Fams 160 Test 3
what services are available to immigrants?
AVAILABLE *Public K-12 education *Emergency health care *Public safety - police, court system, roads, fire, etc. NOT AVAILABLE *Food stamps *Housing Assistance *Women, Infants and Children Program (WIC) *Temporary assistance to needy families(TANF - welfare) *Fuel Assistance *Free and reduced lunch program - backpacks for kids *Health Benefits-medicare& Medicaid
how many undocumented immigrants fit into one of these groups is always hard to know in terms of individual undocumented immigrants paying taxes...
seen 45 - 70% estimates
result of new wave of immigration
shift in the ethnic and racial composition of *the US allowing for a more diverse society in terms of culture, language, race, and ethnicity...opportunities *diversion and hostility
immigration laws significantly impacts families and has...
since the inception of these laws
immigration is part of...
the US history
globalization definition and examples
the process by which everyone on Earth becomes increasingly interconnected economically, politically, culturally, and environmentally *this is the idea that people move around the world including viruses, diseases, through the internet we are connected economically (economy in China impacts US and vice versa), environmentally like global warming
emergency health care
they are obligated to stabilize you in hospitals
what happened to workers who had worked in industrial jobs and had to find jobs in the service information economy...
they experienced downward mobility -they had middle class lifestyles in industrial times but then had to work at Walmart for example
globalization: Health
-H1N1 (swine flu) -COVID-19 *these viruses have moved from one location (china) to the whole world *partly because we travel more than we did 100 years ago
globalization: wages
*a global issue; the wages of workers around the world impact what everyone can earn *if a country has lower wages that can create a situation where wages are pushed lower in second, third, or 4th countries because businesses may decide to export businesses or outsource work to countries with lower wages
agricultural economy
*early in the US *didn't go out to work they made their own living (farming, herds people, grew plants, raised animals, hunted, fished) made a lot of what they needed for themselves *men, women, & children involved in survival at this time *women vital roles in household: made clothes, food, gardening children were involved in this as well
why do people immigrate ? Push and pull factors related to immigration
*push factors are thing in their home countries making them want to leave such as (war, famine, political upheaval, poverty, population explosion, religious persecution ex. pilgrims *pull factors things in the US that bring people there such as (economic opportunity, religious freedom, political freedom)
abortion laws
*reproduction- family function -impacts families and individuals particularly women -throughout history we first saw the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade say abortion was legal but prior to this it was not -we have legal abortion in the US although different states put limits on whether for example they allow second term abortions (in 4, 5, or 6th month)
how do immigrants pay taxes?
-"on the books vs. off the books" or "under the table" -if you are on the books that means you most likely provided a "fake" social security number-- payroll deductions automatically taken out (social security federal and state income taxes are taken out). Do not file taxes return, do not get taxes back. No social security -cash "under the table"-- may have ITIN number. (Taxpayer Identification Number)--was originally meant for people that were here legally in US to pay taxes but it also allows undocumented immigrants to get these numbers and they are getting them more often. Files tax return, gets money back if qualified) -cash "under the table."-- no ITIN. doesn't get money back, no entitlement to social security
what industries are undocumented workers employed in?
-1/4 (25%) of private household workers (nannies, domestics) are undocumented *upper-middle and upper-upper class benefit from them -1/2 (50%) of farm workers are undocumented *all of us who eat fruits and vegetables benefit from these undocumented immigrants -9% of restaurant works are undocumented -17% of business services are undocumented *in warehouses fulfilling online orders, etc. -6% of construction workers are undocumented (fewest undocumented workers) -undocumented immigrants take away jobs from US residents but you have to think about most Americans are not striving for these jobs
Deportation of family members
-An issue for undocumented immigrants. What if parents are undocumented and they are deported, but children are US citizen? What happens to the children? *some parents choose take the children back to their home country or leave them in the US because they are citizens. *this could result in their child being put in the foster care system thinking it'll be a better life than being unsafe in their home country
new wave of immigration
-Asian and Latin America -90%
family living in separate households
-Family members living in different cities, states, countries when once they were in the same location. *for example during the Great Recession there were many people that got laid off and couldn't find jobs where they lived so in some cases the children and wife stayed in their home in downstate NY and the father found a job somewhere else; the children were not uprooted and didn't have to change schools -Moved for the work.
