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EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF MOTHERS BY MARITAL STATUS: 1970-2007 (PERCENT)

today, the majority of mothers work outside the home for pay, regardless of marital status, although there has been a slight decline in recent years-mothers loosing jobs because employment not available or mothers having more jobs because of finances

2008 PRICE OF CHILDCARE (SAMPLE OF STATES) PER CHILD:

*childcare is expensive, especially for an infant in a daycare center -cost of childcare based on state you live in -not a huge expense for relative care -day care or child care centers cost more -charge more money for infants than older individuals-due to constant care-big shift when potty trained -childcare in massachusets is almost twice what it is in florida

attitudes towards mothers working outside of home: -a large percent of people think mothers working outside of the home is a _ thing, some believe theres really no difference, only about 22% think that its actually _ for them to work outside of home -not a lot of difference between _ and _ in their attitudes -working moms say that working outside of home is a _ thing-that means they may not like having to work outside of home and understand stresses -at home moms endorse that moms working outside of the home is a _ thing

-bad, good -men and women -bad -good

Effects of Childcare on Children's Well-Being:

-children can pickup diseases or bad habits from other children-negative aspects of childcare -learn more social skills, relationship skills, learn more outside of home-positive aspects of childcare -all kinds of varying info -make decision thats best for your children-children have different personalities to take into consideration -based on what our resources are-desire doesn't match reality always

who takes most responsibility for cooking? who takes most responsibility for housecleaning?

-dramatic increase in amount of cooking men seem to be doing -not as much of an increase or decrease for women cooking over the years --men say they are doing more housework and women say they are doing just as much over the years -what they say isn't always reality

who takes most responsibility for childcare?

-in 1992-41% of men said they share equally and that increases to 49% in 2007 -men are stepping up and doing more childcare -men and women don't have same perceptions about who does childcare -both men and women overestimate the amount of work that they do

-women engage more in _ household labor -men engage more in _ household labor

-routine -occasional

PERCENTAGE OF FATHERS AND MOTHERS IN DUAL-EARNER COUPLES REPORTING WORK- FAMILY CONFLICT (1977-2008):

-women have felt about same amount of work family conflict over the years, but we see a large increase for men-function of increased expectations for men to do work in home today

THE CHANGING DYNAMICS OF THE WORKPLACE: Early America- Trends in Child Labor- Women's Labor Force Participation- *the changing occupational structure

-work of family was everything to maintain home-made or grew food, made own clothing -based on a family based economy-whole family contributed to work of home for survival -family based economy to family wage economy-someone earned a pay and exchanged it for goods outside of home-industrial revolution -industrial america-children working in businesses-unsafe working conditions-child labor laws come-then mandatory public education-laws protecting them-lower class women had to work as well as ethnic minorities

Work-Family Conflict:

A form of tension under which people feel that the pressures from paid work and family roles are incompatible in some way.-working overtime vs. needing to do homework with children when they get home-get paid for one and not the other

Spillover:

An occurrence caused by the demands involved in one sphere of work carrying over into work in another sphere. -work issues can effect things at home and vice versa-if kids are late to school it makes you late-a lot of individuals work at home because of their technology

Self-Care:

Children who are unsupervised and taking care of themselves *-School-Age Children -today people aren't a fan of self care until children are in middle school or about 12 years old

Role Overload:

Feeling overwhelmed by many different commitments and not having enough time to meet each commitment effectively.-job as an employee is very different than your job as a parent-requires you to shift gears-can be difficult

Occasional Labor:

Household tasks that are more time-flexible and more discretionary, such as household repairs, yard care, or paying bills -can put them off or decide when you want to do them

Family Childcare Providers:

Private homes other than the child's home where childcare is provided-opened their home and got a license to keep from 4 to 5 children-more flexibility-lower staff ratio so get one on one attention- negative aspect- no one insures they are doing what they are saying-no one to watch over or relieve them

Household Labor:

In general, the unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or a home -differ between household, status, etc.

Nannies/Babysitters:

Non-relatives that provide childcare in the home- you are their boss, in your home, children eat your food and play with their own toys, no one is supervising them

Routine Household Labor:

Nondiscretionary routine tasks that cannot be postponed, such as cooking, washing dishes, or cleaning -almost need to happen on daily basis

DaycareCenters:

Nonresidential facilities that provide childcare--business facilities-staff to student ratios-set of standards, rules, expectations- children can socialize- your child might not get one on one attention and may get sick

Time-Availability Perspective:

Suggests the division of labor is largely determined by the need for household labor and each partner's availability to perform household tasks.-only explains for part time working mothers or stay at home mothers-not full time mothers who do household work

Relative Resources Perspective:

The greater the relative amount or value of resources contributed by a partner, the greater is his or her power within the relationship, which can then be translated into bargaining to avoid tasks such as housework that offer no pay and minimal social prestige.-if you bring more resources then you have more power-even though a mother and father may work full-time, if one brings in more money then they may have more power in the relationship and reward themselves-women might think they need to make up for not bringing in as much through household labor

Gender Perspective: ("Doing Gender")

a womens job to cook and clean and shouldn't be outside and do manual labor so men should do that and maybe even paying bills-we do things based on biology or culture and whats been passed along

LEISURE TIME (IN HOURS): MOTHERS AND FATHERS:

fathers report an extra hour or two of leisure, compared to mothers -an hour if both employed full-time, two when not employed, about the same when mother employed part-time and father employed full-time-has to do with amount of housework fathers are doing and childcare

LOCATION OF FATALITIES AND SERIOUS INJURIES FROM VIOLENCE BY TYPE OF CHILDCARE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1985-2003 (PERCENT): despite contrary, __ are among the safest place for childrens care -most fatalities and serious incidents in..

daycare centers--day care centers compared to being cared for in own home or family day care center, we see daycare centers are safest places for children-multiple staff and rules and standards and operated as a business - family daycares-1 adult caring for 4 or 5 children-no one to relieve them or watch over them

_ population by children ages 6-17-generally work outside the home less than any other ethnicity if they have children

hispanic

-when children are young mothers work _ than when children are older -when children are able to go to school, typically their mothers ..

less -return to workforce

who has significantly more than others always worked outside of the home? -theres been an increase in _ mothers as well as _ mothers

mothers are widowed, divorced or separated-(others) -married, single

THE PREFERRED WORK STATUS OF MOTHERS, 1997-2007 (PERCENT):

mothers nowadays seem to favor part-time over full-time work, and stay-at-home mothers are increasingly satisfied with their arrangement

CHILDCARE ARRANGEMENTS OF PRESCHOOLERS WITH EMPLOYED MOTHERS BY RACE/ETHNICITY (PERCENT):

relative and organized day care seem to be the most common ways that working parents arrange for childcare, but racial and ethnic groups appear to have different preferences