Female Physiology Final 2015
1st trimester (3 months)
-egg travels down to the fallopian tube and encounters sperm, genetic sex determined by sex chromosomes -mom: nausea, exhaustion, height sense of smell, food cravings -embryo/fetus: organs develop
Seminal vesicle
-empties into the urethra during ejaculation -makes semen w/ fructose and prostaglandins
Fimbrae
-fingers on the end of the fallopian tubes, located near the ovaries -create a current w/ their movement to push an egg into the fallopian tube
Thelarche
-first stage of woman's reproductive lifetime -age 7-11, breast buds, GnRH stimulates growth and structures
ring
-flexible latex, contains synthetic progesterone -blocks the opening of the cervix, absorb/trap sperm -have to replace
Glans penis
-gland at head of penis
Circulatory
-heart, blood, lymphatic vessels, veins, arteries, immune system -links and transports: controls blood, pumping and channeling blood to and from the body
the patch (ortho eura)
-highly concentrated hormones (see birth control pill, works similarly) skin can get hypersensitive, replace once a week
Endocrine
-hormone secreting glands (pituitary and thyroid) -controls and integrates, metabolism, puberty, hunger, thirst
birth control pill
-hormone: estrogen, progesterone -PMS symptoms lowered, ovarian cancer risk up to 80% lower, endometrial/uterine cancer risk 50% lower, reversible -risk of heart disease or stroke, migraine, hypertension, increase in possibility of tumor, have to take every day at the same time for it to be effective, may get cancelled out by other meds
lactational amenorrhea (breast feeding)
-infant suppresses FSH and LH (no ovulation) 98% effective, immediate begin after delivery
Cervix
-inferior region of uterus; narrow connection b/w the larger body of the uterus above the vagina -function:protection of fetus during pregnancy and delivery
depo-provera, lunelle
-injections, prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucous -97% effective irreversible, can lead to amenorrhea
Endometrium
-inner cell layer of uterus -forms lining within uterus to support fetus (shed during menstruation)
female condom
-inserted in vagina, acts as a shield from semen -80% effective, protects from STIs -more expensive than male condom, may be misused
Fundus
-inside the top part of the uterus -ideal place for fertilized egg to implant
intra uterine devices
-interferes w/ movement of sperm and eggs, inhibits fertilization, prevents implantation copper, progesterone can leave in for long time (up to 12 yrs for the paraguard IUD (copper w/o hormones), can remove at any time pain, cramping at time of insertion, possible perforation of uterus of expulsion
Uterus
-is a hollow organ where the fetus can develop, is divided into two parts-the cervix (bottom of the uterus) and the corpus (main body of the uterus) -function: cervix protection of fetus during pregnancy and delivery corpus-expands during pregnancy (the womb)
Vas deferens
-is the tube that travels from the epididymis into the cavity just behind the bladder -function: transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
Urinary
-kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra -eliminate waste and water balance. absorbing nutrients and expelling toxins
Labor stage 1: labor dilation
-major event: latent or early (cervix dilate 1-3 cm) last 12-14 hours, speed up or slow down -->phase 2: active- 2 hrs or more, cervix dilate 8 cm, contraction is longer, fetus push to come out -->phase 3: transition (2 hrs or more), cervix dilate 10 cm, contraction increase -complications: maternal fatigue, weak contractions (speed up or slow down) -interventions: monitor maternal blood pressure, proteinuria, contractions -fetal: sonogram, doppler hrt, scalp probe
main function/goal of reproductive tracts?