transnational families
-Half the family in one country and the other part is a second country. *for example a friend in India came on a student VISA with her kids but her husband stayed in India *this is possible to happen in undocumented immigrants as well For example: a parent leaves Mexico and travels north to the US and lives there and earns money for their family and sends money home and the children are back in the home country with the other parent or family members
globalization: climate change, global warming
-In the midwest when factories dump a lot of pollution in the air it creates acid rain for New Yorkers and, changes the soil and acidity which impacts farmers in NY. -Islands are starting to become smaller -"first world countries are major polluters and "third world countries" are barring the brunt of the impact
1. dual-earner families
-Increase # of women in labor force, particularly women with young children. -Used to be a big deal - "what impact does having a mother who works have on kids?" **today people don't even ask this question because its a given that most mothers opt to work or need to work ¤Implications: -Limits options for women and men *for example a dad who might not want to work and take care of the kids can't because they need to work to meet basic needs -Women's work poorly paid (80% of men's wages) -More money, but more expenses *for example transportation to work so needing two cars, having to buy work clothes, pay for childcare, etc. ¤Children, particularly adolescents, work *in economic downturns, adolescents were not spending their money on things they wanted, they contributed to things their family needed
who is family?
-Only includes spouses and children under the age of 21. *if you are in the diversity lottery and get a spot only spouses and children under 21 are included
consequences of economic insecurity
-Self Esteem *it decreases, they feel bad about themselves -Depression & Anxiety *increases -Stress *increases -Relationship/Marital Tension *increased tension but decreased divorce rates because it costs too much money -Family Violence *increases -Alcohol & Substance Abuse *increases -Hypertension (high blood pressure) *associated with stress -less time together as family
structural transformation of economy
-agricultural economy -industrial/manufacturing -service/information economy
"Mixed Status" families
-Some family members documented, others not *for example: one parent being documented but not the other, or the kids being documented because they were born in the US but the parents weren't *if children of undocumented immigrants are born in the US, they are US citizens and therefore are entitled to all the benefits a US citizen gets, so undocumented parents could get welfare assistance for example for a child who is a citizen because they were born in the US Also could include where some children were undocumented but others who were born here weren't ; this is important because we talk about a group of children who were the dreams, they were brought to the US undocumented when they were young; their parents brought them here but they are in the US and undocumented (they are not eligible for federal student loans in college)
2. increased workload
-Sometimes people will work more than one job, may work longer hours ¤Compared to other "industrialized countries" (more European Countries) Americans work more *Americans work 1,978 hours in a year which was 350 hours more than Western Europe *Americans take fewer vacation days as well ¤Changes over time *increasing over time since 1990 people are working more hours in the US *this is more pronounced for Latinx and Black middle class families ¤Implications: -Less time for leisure, family time, and sleep *women get less sleep than men do on average
programs- TANF- Welfare
-Temporary assistance to needy families 1. Changed in 1996 under President Bill Clinton (democrat) *was Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) then changed to Temporary assistance to needy families (TANF) ***notice the T for temporary that is very significant *5 year adult life time limit * 2 year limit or 24 months in a row then you have to get off; if you have difficulty getting childcare you can exceed this limit *work requirement (not necessarily expectations for work that lead women to even a minimum wage job)
Globilization: -North American Free Trade Act -General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -Central American Free Trade Agreement
-all trade agreements that have happened between continents or different countries -US has had some tariff wars with China affecting availability and prices for goods in both countries
immigration laws
-big issue is undocumented immigrants aka illegal -significantly impacts families -some laws suggest you can only reunite children with parents while they are under 18 and if they turn 18 in the process they are no longer eligible for immigration under those particular family reunification practices (significant issue for contemporary families)
Globalization: Capital flight--
-divestment in communities, workers, and families -this is when companies opt not to invest in communities and their workers and families in the US but opt to move to other companies because they can save money because there are fewer environmental protections, fewer safety protections, etc.
