FARs Part 91 (more official)

91.519 PASSENGER BRIEFING

(a) Before each takeoff the pilot in command of an airplane carrying passengers shall ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed on - (1) Smoking. Each passenger shall be briefed on when, where, and under what conditions smoking is prohibited. This briefing shall include a statement, as appropriate, that the Federal Aviation Regulations require passenger compliance with lighted passenger information signs and no smoking placards, prohibit smoking in lavatories, and require compliance with crewmember instructions with regard to these items; (2) Use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. Each passenger shall be briefed on when, where, and under what conditions it is necessary to have his or her safety belt and, if installed, his or her shoulder harness fastened about him or her. This briefing shall include a statement, as appropriate, that Federal Aviation Regulations require passenger compliance with the lighted passenger sign and/or crewmember instructions with regard to these items; (3) Location and means for opening the passenger entry door and emergency exits; (4) Location of survival equipment; (5) Ditching procedures and the use of flotation equipment required under § 91.509 for a flight over water; and (6) The normal and emergency use of oxygen equipment installed on the airplane. (b) The oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be given by the pilot in command or a member of the crew, but need not be given when the pilot in command determines that the passengers are familiar with the contents of the briefing. It may be supplemented by printed cards for the use of each passenger containing - (1) A diagram of, and methods of operating, the emergency exits; and (2) Other instructions necessary for use of emergency equipment. (c) Each card used under paragraph (b) must be carried in convenient locations on the airplane for the use of each passenger and must contain information that is pertinent only to the type and model airplane on which it is used. (d) For operations under subpart K of this part, the passenger briefing requirements of § 91.1035 apply, instead of the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section.

91.309 TOWING: GLIDERS AND UNPOWERED ULTRALIGHT VEHICLES

(a) No person may operate a civil aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle unless - (1) The pilot in command of the towing aircraft is qualified under § 61.69 of this chapter; (2) The towing aircraft is equipped with a tow-hitch of a kind, and installed in a manner, that is approved by the Administrator; (3) The towline used has breaking strength not less than 80 percent of the maximum certificated operating weight of the glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle and not more than twice this operating weight. However, the towline used may have a breaking strength more than twice the maximum certificated operating weight of the glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle if - (i) A safety link is installed at the point of attachment of the towline to the glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle with a breaking strength not less than 80 percent of the maximum certificated operating weight of the glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle and not greater than twice this operating weight; (ii) A safety link is installed at the point of attachment of the towline to the towing aircraft with a breaking strength greater, but not more than 25 percent greater, than that of the safety link at the towed glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle end of the towline and not greater than twice the maximum certificated operating weight of the glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle; (4) Before conducting any towing operation within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport, or before making each towing flight within such controlled airspace if required by ATC, the pilot in command notifies the control tower. If a control tower does not exist or is not in operation, the pilot in command must notify the FAA flight service station serving that controlled airspace before conducting any towing operations in that airspace; and (5) The pilots of the towing aircraft and the glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle have agreed upon a general course of action, including takeoff and release signals, airspeeds, and emergency procedures for each pilot. (b) No pilot of a civil aircraft may intentionally release a towline, after release of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, in a manner that endangers the life or property of another.

91.327 AIRCRAFT HAVING A SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE IN THE LIGHT-SPORT CATEGORY: OPERATING LIMITATIONS

