FCS 331: Final Exam
________ is an eating disorder that features recurrent episodes of overeating followed by purging behaviors.
bulimia nervosa
As a smoker, Chantalle's need for vitamin C is ________ that of a non-smoker.
greater than
Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?
fortified dairy products
Most Americans purchase less than recommended amounts of
fruits
Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid ________.
has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond
Amanda is a three-year old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she
has difficulty digesting food
If the epiglottis is not fully closed, food enters the trachea, blocking the windpipe which may cause choking or aspiration.
true
People with binge-eating disorder often suffer from psychological illnesses such as depression.
true
The higher the number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid, the higher the number of acetyl CoA produced via beta-oxidation.
true
Sarah consumes approximately 2000 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.
200
BMI is most accurate when assessing the health of highly muscular individuals, such as certain professional athletes.
false
Skeletal muscles generate more free radicals during rest than during physical activity.
false
A scientist wants to develop a medication that safely reduces hunger to help obese people lose weight. Based on this information, this researcher will explore ways to block the production, release, or action of ________.
ghrelin
An essential nutrient
must be supplied by the diet
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ________.
osmosis
Which of the following foods contains the most water by weight?
peach
Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient-dense?
peanut butter
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________.
peptide bond
Lecithin is a type of ________.
phospholipid
In the United States, the practice of fortifying ________ with iodide has reduced the risk of goiter.
table salt
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is a degenerative brain disorder that most often occurs in alcoholics. The condition is a result of a deficiency in ________.
thiamin
________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
thiamin
Amenorrhea occurs when a female who has previously experienced normal menstrual cycles does not menstruate for ________.
three months or longer
If athletes consume protein supplements in excess of their energy needs, their body will convert the extra amino acids into fat for storage in adipose tissue.
true
Iron deficiency is more common in young female athletes than in young male athletes.
true
Patients with Keshan disease have a form of cardiomyopathy that is caused by selenium deficiency.
true
People who abuse alcohol and follow nutritionally-inadequate diets have a high risk of developing B-vitamin deficiencies.
true
Which of the following populations is at the greatest risk for a vitamin B-12 deficiency?
vegans
The human body can absorb some of the ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
vitamin K
Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone act to increase urinary ________.
water conservation
Which of the following vitamins is a component of coenzyme A?
pantothenic acid
Which of the following foods contains the most potassium per serving and is low in fat and sodium?
papaya
Which of the following is not a typical feature of fad diets?
physical activity
Isaac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry. He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors. He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance. His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, peanut butter, chicken, pork, apples, bananas, and green vegetables. Based on this information, Isaac has a high risk of __________.
rickets
Which of the following activities metabolizes the highest percentage of carbohydrate as a fuel source?
running the 200 ever hurdles
Which of the following behaviors is typical of someone who has disordered eating but not an eating disorder?
skipping breakfast when late for an exam
Which of the following foods contains the most magnesium?
spinach, boiled, drained, 1 cup
The second place of digestion occurs in the ____________.
stomach
Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?
vitamin D
You are planning a party for a group of college students. Some of the students follow the dietary practices of the Jewish, Islamic, and Mormon religions. Which of the following menu items would be acceptable to everyone at the party?
meatless bean dip
________ is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. The hormone slows the digestive process by signaling the hypothalmus to reduce hunger and delaying gastric emptying.
amylin
According to the DSM-5, the three main types of eating disorders are ________.
binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa
Consuming too much avidin, a protein found in raw egg whites, may inhibit ________ absorption.
biotin
The human body can absorb some ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
biotin
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?
blueberries
According to the "set point theory," a person's ________.
body fat level is genetically determined and difficult to alter
Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?
boiling in a saucepan of water
Which of the following cooking methods can result in significant losses of water-soluble vitamins?
boiling in a saucepan of water
Which of the following is not considered a key function of zinc?
bone health
A primary function of the digestive system is the
breakdown of food into nutrients
Which of the following foods or beverages contains the most fluoride?
brewed black tea
Jana's BMI is 25.5. She skips breakfast and usually eats a salad for lunch. While she is with friends, she eats large amounts of cookies, pastries, and ice cream. After eating such foods, she excuses herself to go to the bathroom. Her friends are amazed that she doesn't gain weight. Based on this information, Jana may have ________.