job insecurity
-downsizing/mergers/bankruptcies *together this makes for an unstable situation for works not knowing about how long they'll be able to have their job making them more likely to think they will be laid off -reduced benefits *is because many of the lower tear service information jobs do not have benefits associated with them because employers opt to have them work part time *remember the factory jobs in the industrial economy were often unionized and workers had very good benefits -downward mobility for workers transitioning from manufacturing jobs to service jobs -Increased unemployment or threat of unemployment
marriage laws
-has changed throughout history *the most recent example was when the Supreme Court decided that it was a basic human right for individuals to be able to marry and therefore that right should not be denied to gay, lesbian, or bisexual people -in addition to that the supreme court struck down massagination laws that said that you had to marry someone from your own race/ethnic category (struck down in early 1960s)
a better economic life for the family
-having a secure economic life is important for family, it makes things much easier for them to fulfill all the requirements and family functions they need
Public K-12 education
-is available to any child in the US regardless of their or their parents documentation status
consequences of service/information economy for family life
-job insecurity
adoption laws
-laws about who can adopt children -instances in the past gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals were barred from adopting children
globalization: economic downturns and upturns
-many of these things are related, we know because of COVID-19 the stock market has tanked and we are in a recession after having a strong period of growth -in business our supply chains are connected for example personal protection gear is much manufactured in China and this was impacted by COVID-19; a lot of times we can't get products from other countries we need into ours
globalization: popular culture
-music, dress, etc. are shared more than ever before -political movements are shared (they get taped on a phone and it can go viral internationally)
service/information economy
-new technology (computers, internet, e-commerce, cell telephone, biotechnology) -no longer produce goods we now produce knowledge, manage information, and provide services(health care, schools) -some workers who were in the industrial manufacturing have to change their work -two groups of workers *educated & trained: good salary, benefits, do okay (jobs in technology, education, health) *less educated: poor salary, fewer benefits *ex: clerks, custodians, night guards, nurses aids, cashiers, waiters, telemarketers, etc. **in contrast to the industrial economy less educated workers could earn good salaries, because workers were unionized they had good benefits but now that it moved out of the US many of these people had to retrain for new jobs (which paid less and had fewer benefits than their jobs prior)
industrial/manufacturing economy
-now people started to go out to work -in middle class families, men went to work and women stayed home to take care of the family -shift among white middle class families of this time with men being the breadwinners and women the homemakers compared to in agricultural men and women were doing the same work changing the nature of family relationships *produced things: cars, appliances, tires, furniture, shoes, clothing (made in US and sold in US)
two waves of immigration
-old immigrants (1830s-1880s) -new immigrants (1882-1930s)
people can be undocumented a couple different ways...
-one way is unlawfully (coming across the Mexican or Canadian boarder for example) -they come legally but their documents expired and they stayed in the US
globalization: agriculture and prices
-overproduction, natural disaster or drought *we don't produce all the food we eat in the US, in the US *a lot of food is produced in Australia, Central America, Mexico, South America, etc. and imported into the US for example: if there is incredible corn production in South and Central America that means there is overproduction and that decreases the prices US farmers can get for their corn for example if there is a drought in one part of the country and strawberries can't get harvested in Southern California that pushes up the price of strawberries globally for example if there is a natural disaster (tornado, drought, etc) that impacts the prices of commodities globally
contraceptive laws
-plan B for example is a morning after pill available without a prescription for anyone 17 years or younger -we might change that law and say no we don't want to give it to women because we think its like abortion or if we go back into the early 1915/20 in the US contraception was illegal because it was deemed to be obscene so it was unlawful for a health care provider to provide info about contraception
increased debt
-taking out loans, taking out second mortgages, using credit cards ¤Borrowing -1992 - 3 trillion -2002 - 7 trillion -2008 - 12.2 trillion (period of Great recession) -2012 - 11.0 trillion -2017 - 12.5 trillion *debt climbed ¤Credit Card Debt: Increases as well, particularly among college students
globalization: economics-- stock market
-trading in Europe and hear about trade in china and Japan; they are all connected
increased unemployment or threat of unemployment
-unemployment is calculated by only those people who are looking for jobs -people who are underemployed are not considered in the unemployment numbers -in 2008 we see the Great Recession that impacted many families as Obama was coming into office -over time slowly through 2010 and 2012 the unemployment starts to move down then continues that trend as Trump comes in until COVID-19 during April there was a 14.7% unemployment rate -when there is a low unemployment rate employers have a hard time hiring people this means salaries and benefits will go up
so undocumented immigrants pay taxes?