(a) No person may operate an aircraft that has a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category for compensation or hire except - (1) To tow a glider or an unpowered ultralight vehicle in accordance with § 91.309 of this chapter; or (2) To conduct flight training. (b) No person may operate an aircraft that has a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category unless - (1) The aircraft is maintained by a certificated repairman with a light-sport aircraft maintenance rating, an appropriately rated mechanic, or an appropriately rated repair station in accordance with the applicable provisions of part 43 of this chapter and maintenance and inspection procedures developed by the aircraft manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA; (2) A condition inspection is performed once every 12 calendar months by a certificated repairman (light-sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating, an appropriately rated mechanic, or an appropriately rated repair station in accordance with inspection procedures developed by the aircraft manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA; (3) The owner or operator complies with all applicable airworthiness directives; (4) The owner or operator complies with each safety directive applicable to the aircraft that corrects an existing unsafe condition. In lieu of complying with a safety directive an owner or operator may - (i) Correct the unsafe condition in a manner different from that specified in the safety directive provided the person issuing the directive concurs with the action; or (ii) Obtain an FAA waiver from the provisions of the safety directive based on a conclusion that the safety directive was issued without adhering to the applicable consensus standard; (5) Each alteration accomplished after the aircraft's date of manufacture meets the applicable and current consensus standard and has been authorized by either the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA; (6) Each major alteration to an aircraft product produced under a consensus standard is authorized, performed and inspected in accordance with maintenance and inspection procedures developed by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA; and (7) The owner or operator complies with the requirements for the recording of major repairs and major alterations performed on type-certificated products in accordance with § 43.9(d) of this chapter, and with the retention requirements in § 91.417. (c) No person may operate an aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category to tow a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle for compensation or hire or conduct flight training for compensation or hire in an aircraft which that persons provides unless within the preceding 100 hours of time in service the aircraft has - (1) Been inspected by a certificated repairman with a light-sport aircraft maintenance rating, an appropriately rated mechanic, or an appropriately rated repair station in accordance with inspection procedures developed by the aircraft manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA and been approved for return to service in accordance with part 43 of this chapter; or (2) Received an inspection for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate in accordance with part 21 of this chapter. (d) Each person operating an aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category must operate the aircraft in accordance with the aircraft's operating instructions, including any provisions for necessary operating equipment specified in the aircraft's equipment list. (e) Each person operating an aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category must advise each person carried of the special nature of the aircraft and that the aircraft does not meet the airworthiness requirements for an aircraft issued a standard airworthiness certificate. (f) The FAA may prescribe additional limitations that it considers necessary.

91.533 FLIGHT ATTENDANT REQUIREMENTS

(a) No person may operate an airplane unless at least the following number of flight attendants are on board the airplane: (1) For airplanes having more than 19 but less than 51 passengers on board, one flight attendant. (2) For airplanes having more than 50 but less than 101 passengers on board, two flight attendants. (3) For airplanes having more than 100 passengers on board, two flight attendants plus one additional flight attendant for each unit (or part of a unit) of 50 passengers above 100. (b) No person may serve as a flight attendant on an airplane when required by paragraph (a) of this section unless that person has demonstrated to the pilot in command familiarity with the necessary functions to be performed in an emergency or a situation requiring emergency evacuation and is capable of using the emergency equipment installed on that airplane.

91.509 SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT FOR OVERWATER OPERATIONS

(a) No person may take off an airplane for a flight over water more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shore unless that airplane is equipped with a life preserver or an approved flotation means for each occupant of the airplane. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may take off an airplane for flight over water more than 30 minutes flying time or 100 nautical miles from the nearest shore, whichever is less, unless it has on board the following survival equipment: (1) A life preserver, equipped with an approved survivor locator light, for each occupant of the airplane. (2) Enough liferafts (each equipped with an approved survival locator light) of a rated capacity and buoyancy to accommodate the occupants of the airplane. (3) At least one pyrotechnic signaling device for each liferaft. (4) One self-buoyant, water-resistant, portable emergency radio signaling device that is capable of transmission on the appropriate emergency frequency or frequencies and not dependent upon the airplane power supply. (5) A lifeline stored in accordance with § 25.1411(g) of this chapter. (c) A fractional ownership program manager under subpart K of this part may apply for a deviation from paragraphs (b)(2) through (5) of this section for a particular over water operation or the Administrator may amend the management specifications to require the carriage of all or any specific items of the equipment listed in paragraphs (b)(2) through (5) of this section. (d) The required life rafts, life preservers, and signaling devices must be installed in conspicuously marked locations and easily accessible in the event of a ditching without appreciable time for preparatory procedures. (e) A survival kit, appropriately equipped for the route to be flown, must be attached to each required life raft. (f) As used in this section, the term shore means that area of the land adjacent to the water that is above the high water mark and excludes land areas that are intermittently under water.