bulimia nervosa
________ is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta-oxidation.
carnitine
Ten-month old baby Gabe loves to eat pureed sweet potatoes, squash, and carrots. Recently, Gabe's mother noticed that his skin had a yellow color, particularly his cheeks and hands. The yellowing of the skin Gabe has experienced is likely ________.
carotonemia
The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of ________.
catabolism
Which of the following measurement techniques is a convenient, practical, and inexpensive way to determine if a person has an unhealthy distribution of body fat?
measuring the persons waist circumference
According to Shawn's physician, Shawn has a high risk of ________ because his waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure consistently measures 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl.
metabolic syndrome
Sulfur is a component of which two amino acids?
methionine and cysteine
The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the
mucosa
Goblet cells produce
mucus
Sam works out at the gym lifting weights two to three hours daily. Despite his intense workout routine, Sam feels his body is still too small and not muscular enough. Based on this information, Sam may have ________.
muscle dysmorphia
________ is an iron-containing protein in muscle that is responsible for oxygen uptake from red blood cells.
myoglobin
Sarah has a body fat percentage of 34%. This is considered ________.
overweight
A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients. She knows the RDA/AI for each mineral, one of which has an AI of 30 mg/day. How should she classify this particular mineral?
trace mineral
In the human body, water is involved in ________.
transporting substances
The primary function of adipocytes is ________.
triglyceride storage
A major underlying personal characteristic of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is having a distorted body image.
true
A nutrient requirement is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health.
true
Both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa may lead to electrolyte imbalances.
true
Chromium deficiency can lead to impaired glucose tolerance.
true
Consuming a high-protein diet may lead to high urine urea nitrogen.
true
Consuming excessive amounts of protein can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.
true
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disease that interferes with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
true
Deficiencies of pantothenic acid are very rare among Americans.
true
Fiber-rich diets contribute to weight loss by causing a person to feel full.
true
Gastric bypass surgery can increase a person's risk of osteoporosis.
true
Glucogenic amino acids, through metabolic pathways, are broken down into pyruvate or intermediates of the citric acid cycle.
true
Hyperphosphatemia contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease due to the formation of calcium-phosphorus deposits in blood vessels.
true
Phosphorus is necessary for the body to synthesize phospholipids and ATP.
true
Plasma free fatty acids are derived from triglycerides in adipose cells.
true
Sandra has binge-eating disorder and does not use any compensatory mechanisms to purge calories; therefore, she is likely to develop type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension.
true
Taking high doses of vitamin E supplements can impair blood clotting.
true
The AMDR for fat for athletes is the same as for nonathletes.
true
The ability to metabolize alcohol is dependent on the activity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase.
true
The difference between one triglyceride and another resides in the type of fatty acids attached to each glycerol.
true
The primary source of chloride in the typical American diet is table or sea salt.
true
Today, Sean only ate three sandwiches made with whole-grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 10 ounces of roast beef. He also drank 3 cups of orange juice. According to MyPlate, he ate nothing from the food group that includes
vegetables
The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,
"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."
Max wants to increase his intake of vitamin C without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin C?
%DVs
Which of the following describe a conditionally essential nutrient?
- A nutrient that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions. - A nutrient that may be made in the body, but in amounts that are inadequate. - A nutrient that becomes essential due to a metabolic disorder or serious disease (e.g. kidney or liver disease).
A pre-competition meal or snack providing 1 to 4 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight should be consumed approximately ________ before competing.
1-4 hours
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugar intake should be limited to less than ________ % of total daily calories.
10
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, saturated fat intake should be limited to less than ________% of total daily calories.
10
A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies
117 kcal
This morning, Margie's fasting blood glucose level indicated that she has hyperglycemia. Based on this information, her fasting blood glucose level was ________ mg/dl.
120
Marcus is a healthy 55-year-old man. According to recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Marcus should engage in at least ________ minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each week.
150
Katrina is 20 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, what is her range of protein intake?