-make gametes-males- spermatogenesis in testes -females-oogenesis in ovaries -provide a means to deliver the gametes so fertilization is possible-- men: ejaculation out of penis into vagina women-- ovulation of egg and passage into uterus -female only; provide an environment for a developing embryo/ fetus: inside amniotic sac filled w/ fluids, connected to the placenta (that is connected to uterine wall) to pass nutrients, within the uterus
labor stage 4: bonding
-maternal bonding -breastfeeding
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
-mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability, and depression -causes: the exact cause is unknown, but it seems to be related to the fluctuating levels of hormones (estrogen and progesterone) that occur in prep. for menstruation -lifestyle changes and meds can reduce symptoms: exercise, diets, vitamin E and B6, and mineral (calcium and magnesium supplements)
Digestive
-mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver -food supply in. absorbing nutrients and expelling toxins; digests and processes food
Muscular
-muscles, tendons, ligaments -movement/posture
Fallopian tubes
-narrow tubes that allow the egg to travel from the ovaries to the uterus -ova: (egg cells) are carried to the uterus thru the fallopian tubes following ovulation. the ova may also be fertilized while in the fallopian tubes if sperm is present following sex
Isthmus
-narrowest part of the fallopian tube -leads into the uterus
male condom
-no chemicals, acts as a shield over the penis that blocks semen from entering vagina -easily accessible, quickly applied -89% effective, 95% w/ spermicide protection from STI may break, be put on wrong, latex allergies
Respiratory
-nose, trachea, lungs -oxygen in, carbon dioxide out (controls breathing)
PCOS
-ovarian cysts: fluid filled sacs on/in ovary -symptoms: eggs mature but aren't released, irregular periods, higher risks of miscarriage and premature delivery, pelvic pain -causes: no LH surge, no HPO rhythm, high FSH and testosterone, increased androgens -diagnosis/treatment: diagnosed with pelvic exam, ultrasound, laparoscopy, treat w/ lifestyle modification, oral birth control, fertility drugs, surgery
LH- luteinizing
-protein -made/secreted by anterior pituitary -acts upon ovary -function: triggers ovulation, produce testosterone
FSH-follicle stimulating
-protein -made/secreted by anterior pituitary gland -acts upon ovary -function: stimulate growth of follicle in ovary, produce estrogen/progesterone
GnRH
-protein -made/secreted by hypothalamus -acts upon anterior pituitary gland -function: stimulates pituitary gland to secrete follicle
HCG-human chorionic gonadotropin
-protein -produced only during pregnancy by fetus and made by the cells of the placenta -maintains corpus luteum to make progesterone for increase of uterine lining -nourishes the egg after it becomes attached to the uterine wall
2nd trimester (14-24 wks)
-quickening (mom can feel movements) -baby bump, glow -mom: linea negra grow, braxton hicks contraction -embryo/fetus: organs start to function, fetus is 12'', develop lanugo (baby soft hair)
sponge
-saturated spermicide; insert in vaginal canal (similar to cap/diaphragm), can be inserted up to 24 hr prior. blocks opening of the cervix and absorbing and trapping sperm can cause blood clotting?
Testes
-scrotum (external sac), contains testes -seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis) -epididymis- where sperm mature -vas deferens- where mature sperm leave to exit body thru urethra -function: sperm development, kept outside of body in scrotum to regulate temp
Andrenarche
-second stage of woman's rep. lifetime -age 11-15, androgens, steroid hormones cause ovaries to have full structure
Integumentary system
-skin, hair, nails -contain, protect, transport
spermatogenesis and oogenesis
-spermatogenesis: sperm development-- spermatogonium (mitosis)- primary spermacyte (meiosis I)-- 2 secondary spermatocyte (meiosis II)--4 spermatids-->4 spermatozoa -->"daughter cells" are pushed toward the lumen (inside of the tubule) -->sertoli cells secrete Mullerian inhibiting hormone --> Leydig cells (outer edge of tubule) secrete testosterone -oogenesis: ovum development--oogonium (mitosis)--primary oocyte (meiosis I)- secondary oocyte and polar body (absorbed into body)-- ovum (meiosis II) and second polar body
methods to monitor progress during labor
-stage 1: maternal blood pressure, temp, contractions via external belt -stage 2: apgar score-measures fetal breathing, muscle tone, heart rate, reflex response and skin tone
bilatera tubal ligation
-sterilization, tying fallopian tubes and separating them from the uterus -99.7% effective -permanent
Estrogen
-steroid -made/secreted by FSH and adrenals -endometrium to thicken, glands and blood vessel growth, cervical mucus becomes thin, clear and stretchy -development of female secondary sexual characteristics: breast, endometrium, regulation of menstrual cycle -male--> maturation of sperm and maintenance of healthy libido
Progesterone
-steroid -made/secreted by corpus luteum, ovaries, placenta, adrenal glands -acts upon uterine lining -function: suppresses follicular growth
Testosterone
-steroid from androgen group -production is controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. it is produced in the testes and ovaries as well -acts upon reproductive system -key role in development of male reproductive tissues such as testis and prostate and male sexual characteristics
Prostaglandins
-steroid precursor (lipid) -locally made by sterol precursor -function: stimulate contraction of uterus to push out endometrial lining -contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, and control of blood pressure
Labia minora
-surrounds the opening of the vagina; lies just inside of the labia majora; the two thin inner folds of skin within the vestibule of the vagina enclosed within the cleft of the labia majora -function: protective structures that surround the clitoris, urinary orifice, and vaginal orifice
Amenorrhea
-symptoms: absence of mentrual periods, milky nipple discharge, hair loss, headache, vision changes, excess facial hair, pelvic pain, acne -causes: low body weight, excessive exercise, stress, others-pregnancy breastfeeding, menopause, or meds( birth control, antidepressents, allergy mends, chemo) -diagnosis/ treatments: pregnancy, thryoid function, ovary function, prolactin, and male hormone tests
Endometriosis
-symptoms: endometrial tissue migrates outside of uterus, abdominal pain -treatment: hormonal birth control
Clitoris
-synonymous to penis glands, found at the tipi of the labia minora -most sensitive erogenous zone of women, touch stimulation produces sensations of sexual pleasure, small projection of erectile tissue
Labia majora
-the two outer rounded folds of adipose tissue that lie on either side of the vaginal opening and that form the external lateral boundaries of the vulva -function: encloses and protects the other external reproductive organs
cap
-thimble shaped cup (smaller than diaphragm, and fits directly into cervix), can be inserted 40 hrs prior 80-90% effective, protect against PID, lower rates of cervical cancer, good physical barrier from bacteria and HPV -leave in 6-8 hrs after sex, needs to be fitted
Menarche
-third stage of woman's rep. lifetime -start period, onset of fertility-lasts from around age 40-50 -GnRH, estrogen
Prostate gland
-under the bladder and empties into the urethra -function: makes semiplasmin and antimicrobial agents
what are some medicines/substances that are unsafe during pregnancy? safe?