91.307 PARACHUTES AND PARACHUTING

(a) No pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a parachute that is available for emergency use to be carried in that aircraft unless it is an approved type and has been packed by a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger - (1) Within the preceding 180 days, if its canopy, shrouds, and harness are composed exclusively of nylon, rayon, or other similar synthetic fiber or materials that are substantially resistant to damage from mold, mildew, or other fungi and other rotting agents propagated in a moist environment; or (2) Within the preceding 60 days, if any part of the parachute is composed of silk, pongee, or other natural fiber or materials not specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (b) Except in an emergency, no pilot in command may allow, and no person may conduct, a parachute operation from an aircraft within the United States except in accordance with part 105 of this chapter. (c) Unless each occupant of the aircraft is wearing an approved parachute, no pilot of a civil aircraft carrying any person (other than a crewmember) may execute any intentional maneuver that exceeds - (1) A bank of 60 degrees relative to the horizon; or (2) A nose-up or nose-down attitude of 30 degrees relative to the horizon. (d) Paragraph (c) of this section does not apply to - (1) Flight tests for pilot certification or rating; or (2) Spins and other flight maneuvers required by the regulations for any certificate or rating when given by - (i) A certificated flight instructor; or (ii) An airline transport pilot instructing in accordance with § 61.67 of this chapter. (e) For the purposes of this section, approved parachute means - (1) A parachute manufactured under a type certificate or a technical standard order (C-23 series); or (2) A personnel-carrying military parachute identified by an NAF, AAF, or AN drawing number, an AAF order number, or any other military designation or specification number.

91.501 APPLICABILITY

(a) This subpart prescribes operating rules, in addition to those prescribed in other subparts of this part, governing the operation of large airplanes of U.S. registry, turbojet-powered multiengine civil airplanes of U.S. registry, and fractional ownership program aircraft of U.S. registry that are operating under subpart K of this part in operations not involving common carriage. The operating rules in this subpart do not apply to those aircraft when they are required to be operated under parts 121, 125, 129, 135, and 137 of this chapter. (Section 91.409 prescribes an inspection program for large and for turbine-powered (turbojet and turboprop) multiengine airplanes and turbine-powered rotorcraft of U.S. registry when they are operated under this part or part 129 or 137.) (b) Operations that may be conducted under the rules in this subpart instead of those in parts 121, 129, 135, and 137 of this chapter when common carriage is not involved, include - (1) Ferry or training flights; (2) Aerial work operations such as aerial photography or survey, or pipeline patrol, but not including fire fighting operations; (3) Flights for the demonstration of an airplane to prospective customers when no charge is made except for those specified in paragraph (d) of this section; (4) Flights conducted by the operator of an airplane for his personal transportation, or the transportation of his guests when no charge, assessment, or fee is made for the transportation; (5) Carriage of officials, employees, guests, and property of a company on an airplane operated by that company, or the parent or a subsidiary of the company or a subsidiary of the parent, when the carriage is within the scope of, and incidental to, the business of the company (other than transportation by air) and no charge, assessment or fee is made for the carriage in excess of the cost of owning, operating, and maintaining the airplane, except that no charge of any kind may be made for the carriage of a guest of a company, when the carriage is not within the scope of, and incidental to, the business of that company; (6) The carriage of company officials, employees, and guests of the company on an airplane operated under a time sharing, interchange, or joint ownership agreement as defined in paragraph (c) of this section; (7) The carriage of property (other than mail) on an airplane operated by a person in the furtherance of a business or employment (other than transportation by air) when the carriage is within the scope of, and incidental to, that business or employment and no charge, assessment, or fee is made for the carriage other than those specified in paragraph (d) of this section; (8) The carriage on an airplane of an athletic team, sports group, choral group, or similar group having a common purpose or objective when there is no charge, assessment, or fee of any kind made by any person for that carriage; and (9) The carriage of persons on an airplane operated by a person in the furtherance of a business other than transportation by air for the purpose of selling them land, goods, or property, including franchises or distributorships, when the carriage is within the scope of, and incidental to, that business and no charge, assessment, or fee is made for that carriage. (10) Any operation identified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(9) of this section when conducted - (i) By a fractional ownership program manager, or (ii) By a fractional owner in a fractional ownership program aircraft operated under subpart K of this part, except that a flight under a joint ownership arrangement under paragraph (b)(6) of this section may not be conducted. For a flight under an interchange agreement under paragraph (b)(6) of this section, the exchange of equal time for the operation must be properly accounted for as part of the total hours associated with the fractional owner's share of ownership. (c) As used in this section - (1) A time sharing agreement means an arrangement whereby a person leases his airplane with flight crew to another person, and no charge is made for the flights conducted under that arrangement other than those specified in paragraph (d) of this section; (2) An interchange agreement means an arrangement whereby a person leases his airplane to another person in exchange for equal time, when needed, on the other person's airplane, and no charge, assessment, or fee is made, except that a charge may be made not to exceed the difference between the cost of owning, operating, and maintaining the two airplanes; (3) A joint ownership agreement means an arrangement whereby one of the registered joint owners of an airplane employs and furnishes the flight crew for that airplane and each of the registered joint owners pays a share of the charge specified in the agreement. (d) The following may be charged, as expenses of a specific flight, for transportation as authorized by paragraphs (b) (3) and (7) and (c)(1) of this section: (1) Fuel, oil, lubricants, and other additives. (2) Travel expenses of the crew, including food, lodging, and ground transportation. (3) Hangar and tie-down costs away from the aircraft's base of operation. (4) Insurance obtained for the specific flight. (5) Landing fees, airport taxes, and similar assessments. (6) Customs, foreign permit, and similar fees directly related to the flight. (7) In flight food and beverages. (8) Passenger ground transportation. (9) Flight planning and weather contract services. (10) An additional charge equal to 100 percent of the expenses listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.