180 to 630 kcal/day
Luis is a healthy man who is 23 years of age. What is his age-related maximum heart rate?
197 bpm
What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?
2
Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's ________.
DNA
Which of the following statements is true?
Disordered eating practices are usually temporary, and occur when the person is under stress.
Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues?
HDL
Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?
In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.
Which of the following statements is true?
In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.
Which energy system is most active during short bursts of high-intensity activity?
PCr-ATP energy system
Which of the following statements regarding C reactive protein is false?
People with low CRP are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease.
Which of the following statements is false?
Peristalsis occurs when villi absorb fat.
Which of the following statements about phospholipids is FALSE?
Phospholipids have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol.
Which of the following statements is true?
Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.
Which of the following actions is one of the five overarching guidelines of Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015-2020 version)?
Shift to healthier food and beverage choices.
What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber?
Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water.
Which of the following statements is true?
The pyloric sphincter controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.
A group of 50 adult male humans were in a clinical study to determine how much niacin is toxic. During the first 2 weeks of the study, members of the group consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it contained 24 mg niacin, which is 1.5 times the RDA for niacin (males). At that point in the study, all members reported feeling fine, and they could function normally. During the next week, they were given a formula that contained 48 mg niacin. Within a few days of consuming this formula, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of having upset stomachs and flushing (redness) on their faces. At that point, researchers gave the subjects a formula that contained 16 mg niacin. After a week of consuming the new formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the
UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/day.
Which of the following is NOT true about water?
Water is necessary for immune function.
Which of the following is an example of a potential carcinogen?
alcohol
Which of the following groups of people has the highest risk of magnesium deficiency?
alcoholic men
Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?
alpha-linolenic acid
An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the
amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population.
The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.
bile
Which of the following body fat assessment techniques relies on the principle that water and electrolytes conduct electricity?
bioelectrical impedance
Which of the following foods is often recommended for an athlete who wants to replenish his or her glycogen stores quickly after performing vigorous physical activity?
chocolate milk
Which of the following is a component of lecithin, an emulsifier found in egg yolks?
choline
Which of the following minerals enhances the action of insulin?
chromium
________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage.
cirrhosis of the liver
Compared to other people, a person who has a "thrifty metabolism" ________.
gains weight more easily
The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are
galactose, glucose, fructose
Which of the following hormones stimulates hunger sensations?
ghrelin
Nervous system cells burn mostly ________ for energy.
glucose
Iodine is necessary for ________.
maintaining normal thyroid function
Molybdenum is used as a cofactor in enzymes, particularly ________.
oxidases
Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?
pancreas
Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein?
salad made with apples, pears and grapes
Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?
salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese
Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing ________.
scurvy
Peristalsis is an involuntary response.
true
The process of adding vitamins A and D to milk is called fortification.
true
Treatment of eating disorders requires a multidisciplinary approach involving psychologists, registered dietitian nutritionists, and sometimes prescribing FDA-approved medications.
true
Unlike people with anorexia nervosa, people with bulimia nervosa can be normal weight.
true
Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of ________, the precursor for niacin.
tryptophan
Lawrence wants to increase his zinc intake without relying on dietary supplements. Which of the following foods should he avoid eating, because they can interfere with intestinal absorption of zinc?
unleavened whole wheat breads
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb ________.
vitamin B-12
Which of the following foods is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses?
carrots and celery
A researcher wants to identify lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer in men. His study design involves enrolling 250 adult men who have stomach cancer, and 250 men who are cancer-free, but have similar characteristics and backgrounds as the men who have stomach cancer. The researcher collects and analyzes information about each participant's lifestyle. Based on this information, what kind of study is the researcher conducting?
case control study
In the United States, consumers eat more ________ than recommended.
cheese
Long-term consumption of high amounts of fluoride can ________.
lead to skeletal fluorosis
The synthesis of fatty acids is known as ________.
lipogenesis
Which of the following is not a health condition typcially associated with overweight and obesity?
liver cancer
Coretta has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce her likelihood of developing heartburn, her physician recommended that she
lose excess body fat
Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to ________ while he has this illness.
lose weight rapidly
Every amino acid has ________ in its chemical structure.
nitrogen
The weather over the winter was colder than usual, with typical days in the subzero temperature range and snow and ice common. Because of this, Drea was often cold and shivering when walking between classes. Shivering is an example of ________.
non exercise activity thermogenesis
Zane had his blood pressure measured at a health fair. The blood pressure reading was 116/76. This is considered ________.
normal
A diet that supplies adequate amounts of nutrients prevents
nutrient deficiency disorder
High intakes of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. This is an example of __________.
nutrigenomics
Segmentation
occurs in the esophagus, allowing the bolus to travel from the mouth to the stomach.