-unsafe: cocaine, heroin, opiates, alcohol, MAOIS, caffeine, NSAIDs, aspirin, accutane, laxatives, steroids, cooking oils -safe: vitamins, SSRIs, tricyclics
kits and plan B (emergency contraception)
-use within 72 hrs after unprotected sex 90-97% effective if taken sooner for emergencies only, effectiveness lower the longer you wait, no protection from STIs, doesnt work if over 165 lbs
Reproductive
-uterus, testes, seminal vesicle, penis -produce gametes, women= child bearing
Ampulla
-widest part of the fallopian tubes; where we want sperm to meet egg ideally -it connects to the uterus at the isthmus
signs of fetal alcohol syndrome
-distinctive facial features -small head, brain -poor coordination -vision/hearing problems -heart defects -delayed mental development (learning disabilities and abnormal behavior)
how does the establishment of a pregnancy inhibit degradation of the corpus luteum?
in the first trimester, the embryo produces HCG which supports the corpus luteum. HCG is made by placenta cells and by fetus
labor stage 2: expulsion/delivery
-2 hours-- fetus comes out, crowning -complications: episiotomy: incision on vagina so won't tear --outlet difficulties: breech presentation, malpresentation, shoulder dystrophia-->c section -interventions: apgar score
Penis
-3 types of erectile tissue, contains the urethra and glans penis -urination, becomes erect for sex
Perimenopause
-4th stage of woman's rep. lifetime -late 40, early 50s, disruption of menses
labor stage 3: placental delivery
-5-30 min -must get placenta out b/c it can cause infection or abnormal bleeding (high risk for those w/ anemia) -check placenta is in tact
Menopause
-5th stage of woman's rep. lifetime -cessation of menses-low levels of estrogen
norplant
-6 'sticks' placed under skin lasts 5 yrs, 99.7% effective -scarring, can feel under skin
diaphragm
-dome shaped cup (covers the cervix and part of the vaginal wall), insert no earlier than 2 hours prior to intercourse -80-90% effective, protections against PID, lower rates of cervical cancer; good physical barrier from bacteria and HPV -leave in 6-8 hours after sex, needs to be fitted
Ovaries
-a pair of tiny glandular organs on opposite sides of the uterus in the pelvic cavity -produce eggs and hormones that control reproduction and gametes that are fertilized to create embryos
bacterial vaginosis
-abnormal growth of bacteria in vagina, generic infection -symptoms: swelling, not really itchy, wide range of discharge (thick or thin, white or gray, sticky), can lead to PID and infertility treatment: simple anti biotic, body may be ale to fight off alone, when pregnant-meds are ok
pregnancy risk analysis info--women who smoke...
-an ectopic pregnancy -vaginal bleeding -placental abruption -placenta previa
Bulbourethral gland (cowpers)
-at base of penis shaft and empties into urethra -function: lubrication and neutralization of uric acid
3rd trimester (25-40 wks)
-baby moves -mom-fatigue -embryo/fetus: gain weight, move around a lot
what are the major problems during labor and delivery? how are they treated?