91.421 REBUILT ENGINE MAINTENANCE RECORDS

1. A new maintenance record may be used for a rebuilt (zero-time) engine, but the new records must include the status of previous Airworthiness Directives.

91.215 ATC TRANSPONDER AND ALTITUDE REPORTING EQUIPMENT AND USE

1. A transponder with altitude encoding (Mode C) equipment is required - In all airspace above 10,000 ft. MSL, excluding airspace at or below 2,500 ft. AGL. - In Class A, Class B, and Class C airspace. - Within 30 NM of Class B airports listed in Appendix A, Section 1, of 14 CFR 91.25, from the surface up to 10,000 feet MSL. 2. In order to enter Class B airspace, you must submit a request for a deviation from the controlling ATC facility at least 1 hr. before the proposed flight.

91.227 ADS-B OUT EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

1. ADS-B Out is a function of an aircraft's onboard avionics that periodically broadcasts the aircraft's state vector (3-dimensional position and 3-dimensional velocity). 2. Aircraft operating in Class A airspace are required to have ADS-B Out equipment installed that operates on the frequency of 1090 MHz. 3. Aircraft operating in airspace designated for ADS-B Out, but outside of Class A airspace, must have ADS-B Out equipment installed that either - Operates on the frequency of 1090 MHz or - Operates using a universal access transceiver (UAT) on the frequency of 978 MHz.

91.405 MAINTENANCE REQUIRED

1. After an annual inspection has been completed and the aircraft has been returned to service, an appropriate notation must be made in the aircraft maintenance records. 2. A standard airworthiness certificate remains in effect as long as the airplane receives required maintenance and inspections.

91.123 COMPLIANCE WITH ATC CLEARANCES AND INSTRUCTIONS

1. After obtaining an ATC clearance, a pilot may not deviate from that clearance unless an amended clearance is obtained, an emergency exists, or the deviation is in response to a traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) resolution advisory.

91.209 AIRCRAFT LIGHTS

1. Airplanes operating between sunset and sunrise must display lighted position (navigation) lights. 2. If an airplane is not equipped with an anticollision light system, no one may operate that airplane after sunset.

91.107 USE OF SAFETY BELTS, SHOULDER HARNESSES, AND CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

1. All occupants of airplanes must wear a safety belt and shoulder harness (if installed) during taxiing, takeoffs, and landings. The pilot in command must ensure that all passengers are briefed on how to fasten and unfasten all safety belts and harnesses.

91.413 ATC TRANSPONDER TESTS AND INSPECTIONS

1. An ATC transponder may not be used unless, within the preceding 24 calendar months, that transponder has been tested, inspected, and found to comply with appropriate regulations.

91.15 DROPPING OBJECTS

1. As pilot in command of a civil aircraft, you may not allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight if it creates a hazard to persons or property. The dropping of an object is not prohibited if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property.

91.211 SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN

1. At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 ft. MSL, each passenger of the aircraft must be provided with supplemental oxygen. - At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 ft. MSL, each required crewmember must be provided and must use supplemental oxygen. 2. If a flight is conducted at cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 ft. MSL up to and including 14,000 ft. MSL, oxygen must be used by required crewmembers for the time in excess of 30 min. at that altitude.

91.207 EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTERS

1. ELT batteries must be replaced (or recharged, if rechargeable batteries) after 1 cumulative hour of use or after 50% of their useful life expires. 2. An ELT is required to be inspected every 12 months for proper installation, battery corrosion, operation of the controls and crash sensor, and the presence of a sufficient signal radiated from its antenna.