Jennifer has lost weight by following a well-balanced calorie-reduced weight-loss diet plan that includes daily exercise for several months. Recently, her rate of weight loss slowed, and this week, she lost no weight, even though she has continued to follow the weight-loss plan. Based on this information, Jennifer has ________.
reached a "plateau," because she's in energy equilibrium
Paul just had a cholecystectomy. Which of the following dietary modifications should he consider?
reduce his lipid intake
________ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.
retinol
A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study.
retrospective
Lucia has been experiencing glossitis and cheilosis over the past several weeks. As well, her tongue has a slight reddish-purple color. Based on this information, Lucia may have a ________ deficiency.
riboflavin
Christine loves to eat Brazil nuts and canned oysters. These food items are rich sources of ________.
selenium
Chyme is the
semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.
Which of the following is NOT a key role of vitamin C?
serving as a coenzyme in energy metabolism
Parathyroid hormone ________.
signals osteoblasts to release calcium from bones
About 50% of digestion occurs in the ____________.
small intestine
All of the following vitamins and minerals play a role in bone health EXCEPT ________.
sodium
Nolan would like to add more dietary fiber to his diet. Which of the following do you recommend?
- Select a bran cereal for breakfast. - Use whole grain pasta. - Add wheat germ to pancake batter.
Which of the following are functions of cuproenzymes?
- antioxidant activity - collagen formation - iron storage and transportation
Hyponatremia ________.
- occurs as a result of low blood sodium - can cause drowsiness, confusion, and nausea - can result in death
Which of the following would be considered a recommended weight-loss practice?
- reducing intake of sugar sweetened beverages - eating portion controlled meals - keeping a food diary or journal
Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of iron deficiency anemia?
- shortness of breath - dizziness - pale skin
The pH of chyme is ________.
2
Chase is a 22-year-old college student. According to recommendations of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), fat should comprise ________% of his total energy intake each day.
20 to 35
A person who is 5-feet, 6-inches tall and weighs 260 pounds has a body mass index of ________.
42
Approximately how many grams of carbohydrate are in a sugar-sweetened beverage that supplies 200 kcals and contains no fiber, fat, protein, or alcohol?
50 grams of carbohydrate
Jordan is a competitive athlete who weighs 220 lb. He would like to plan a nutritionally adequate diet that provides enough carbohydrate to maintain his weight and glycogen stores during training and competition. According to expert recommendations, he should consume ________ grams of carbohydrate daily.
600-1000
According to national surveys, approximately ________ of American adults over the age of 20 were either overweight or obese in 2013-2014.
70%
Juliana (140 lbs) is a resistance athlete who trains five to six days per week for at least an hour. According to the joint recommendations of an expert group that included the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, her minimal intake of protein should be approximately ________ g daily.
76
If a person's RDA for protein is 65 g, they weigh approximately ________ kg.
82 kg
Which of the following statements is true?
A comprehensive fitness program includes aerobic, resistance, and stretching activities.
Which of the following statements is true?
A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.
Which of the following statements about calcium is false?
After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.
Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?
As a population's fruit intake increases, the percentage of persons with hypertension decreases.
Which of the following statements is true?
As people grow older, their metabolic rates decline.
Santiago has an inherited metabolic defect in which his cells have difficulty processing homocysteine to methionine. His physician may recommend vitamin ________ supplements to help Santiago's body metabolize homocysteine.
B-6
Which of the following statements is true?
Cells produce water as a by-product of metabolism.
Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract?
Chron's disease
Which of the following statements about normal weight obesity is false?
