability? a. Pause and Proceed b. Protocol and Practice c. Principal Participation d. Persistence and Patience

b. Protocol and Practice

Which type of error is produced when an investigator encounters unanticipated wide variability in the data? a. Systematic b. Random c. Interpretive d. Instrumental

b. Random

What is the name for the process when experts critique research articles before publication? a. Monitored b. Refereed c. Canted d. Sourced

b. Refereed

What is the best approach to use when searching medical databases? a. List and combine as many terms as possible in the initial keyword search b. Search each term separately and then combine them with Boolean operators c. Copy and paste the entire abstract from a relevant sentinel source into the search box d. Search each index field separately

b. Search each term separately and then combine them with Boolean operators

Which of the following lists inventories the investigator's capabilities? a. First ordered b. Second ordered c. Third ordered d. Fourth ordered

b. Second ordered

Which is examined if there is a significant interaction found using factorial ANOVA? a. Separate effects b. Simple main effects c. No effects d. All effects

b. Simple main effects

Which of the following organizations promote and compile systematic reviews? a. The Lewis Group b. The Cochrane Collaborative c. The Society for Quality in Research d. Weber Shadrick and Associates

b. The Cochrane Collaborative

What is the purpose of the conclusion subsection? a. To allow the author to present a personal opinion about the study results b. To contrast and compare the results with prior literature c. To explore the meaning of the research results d. To allow the author to state reservations about the study's findings

b. To contrast and compare the results with prior literature

Which of the following requires nonparametric analysis? a. Normally distributed data b. Unequal variances c. Ratio scaled data d. Interval scaled data

b. Unequal variances

Which reference style complies with the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals? a. APA b. Vancouver c. Chicago d. AMA

b. Vancouver

When should the research site report serious adverse events to the study sponsor institutional review board? a. Within an hour b. Within 24 hours c. Within a week d. As indicated in the protocol

b. Within 24 hours

When using the line graph, where should the dependent variable be plotted? a. X axis b. Y axis c. Z axis d. One the line

b. Y axis

Which of the following is an example of a study modification that does not require IRB approval once the study has been initiated? a. Enrolling four additional subjects as participants because some initial participants dropped out in the middle of the study b. An impromptu change in the statistical analysis because of a new software program has been developed c. A change in the delivery method of a study medication to eliminate an immediate hazard to study subjects d. A change in the recruitment posters for the study

c. A change in the delivery method of a study medication to eliminate an immediate hazard to study subjects

Which of the following must be reported immediately to the IRB? a. A study subject is involved in an automobile accident and is in critical condition b. A study subject complains that the cost of travel to the study site is excessive and demands reimbursement not approved by the IRB c. A laptop computer with study data goes missing d. A member of the study team is fired for insubordination

c. A laptop computer with study data goes missing

What type of research evaluates therapeutic results? a. Pure b. Experimental c. Clinical d. Applied

c. Clinical

Which of the following reviews may contain a case series? a. Systematic review b. Meta review c. Clinical review d. Peer review

c. Clinical review

Which of the following terms used by qualitative researchers is somewhat analogous to the term internal validity used by quantitative researchers? a. Confirmability b. Dependability c. Credibility d. Transferability

c. Credibility

What type of research includes random assignment as a means of controlling extraneous variables? a. Laboratory b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Applied

c. Experimental

Which of the following test should be used when more than two groups are categorized using more than one independent variable? a. Paired t-test b. One-way ANOVA c. Factorial ANOVA d. Hotelling's T squared

c. Factorial ANOVA

Which of the following conditions is most important when generating a research question? a. Universality b. Uniqueness c. Measurability d. Acceptability

c. Measurability

Which part of a systematic review is optional? a. Appraisal of published studies b. Defined protocol for the search c. Meta-analysis d. Written report of findings

c. Meta-analysis

How is the qualitative researcher's role best described? a. Interventionist b. Detached c. Participatory d. Objective

c. Participatory

Which test is used to compare the results of multiple related groups? a. Chi-square b. Wilcoxon matched pairs c. Repeated measures ANOVA d. Standard multiple linear regression

c. Repeated measures ANOVA

Which of the following statements about CBPR interviewing is true? a. Structured interviews are the best way to ensure truth-telling b. Self-administered questionnaires are used first and then followed by interviews when necessary c. The measurement method is agreed upon through partnership d. Community members always do the interviewing of other community members

c. The measurement method is agreed upon through partnership

What is the purpose of including stakeholders in the systematic review process? a. To ensure rigorous research standards are met b. To obtain expert knowledge on the topic reviewed c. To increase the chance for wide-reaching effect d. To reduce the workload by distributing the effort

c. To increase the chance for wide-reaching effect

What style is this? Bloomer RJ, Falva MJ, Schilling BK, Smith WA. Prior exercise and antioxidant supplementation. Effect on oxidative stress and muscle injury. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007; 4:9 a. APA b. Vancouver c. Chicago d. AMA

d. AMA

What type of research is a study of time usage? a. Laboratory b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Applied

d. Applied

Which of the following is considered the "heart" of research writing? a. Assertions b. Data and Facts c. Abductive reasoning d. Critical argument

d. Critical argument

Which of the following is considered a stakeholder in CBPR? a. The researcher b. Community members c. Civic organizers d. Everyone associated with or affected by the research

d. Everyone associated with or affected by the research

Which of the following is used to plot frequency distributions? a. Tables b. Pie charts c. Bar graphs d. Histograms

d. Histograms

What type of survey is best-suited for the study of economically distressed geriatric patient satisfaction during hospitalization? a. Mail b. Web-based c. Telephone d. Interview

d. Interview

Which of the following is characteristic of web-based surveys? a. Ensures anonymity b. Expensive c. Limits response bias d. Limited investigator time

d. Limited investigator time

What type of data is blood pressure? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

d. Ratio

How is a systematic review different from a clinical review? a. Systematic reviews include only published articles b. Systematic reviews cannot be conducted by a single individual c. Systematic reviews cover the topic broadly d. Systematic reviews provide more reliable information to guide clinical decisions

d. Systematic reviews provide more reliable information to guide clinical decisions

How are qualitative results reported? a. Central tendency b. Frequency of response c. Summation d. Thematically

d. Thematically