91.147 PASSENGER-CARRYING FLIGHTS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE

1. Each operator conducting nonstop passenger-carrying flights (that begin and end at the same airport and are conducted within a 25-SM radius of that airport) in an airplane for compensation or hire must apply for and receive a Letter of Authorization from the Flight Standards office for that operation.

91.417 MAINTENANCE RECORDS

1. Each owner or operator must keep maintenance records for each airplane. The records must include - Current status of life-limited parts of the airframe and each engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance - Current status of each Airworthiness Directive (AD) - Preventive maintenance accomplished by a pilot

91.177 MINIMUM ALTITUDES FOR IFR OPERATIONS

1. Except during takeoff or landing, the minimum altitude for IFR flight, within a horizontal distance of 4 NM from the course to be flown, is 2,000 ft. above the highest obstacle over designated mountainous terrain or 1,000 ft. above the highest obstacle over terrain elsewhere.

91.205 POWERED CIVIL AIRCRAFT WITH STANDARD CATEGORY U.S. AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES: INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. For a flight for hire over water beyond power-off gliding distance from shore, approved flotation gear must be readily available to each occupant. 2. An anticollision light system is required for powered aircraft during VFR night flights. 3. An electric landing light is required for VFR night flights when operated for hire.

91.169 IFR FLIGHT PLAN: INFORMATION REQUIRED

1. For an airport with an approved instrument approach procedure to be listed as an alternate airport on an IFR flight plan, the forecast weather conditions at the time of arrival must be at or above the following alternate airport weather minimums: - Nonprecision approach -- ceiling 800 ft. and visibility 2 SM - Precision approach -- ceiling 600 ft. and visibility 2 SM 2. For an airport with no instrument approach procedure to be listed as an alternate airport, the forecast weather conditions at the time of arrival must have a ceiling and visibility that allow descent from the MEA, approach, and landing under basic VFR.

91.409 INSPECTIONS

1. For commercial operations, an inspection is required every 100 hr. - The 100 hr. may be exceeded by no more than 10 hr. if necessary to reach a place at which an inspection can be performed. - An annual inspection may be substituted for a 100-hr. inspection but not vice versa.

91.3 RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY OF THE PILOT IN COMMAND

1. If you, as pilot in command, deviate from any rule in 14 CFR Part 91 (due to an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action), you must submit a written report to the FAA, if requested. 2. The pilot in command is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of the airplane.

91.23 TRUTH-IN-LEASING CLAUSE REQUIREMENT IN LEASES AND CONDITIONAL SALES CONTRACTS

1. In order to operate a large civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is subject to a lease, the lessee must have mailed a copy of the lease to the FAA in Oklahoma City within 24 hr. of its execution.

91.311 TOWING: OTHER THAN UNDER SEC. 91.309

1. In order to operate an aircraft towing an advertising banner, the pilot must obtain a certificate of waiver from the administrator of the FAA.

91.203 CIVIL AIRCRAFT: CERTIFICATIONS REQUIRED

1. No person may operate a civil aircraft unless the aircraft has a U.S. airworthiness certificate displayed in a manner that makes it legible to passengers and crew. 2. To operate a civil aircraft, a valid U.S. registration issued to the owner of the aircraft must be on board.

91.303 AEROBATIC FLIGHT

1. No person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic flight - a. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement; b. Over an open air assembly of persons; c. Within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport; d. Within 4 nautical miles of the center line of any Federal airway; e. Below an altitude of 1,500 feet above the surface; or f. When flight visibility is less than 3 statute miles. 2. For the purposes of this section, aerobatic flight means an intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in an aircraft's attitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight.

91.225 ADS-B OUT EQUIPMENT AND USE

1. No person may operate an aircraft in the following airspace unless the aircraft has the appropriate ADS-B Out equipment installed: - Within Class A airspace - Within and above Class B airspace - Within 30 NM of the Class B airspace primary airport - Within and above Class C airspace - At and above 10,000 ft. MSL except at and below 2,500 ft. AGL - At and above 3,000 ft. MSL over the Gulf of Mexico from the U.S. coastline out to 12 NM 2. These requirements do not apply to any aircraft not originally certificated with an electrical system or that has not subsequently been certified with such a system installed. 3. Requests for ATC-authorized deviations from these requirements must be made to the appropriate ATC facility - At any time for an aircraft with an inoperative ADS-B Out - At least 1 hr. before the proposed operation of an aircraft that is not equipped with ADS-B Out

91.111 OPERATING NEAR OTHER AIRCRAFT

1. No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard. 2. Formation flights are not authorized, except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft. 3. Formation flights are not authorized when carrying passengers for hire.