Condition associated with high muscularity and high BMI
Carter wants to lower his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, he should limit his intake of ________.
butter and beef
All of the following are common ingredients in sports drinks EXCEPT ________.
caffeine
Which of the following statements is false?
Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is a result of cancer.
Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?
H. Pylori
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
LDL
Adults living in ________ are most likely to be obese.
Mississippi
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Most foods are mixes of nutrients.
Which of the following statements is true?
Nutrient-deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients.
Generally, epidemiological studies ________.
cannot determine cause and effect relationships
Which of the following statements is true?
Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup.
Karen has type 1 diabetes, and she often forgets to administer insulin to herself. Why does her breath usually have a fruity odor?
She has hyperglycemia, which results in ketosis as her body catabolizes an excessive amount of fatty acids.
When he prepares food, Nick wants to use a product that is a rich source of unsaturated fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should he select?
canola oil
A ________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed.
carbon skeleton
A medical researcher reads an article in Today's Health-Conscious Woman magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2 weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.
Which of the following factors enhances calcium absorption?
adequate amounts of calcitriol
Eric's waist circumference is 42 inches. Based on this information, he has a high risk of ________.
cardiovascular disease
Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?
When a group of 6-year-old children increase their physical activity level to 60 minutes a day, the children's muscle mass increases.
Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?
When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk for bone fractures decreases.
The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called
ageusia
Matt is having his body fat assessed by ________, a technique that requires a large device called the BOD POD.
air displacement
Which of the following factors has a major influence over a person's food choices?
close friends
Having a control group enables researchers to
compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.
A/an ________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions.
conditionally essential
Becky's 2-year-old son can't walk because he was born with spina bifida. To reduce the chances that her next baby is born with this birth defect or related disorders, Becky should ________.
consume green leafy vegetables, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting pregnant
Unhealthy food-related behaviors are often associated with ________.
dissatisfaction with body shape
________ are small pouches that form in the inner lining of the large intestine.
diverticula
Risk factors for constipation include all of the following EXCEPT
drinking too much water
Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules?
electron transport chain
Which of the following is NOT a biological or physiological factor that influences a person's food choices?
emotional stress level
A chloride deficiency may result in hypertension.
false
Various environmental factors contribute to whether or not an individual meets physical activity recommendations. The ________ refers to the buildings, roads, parks, supermarkets, and restaurants in a community that can impact the likelihood that those living in the community will walk, bike, and engage in physical activity.
fitness environment
Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?
fluoride
Which vitamins are important as methyl donors in homocysteine metabolism?
folate and vitamin B-12
Megaloblastic anemia may occur as a result of a deficiency in ________.
folate or vitamin B-12
Ashley's BMI is 23.7. Based on this information, her weight is in the ________ range.
healthy
Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?
heart disease
Insulin
helps glucose enter cells
The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.
hepatic portal vein
Having high blood levels of ________ may increase a person's risk of CVD.
homocysteine
People who exercise regularly can reduce their risk of ________.
hypertension
The rapid loss of electrolytes and fluid due to self-induced vomiting and diuretic/laxative abuse can cause ________.
hypokalemia
The ________ controls hunger and satiety.
hypothalamus
Erin is following a safe and medically sound weigh-loss program to lose 20 pounds. According to this information, her program ________.
includes regular physical activity
Which of the following foods typically acts as a prebiotic?
whole grains
A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for awhile. Based on this information, she is likely to refer to ________ when developing the new formula.
DRIs
Which of the following minerals is NOT a trace mineral?
sodium
Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?
soluble fiber
Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas." However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information, Clayton probably has
lactose intolerance
Bob works as welder and noticed that he has tremors. The doctor explained he has neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease from overexposure to ________.
manganese
People with bulimia nervosa are usually able to control their eating behavior.
false
To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add ________ of the nutrient to its EAR.
a "margin of safety" amounts
Yolanda is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch. She has taken a bite of the sandwich and begun chewing the sticky sandwich. Once the bite of sandwich has been chewed, moistened, and mixed with saliva, it is called
a bolus
Consuming a diet rich in potassium has been associated with ________ blood pressure.