-which ones, if any? *sales tax (when buying clothes and food for example) *property tax *school tax *social security (payroll deduction tax taken out of our paychecks) they pay it sometimes depending *income tax-federal *income tax-state
Programs- Parental Leave
1. Family and Medical Leave Act *this is about whether paid leave is available to women when they have children as well as to fathers this also applies to people to take care of a sick family member or fostering -states federally, no paid parental leave is required -12 weeks of unpaid leavened get job back (as long as your employer has a lot of employees) -contrast with other Western countries that give many months of paid parental leave (Sweden for example has a specific month that is just available to fathers) -there are variations in states that allow paid parents leave and this is funded in different ways (not a federal program)
programs- economic insecurity- Unemployment
1. Unemployment insurance -if laid off, receive benefits -cant be fired -lengths of benefits may vary. In economic recessions often federal government lengths the months or weeks benefits will be paid (in COVID-19 there has been record numbers of people applying)
coping strategies
1. dual-earner families 2. increased workload 3. home based work 4. increased debt
types of policies
1. laws (federal, state, county, city/town level) These could also include executive orders 2.regulations for different services or programs used by individuals and families *this could be the regulations/guidelines for: student loans, unemployment insurance, getting welfare or TAFT, free or reduced lunch in schools, extra stimulus money
Laws
1. marriage laws 2. adoption laws 3. abortion laws 4. immigration laws 5. contraceptive laws
immigration impacts on families
1.Transnational families •Half the family in one country and the other part is a second country. 2."Mixed Status" families •Some family members documented, others not. 3.Deportation of family members •An issue for undocumented immigrants. What if parents are undocumented and they are deported, but children are US citizen? What happens to the children? 4.Who is family? •Only includes spouses and children under the age of 21. 5.A better economic life for the family
27 million immigrants and 28 million children of immigrants in the United States
1/5 of the US population! We are a land of immigrants.
in 2017 there was an estimated...
11.1 million undocumented immigrants *56% from Mexico, 7% from Guatemala 4% from El Salvator, 3% from Honduras, 2% from China (usually from expired VISAs)
1965
Immigration and Naturalization Act - abandons quota system, moves to family reunification and attracting skilled labor as criteria for allowing immigration.
immigration act of 1990
Made highly skilled and educated individuals most desirable. Also created the "diversity lottery" where 50,000 individuals from countries that are under-represented in the US are allowed to enter the US. *if you want to come from one of these under-represented countries you can apply for the diversity lottery year after year *the list of countries considered changes (certain asian countries are included but some aren't for example) *in 2021 there is be 55,000 slots
service economy & globalization
OUTSOURCING OF JOBS -manufacturing (the making of things like clothing and shoes: to Mexico, Indonesia, China) *these jobs were beneficial to move to other countries because these workers compared to the US were more willing to work for low wages, these countries have fewer regulations, fewer environmental regulations which saves companies money, can make these goods for less money and pass on that savings to the consumers -professional *have gone to India because upper class professional Indian workers speak English, are willing to work for less (often 1/5th the salary of US workers), growth in internet has allowed the transfer of data very quickly around the globe *ex: telemarketing, sales, service, some hospital work like X-RAYS that can be sent around the globe, law, engineering, software programming, accounting, record transcription, airline and hotel reservations, customer service, etc.