91.109 FLIGHT INSTRUCTION; SIMULATED INSTRUMENT FLIGHT AND CERTAIN FLIGHT TESTS

1. No person may operate an airplane in simulated instrument flight conditions unless the other control seat is occupied by a safety pilot who possesses at least a private pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the airplane being flown.

91.175 TAKEOFF AND LANDING UNDER IFR

1. One requirement for a pilot on an instrument approach to operate below the MDA or DH, or to continue the approach, is that the airplane continuously be in a position from which a descent to landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate using normal maneuvers. 2. A pilot is not authorized to land an airplane from an instrument approach unless the flight visibility is at, or exceeds, the visibility prescribed in the approach procedure being used. 3. In the case of a radar vector to a final approach course or fix, a timed approach from a holding fix, or an approach for which the procedure specifies "No PT," a pilot may not make a procedure turn unless cleared to do so by ATC.

91.119 MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDES: GENERAL

1. Over congested areas (cities, towns, settlements, or open-air assemblies), a pilot must maintain an altitude of 1,000 ft. above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 ft. of the airplane. 2. The minimum altitude over uncongested areas is 500 ft. AGL. - Over open water or sparsely populated areas, an airplane may not be operated closer than 500 ft. to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. 3. Altitude in all areas must be sufficient to permit an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface in case a power unit fails.

91.315 LIMITED CATEGORY CIVIL AIRCRAFT: OPERATING LIMITATIONS

1. Persons or property cannot be transported for compensation or hire in a limited category aircraft.

91.325 PRIMARY CATEGORY AIRCRAFT: OPERATING LIMITATIONS

1. Persons or property cannot be transported for compensation or hire in a primary category aircraft.

91.313 RESTRICTED CATEGORY CIVIL AIRCRAFT: OPERATING LIMITATIONS

1. Persons or property cannot be transported for compensation or hire in a restricted category airplane.

91.319 AIRCRAFT HAVING EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES: OPERATING LIMITATIONS

1. Persons or property cannot be transported for compensation or hire in an airplane that has an experimental certificate.

91.103 PREFLIGHT ACTION (NWKRAFT)

1. Pilots are required to familiarize themselves with all available information concerning the flight prior to every flight, and specifically to determine - For any flight, runway lengths at airports of intended use and the airplane's takeoff and landing requirements - For IFR flights or those not in the vicinity of an airport a. Weather reports and forcasts b. Fuel requirements c. Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed d. Any known traffic delays

91.21 PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES

1. Portable electronic devices that may cause interference with the navigation or communication system may not be operated on any of the following U.S.-registered civil aircraft operations: - Air carrier - Any other aircraft under IFR

91.105 FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS AT STATIONS

1. Required flight crewmembers' seat belts must be fastened while the crewmembers are at their stations. 2. Each required flight crewmember is required to keep his or her shoulder harness fastened during takeoff and landing unless - The crewmember would be unable to perform required duties with the shoulder harness fastened. - The seat at the crewmember's station is not equipped with a shoulder harness.

91.159 VFR CRUISING ALTITUDE OR FLIGHT LEVEL

1. Specified altitudes are required for VFR cruising flight at more than 3,000 ft. AGL and below 18,000 ft. MSL. - On a magnetic course of 0° through 179°, altitudes flown must be odd thousands plus 500 ft. - On a magnetic course of 180° through 359°, altitudes flown must be even thousands plus 500 ft.

91.403 GENERAL

1. The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for - Maintaining that aircraft in an airworthy condition - Assuring compliance with all Airworthiness Directives 2. An operator is a person who uses, causes to use, or authorizes to use an aircraft for the purpose of air navigation, including the piloting of an aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (i.e., owner, lessee, or otherwise). - Thus, the pilot in command is also responsible for maintaining the aircraft in an airworthy condition and for complying with all Airworthiness Directives.

91.187 OPERATION UNDER IFR IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE: MALFUNCTION REPORTS

1. The pilot in command of an airplane operated under IFR in controlled airspace shall report to ATC, as soon as practicable, any malfunctions of navigational, approach, or communication equipment occurring in flight.