a reduction in
Many sports organizations have banned the use of ________ by athletes.
anabolic steroids
Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell?
anaerobic metabolism
When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for ________.
celiac disease
Thomas often describes his body shape as an "apple shape," also known as ________.
central body obesity
Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract?
chewing food up into smaller bits
The ________ cells of the gastric glands synthesize and release intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
chief
Which of the following practices is associated with an increased risk of cancer?
consuming a diet high in processed meats
Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for hypertension?
consuming too little sodium
If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be
converted into fat and stored
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
corn oil
Caffeine ________.
decreases pain perception
A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from ________.
infectious diseases
Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her?
ingesting large doses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage
All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT ________.
insulin
Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his
intestinal tract does not absorb much fat.
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following minerals is a nutrient of public health concern for pregnant females?
iron
Emma consumes dairy products, but she does not eat meat, fish, eggs or poultry. She eats some vegetables and fruits, but she avoids beans, breads, and cereal products. Based on this information, her diet lacks adequate ________.
iron
In the United States, ________ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency.
iron
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ________.
iron
Which of the following is a micronutrient?
iron
The ________ sphincter is located between the stomach and small intestine.
lower esophageal
Which of the following organs is the leading site for cancer deaths among men and women in the United States?
lung
Which of the following conditions or behaviors is a characteristic sign of a person with anorexia nervosa?
maintaining a BMI of 17.5 or less
A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on behavior in school-aged children. To start, the researchers will
make observations
________ are considered cancerous tumors.
malignant tumors
The enzyme ________ is necessary for digesting the disaccharide that contains two molecules of glucose.
maltase
Umami is one of the six basic tastes and it means ________.
meaty
Georgiana is 75 years old. She is very healthy and the only medication she takes is a prescription drug that reduces her stomach's acid production. Her diet includes a variety of foods from all food groups. Based on this information, Georgiana is at risk of developing ________.
nerve damage
Felicity's LDL cholesterol level is too high. To lower her cholesterol level, she took large doses of a certain vitamin supplement, but she experienced severe facial flushing as a result. Based on this information, which vitamin did she take?
niacin
________ is a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
niacin
________, as part of NAD and NADP, is important for energy metabolism.
niacin
________ are water-soluble vitamins.
niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin
An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is ________.
night blindness
Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?
observational study
According to the MyPlate guidelines, fruits and vegetables should account for about ________ of the food on a person's plate.
one half
________ is an extreme obsession with eating healthy foods.
orthorexia
Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.
prospective
Which of the following supplies the least energy during physical activity?
protein
People who have bulimia nervosa typically avoid gaining weight after bingeing on food by ________.
purging
All of the following are common physiological consequences of anorexia nervosa EXCEPT ________.
rapid heart rate
The weight-loss medication orlistat (Xenical) ________.
reduces the amount of fat absorbed by the digestive tract
________, found in FMN and FAD, is important for carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism.
riboflavin
When participating in an event, endurance athletes often use which of the following foods or beverages to avoid sodium depletion?
sports drinks
Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth.
starch
Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that ________.
stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the small intestine
Digestion of protein begins in the ________.
stomach
________ fat is located deep within the abdominal region and protects digestive organs.
visceral
As a vegan, Sanako is at the greatest risk for a ________ deficiency.
vitamin B-12
Which of the following vitamins is important in protein metabolism as a component of PLP?
vitamin B-6
Jared is a vegan. He can increase his intestinal tract's ability to absorb iron in his diet by combining iron-rich plant foods with sources of ________.
vitamin C
Which of the following vitamins is not produced by the microflora in the large intestine?
vitamin C
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following vitamins is a nutrient of public health concern?
vitamin D
Consequences of diabulimia include all of the following except ________.
weight gain
Felix generally consumes about 2300 kcal/day. He wants to reduce the amount of added sugars in his diet to meet the recommendation for added sugar intake, according to the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines. Based on this information, Felix will limit his daily intake of added sugars to less than ________ kcal.
230
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, most healthy people should limit their daily sodium intake to less than ________ mg/day.
2300
Per serving, which of the following foods is the most energy-dense?
3 ounces of baked chicken
Which of the following foods is a high-quality protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal proteins?