-back labor: stargazing position, baby faces up -weak contraction due to fatigue-depends on whether to speed up or slow down progress, walking-break amniotic sac, prostaglandin gel, rest/sleep -cephalo- pelvic disproportion-baby head way too big -malpresentation-breech positions (emergency c-section if cannot manually turn baby) meconium-fetal bowel movement, baby in distress -fetal heart pattern change -delivering post term (41-42 weeks), break amniotic sac, chemical induction of labor
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
-begins 7-10 days before period- bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, and changes in sleep and eating habits. emotional and behavioral symptoms (sadness, anxiety) -diagnosis similar to PMS but w/ increased severity of symptoms. -treatment: NSAISs (ibuprofin), anti-depressant pills, oral contraceptives, herbal remedies, dieting, and less caffeine
Skeletal
-bones, cartilage -support/protect
Nervous
-brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs -control and integrate, communicate w/ body thru hormones
infertility intervention: IVF- in vitro fertilization
-bring sperm and ovum together in petri dish and implant the developing blastocyst
urinary tract infections
-can be transmitted sexually or not -symptoms: having to pee painfully all the time, cleanliness, no discharge treatment: cephalix
Vagina
-canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body -allows for constant flow of things out of the body
Oligomenorrhea and Amenorrhea
-causes: absence of menstruation in premenopausal women -2 types: primary: when a female has not has her period by the time she is 16 or 17 --secondary: when a woman that hasn't been thru menopause yet doesn't get her period for several months--lack of ovulation leads to "bone turnover," which makes women prone to trauma. may have resulted from genetic disorders -treatments: birth control, exercise, reduce stress
Dysmenorrhea
-causes: endometriosis: endometrial tissue outside of uterus --pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)-created due to infection --cervical stenosis -symptoms: painful menstrual cramps -treatments: laparascope, birth control, antibiotic
Menometrorrhagia
-causes: thyroid dysfunction--can be the result of a hormone imbalance most common in adolescents in the years following menarche, can also result in women nearing menopause; can result in more serious conditions like endometrial cancer, uterine fibroids, cevical cancer -symptoms: spasmodic pain in lower abdomen, hips, lower back, thighs, nausea, diarrhea, heavy, frequent long periods -treatments: ibuprofin, decrease of prostaglandin by reducing uterine lining by medication
spermicide
-chemically kills sperm -protects against gonorrhea and chlamydia (nonoxynol 9) -no protection against HIV
babies born to smoking women...
-cleft lip or palate -premature; low birth weight -sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -behavioral problems
trichomoras (STI)
-commonly transmitted sexually, not always, looks like black dot on cell -symptoms: burning, itching, smells a bit fishy, green/watery discharge -treatment: anti protozone med
Urethra
-connects to the bladder -connects to the vas deferens -function: urine waste passage, passage of sperm
vasectomy
-cut off/tie vas deferens, semen no longer has sperm 95-97% effective after 10+ ejaculations
path an ovum takes to get from the ovary to the uterus
1) travels to fallopian tube and encounter sperm--become zygote 2) meiosis (zygote divide) become embryo--takes up to 4-5 days 3) blastocyst is formed--implantation 5-7 days
path of sperm from testes to the ovum at the point of fertilization (optimal position)
1)sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and are stored and mature in the epididymis. (the testes and epididymis together make up a testile) 2) from the epididymis the sperm travel along the vas deferens which contracts to propel the sperm along 3) sperm then continue along the vas deferens and pass by the seminal vesicle and prostate where fluids are added 4) mixture reaches the urethra, passing by the cowper's gland where more fluids are added 5) ejaculated out of the penis as semen into the vagina 6) sperm travel (can take 3-5 days) thru the vagina, cervix, uterus, up into the fallopian tubes to meet the ovum and become a fertilized egg
infertility: artificial insemination
inject sperm into vagina
how does the communication b/w mother and baby contribute to labor and delivery?
DHEAS hormones secreted by the fetus's brain sets off chain reaction thru the placenta-->maternal uterus-->which reacts by producing estrogen-->which then signals maternal brain for labor
abortion: surgical
MUA-manual vacuum aspiration (5-12 wks) D & E- dilation and excavation (13-16 wks)
schematics for menstrual cycle-ovarian perspective
a) follicular phase: follicles begin to develop and secrete estrogen, hypothalamus, GnRH, anti-pituitary, FSH and LH b) ovulation phase: mature follicle releases egg by surge of LH and prostaglandins, follicle turns into corpus luteum c) luteal phase: corpus luteum makes high levels of progesterone, estrogen and testosterone. if fertilization-HCG to maintain corpus luteum, no fertilization--corpus luteum turns into corpus albicans
schematics for menstrual cycle-uterus perspective
a) proliferation (~5-14 days)-thickening of the endometrium lining b) secretory phase (~14-28 days)-endometrium stops growing and mucus is sticky (if fertilization makes mucus plug) c) menstruation (~5 days) -progesterone and estrogen levels fall and endometrium sloughs off ** menstruation--> Proliferation-->(ovulation starts here)--> secretion
pubic or crab lice
ectoparasite from skin to skin contact symptoms: bites, red bumps, visible, itchy treatment-baby shampoo and shaving
abortion: induction
removal of amniotic fluid and inject saline/prostaglandins/ urea/KCI
implanon
single rod lasts 3 yrs
infertility intervention: ICSI-intracytoplasmic sperm injection
sperm nucleus into the ovum overcomes sperm problem of crossing ovum
abortion: medical or chemical
up to 9 wks of anti progesterone (RU-488)-prevents implanting and softens cervix drug to kill the fetus and take misoprostol (prostaglandin) to contract uterus and expel miscarriage