91.183 IFR COMMUNICATIONS

1. The pilot in command of an airplane operated under IFR in controlled airspace, and not in radar contact, shall report by radio as soon as possible the time and altitude of passing each designated reporting point.

91.213 INOPERATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

1. The primary purpose of a minimum equipment list (MEL) is to list the equipment that can be inoperative and still not affect the airworthiness of an aircraft. An MEL allows aircraft to be operated with inoperative equipment determined to be nonessential for safe flight. 2. Authority for approval of an MEL must be obtained from the responsible FAA Flight Standards office. 3. If an aircraft operating under 14 CFR Part 91, for which a master MEL has not been developed, is determined to have an inoperative instrument or piece of equipment that does not constitute a hazard to the aircraft, - The item should be removed or deactivated. - The item should be placarded as "Inoperative." - Repairs can be deferred indefinitely. a. Consideration should be given to the effect that an inoperative component may have on aircraft operation, particularly if other items are inoperative.

91.117 AIRCRAFT SPEED

1. The speed limit is 250 kt. (288 MPH) when flying below 10,000 ft. MSL. 2. The speed limit within Class B airspace is 250 kt. (288 MPH). - When flying under Class B airspace or in VFR corridors through Class B airspace, the speed limit is 200 kt. (230 MPH). 3. When at or below 2,500 ft. AGL and within 4 NM of the primary airport of Class C or Class D airspace, the speed limit is 200 kt. (230 MPH).

91.171 VOR EQUIPMENT CHECK FOR IFR OPERATIONS

1. To operate an airplane under IFR using the VOR, you must ensure that the VOR equipment has been operationally checked within the preceding 30 days and found to be within prescribed limits. 2. The maximum bearing error allowed for an operational VOR equipment check when using an FAA-approved ground test signal (such as a VOT) is ±4°. - When performing an operational check using an airborne checkpoint, the maximum tolerance is ±6°. 3. Each person making the VOR operational check must enter the date, place, and bearing error and sign the aircraft log or other record.

91.121 ALTIMETER SETTINGS

1. When a pilot is operating an airplane at or above 18,000 ft. MSL, the altimeter should be set to 29.92 in. Hg.

91.407 OPERATION AFTER MAINTENANCE, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, REBUILDING, OR ALTERATION

1. When aircraft alterations or repairs substantially change the flight characteristics, the aircraft documents must show that it was test flown and approved for return to service prior to carrying passengers. - The pilot test flying the aircraft must be at least a private pilot and rated for the type of aircraft being tested.

91.113 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES: EXCEPT WATER OPERATIONS

1. When an airplane is overtaking another, the airplane being passed has the right-of-way. - The passing (overtaking) airplane shall alter course to the right to pass well clear. 2. When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude (except head on, or nearly so), the aircraft to the other's right has the right-of-way. - EXAMPLE: On a night flight, if the pilot of aircraft #1 sees only the green navigation light of aircraft #2, and the aircraft are converging, aircraft #1 has the right-of-way because it is to the right of aircraft #2. - Airplanes and helicopters are equally maneuverable and have equal rights-of-way. 3. When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport for the purpose of landing, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-of-way. - This rule shall not be abused by cutting in front of or overtaking another aircraft. 4. An aircraft towing or refueling another aircraft has the right-of-way over all other engine-driven aircraft.

91.167 FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR FLIGHT IN IFR CONDITIONS

1. When an alternate airport is required on an IFR flight plan, you must have sufficient fuel to complete the flight to the first airport of intended landing, fly to the alternate, and thereafter fly for 45 min. at normal cruising speed.

91.144 TEMPORARY RESTRICTION ON FLIGHT OPERATIONS DURING ABNORMALLY HIGH BAROMETRIC PRESSURE CONDITIONS

1. When any information indicates that barometric pressure on the route of flight currently exceeds or will exceed 31.00 in. of mercury, no person may operate an aircraft or initiate a flight contrary to the requirements established by the FAA and published in NOTAMs.

91.9 CIVIL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL, MARKING, AND PLACARD REQUIREMENTS

1. You may not operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations found in the current FAA-approved flight manual, approved manual material, markings, and placards, or any combination thereof. 2. You may not operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft unless there is a current, approved Airplane Flight Manual available in the aircraft.

91.7 CIVIL AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS

1. You, as pilot in command, are responsible for determining whether your aircraft is in condition for safe flight.