8 ounces of soy milk
Holly is a healthy woman who is 22 years of age. Using this information, calculate her target heart rate zone for moderate-intensity physical activity.
99 to 139
Which of the following statements about Dumping Syndrome is false?
Dumping Syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.
Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity?
E
________ acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.
Eicosapentaenoic
Which of the following statements about enterocytes is false?
Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production.
Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan.
Wendy is a 17-year-old world class endurance runner who suffers from the female athlete triad. Based on this information, she has ________.
abnormal menstrual cycles
Wilson's disease is characterized by the ________.
accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the liver, brain, kidneys and eyes
During beta-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________.
acetyl CoA
Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
Dennis wants to gain weight, primarily as lean tissue. In addition to performing resistance exercise regularly, he should ________.
add nutrient-dense, healthy sources of energy to his diet, including fatty fish, whole-grain cereals, nuts, peanut butter, and olive oil
Darlene is a 5′ 2′′, 23-year-old woman who weighs almost 250 pounds. To lose weight, she's tried calorie-restricted diets, fad diets, exercise programs, and appetite-suppressing pills without success. She would like to try a surgical weight-loss method that reduces the size of her stomach without the use of staples and is reversible. Her physician is likely to recommend ________.
adjustable gastric banding
Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?
alanine
Carey skips breakfast and eats only organic foods. Before exams, she avoids eating anything that is "alive" or "had a face" while it was alive. Her BMI is 21.6 and she seems to be healthy. Based on this information, Carey is at risk of developing ________.
an eating disorder
Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________.
anecdote
Andrea, a 22-year-old college student, has been rushed to the hospital after collapsing at the gym. After performing some clinical tests, the doctor determines Andrea's BMI is 16.8; she is dehydrated; and she has very low bone mineral density. Based on this information, Andrea probably has ________.
anorexia nervosa
A team of chemists have isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from a rare kind of mushroom. The researchers determine that the chemical donates electrons to other substances in the environment that are missing electrons. Based on this information, the chemists are likely to have discovered a/an ________.
antioxidant
A common role of B vitamins is that they ________.
are important in energy metabolism as part of coenzymes
Which of the following sources of oils would be recommended as part of a healthy diet?
avocado
Which of the following is the best source of heme iron?
beef round
Risk factors for eating disorders include ________.
being female
According to scientific evidence, which of the following substances may improve the performance of sprinters and weight lifters?
creatine
Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with ________.
cretinism
The bioavailability of calcium is highest in _______.
dairy products
After bingeing on cakes and cookies, Bonnie practices self-induced vomiting to avoid gaining weight. Based on this information, you would expect to notice ________ as a sign of her purging behavior.
damaged teeth
________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.
denaturation
Most people who suffer from anorexia nervosa ________.
deny they are too thin
________ refers to a condition in which people with type 1 diabetes manipulate their body weight by skipping insulin injections or using less insulin than prescribed.
diabulemia
Chloride is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.
energy metabolism
A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been
enriched
Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting a(n) ________ study.
epidemiological
Which of the following factors does not contribute to the dietary needs of an athlete?
ethnicity
Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ________ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.
glucagon
In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into ________ molecules that can be absorbed.
glucose
________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen.
glycogenesis
During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways?
glycolysis
Foods such as turnips, cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli contain ________ that inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland.
goitrogens
An effective and comprehensive aerobic workout program ________.
gradually increases in duration and intensity of activities
Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?
green leafy vegetables
Which of the following is the best source of beta-carotene?
grilled sweet potatoes
Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin E?
ground beef
Females involved in competitive sports, especially ________, are at risk of the female athlete triad.
gymnastics
Which of the following foods would be a nutritious low-fat, high-carbohydrate pre-event snack for an athlete?
handful of dried apricots
Risk factors for eating disorders include ________.
having a history of frequent attempts to lose weight
For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has
irritable bowel syndrome
Calcitonin ________.
is secreted when blood calcium levels are too high
The process of digesting food begins in the
mouth
The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine.
jejunum
Which of the following activities is generally classified as aerobic?
jogging
Which of the following activities is typically considered a vigorous physical activity?