1920
US limits immigration for the first time from Europe and Great Britain - National Origins Act, limit and deny immigration to Southern and Eastern Europeans and Asians *the national origins act (first major immigration legislation in the US) *the way the act works is, it looks at the census data about the number of people who are from each ethnic group or country and it take the data and looking forward they are only going to allow a certain number of people into the US and of that the percentage must be the same of whats in the US *for example, the 1920 census says that 20% of the US population was from German, 10% from Italy and 40% from Italy, they national origins act dictated that Germany would get 20% of the immigrate slots and so on *this limits the immigration of southern and Eastern Europeans as well as asian individuals (from India, china, and Japan) *its trying to keep the US white essentially
-old immigrants (1830s-1880s)
about 10 million people came to the US from Europe and Great Britain (England, Ireland, Germany, and several Scandinavian countries) -they often moved West to the Midwest and settled land there -the Germans in the area of Minnesota and Indiana drained swamp land and turned it into profitable farms, built railroads, canals, and worked in factories
what individuals and families do (survival strategies) when facing tough economic times is sometimes called
agency
immigration laws have NOT ...
always been in place
one million documented immigrants enter the US...
annually
Irish are part of wave one and two
but in wave one we see protestant Irish coming and wave two we see catholic Irish (there is tension between the two groups)
600,000 immigrants that enter the US each year are...
change of status (ex. temporary to permanent residence aka US citizen)
laws regarding immigration ...
change over time *these have implications for families in terms of the kind of families that can be formed
in 2017 there were 11.1 million undocumented immigrants...
down from 12.2 in 2007 (decline in undocumented immigrants)
24.9% of the apprehensions at the US border were...
family units in 2017 which is significantly up from 3.6% in 2013. *only talking about the number of people apprehended at the US boarder *this tells us in terms of undocumented immigration we are seeing more families than individuals immigrate
Undocumented immigrants and legal immigrants since 1996 since the Welfare reform act are not entitled to...
food stamps, housing assistance. WIC, TANF, fuel assistance, free and reduced lunch program- backpacks for kids, health benefits-medicare and medicaid
-new immigrants (1882-1930s)
group was much larger, 22 million people -we see people coming from different countries than in the past including (souther and easter Europe: Italy, Poland, Greece, Russia) and still see people immigrating from Ireland
undocumented immigration is also known as...
illegal immigration *means people come to the US without proper documentation
first European and British settlers were...
immigrants
the reason undocumented immigrants would get an ITIN is that...
individuals who hope to become legal over time -any type of law allowing those in the US to gain a legal status would involve proving paying back taxes and the ITIN will prove you are a good person and have been paying your taxes
sometimes parents are undocumented and come to the US and have children while they're living here..
it is important to remember anyone born in the US is by definition a US citizen
the 1996 welfare reform act that followed the immigration act of 1990
makes it illegal for even legal or documented immigrants to get any type of welfare or social services that are based on federal government funds until they've been in the US for 5 years
starting in the 1800s...
many people from Europe and Great Britain came to the U.S.
if you were born in the US that is called...
native born
1850-1920 *up until 1920 there were no laws regulating immigration from Great Britain and Europe but there were from China and Japan in the 1800s
primarily European immigrants-- millions. there were no laws regulating immigration at this time. Pretty much anyone was allowed in
home-based work
¤Work that one does in one's home. *historically more likely to be done by women *could be a variety of jobs like accounting, word processing, childcare businesses ¤Mixed consequences -Positive: *makes it easier and more flexible to combine work and family *provides you autonomy *maintain skills while raising children -Negative: *sometimes low pay and low benefits *feel like you're always at work *can't work for a long time without being interrupted *sense of isolation