jumping rope
Adrian's diet supplies only about 5% of his daily energy needs from carbohydrates. Therefore, most of his energy intake is provided by proteins and fats. As a result of following this diet, Adrian's body may go into
ketosis
The most biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), is made in the ________.
kidneys
Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells convert pyruvate to ________.
lactic acid
Which of the following statements describes lactic acid?
lactic acid is made under anaerobic conditions
Anisah follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Anisah following?
lactoovovegetarian
The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water from chyme.
large intestine
Justin's blood cholesterol levels are too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?
legumes
Osteoporosis is characterized by ________.
loss of bone mass and structures
Renin is secreted from the kidneys in response to ________.
low blood volume and falling blood pressure
Which of the following statements about accelerometers is true?
measures changes in speed or direction during physical activity
Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects, and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are
placebos
Which of the following foods is the best source of phosphorus per serving?
plain low-fat yogurt
Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.
positive
Lillian consumes 2100 kcal of foods and beverages daily and expends a total of 1800 kcal each day. Her body is in a state of ________.
positive energy balance
A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of breast cancer. Which of the following activities is NOT likely to be a component of their research efforts?
posting findings at the main researcher's personal website
Typical treatment for eating disorders includes ________.
professional counseling
Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.
prospective
Weight lifting, push-ups, and lunges are examples of ________ exercises that develop muscle strength and muscle endurance.
resistance
To reduce inorganic arsenic in rice, ________.
rinse it before cooking
Which of the following statements about whey protein is false?
whey protein is found in eggs
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of thiamin?
whole milk
A young man in a rural Iranian village eats very little meat and dairy products, but his diet contains a lot of unleavened whole-grain flat bread. He is very short for his age; his sexual organs are not fully developed; his intelligence is lower than normal; and he suffers from iron-deficiency anemia. Based on this information, the man probably has a(n) ________ deficiency.
zinc
Active transport requires energy, but not a specific transporter.
false
Being underweight reduces a person's risk of illness and infection.
false
Ephedra-containing weight-loss supplements are commercially available at drug stores across the United States.
false
Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is too high.
false
In adults, hyponatremia occurs rapidly after a bout of mild diarrhea or vomiting.
false
Initial weight loss on a low-carbohydrate diet results from the burning of stored body fat.
false
Live microorganisms that help control the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the large intestine are known as prebiotics.
false
Magnesium is a critical component of hemoglobin, the green pigment in plants.
false
Phytic acid and oxalic acid are substances in certain animal foods that interfere with mineral absorption in the human intestinal tract.
false
Secondary structure refers to the structure of protein comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique manner.
false
The biological activity of gamma-tocopherol is significantly higher than that of alpha-tocopherol.
false
The sulfur-containing amino acids are found only in animal foods, such as eggs and milk.
false
Which of the following statements is true?
fat cells produce leptin, a hormone that can reduce hunger
_________ is more biologically available than the natural form.
folic acid
An adult stomach is about the size of a ________.
football
The human body needs vitamin K to ________.
form active blood clotting factors
Magnesium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.
formation of red blood cells
Geoff wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may decrease his risk of this chronic disease.
fresh fruits and vegetables
Studying nutrition is important to
select the appropriate mix of nutrients for proper body functioning.
For lunch today Quentin ate a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, a small bag of pretzels, and an apple. He also drank a 20-fluid ounce orange-flavored sports drink. Which component of his lunch would be considered a source of empty calories?
sports drink
Which of the following factors contributes to an increase in a person's BMR?
stress
________ fat insulates the body and protects muscles and bones from bumps and bruises.
subcutaneous
Alicia has PKU. She would like to sweeten her coffee with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for her to use?
sucralose
Which of the following sweeteners provides 4 kcal/g?
sucrose
People with anorexia nervosa have a high risk of dying from ________.
suicide
Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of ________.
the placebo effect
Yesterday, Jenny ran in a marathon race. While she ran, she drank several large cups of water at water stations along the race course. At the end of the race, she experienced difficulty making it to the finish line. She was confused, and she complained of having a headache and feeling dizzy. Based on this information, Jenny was probably suffering from ________.
water intoxication