Fertilization usually occurs in the _____ while fetal development occurs in the _____.
a Level: 1
100. Shortly after ovulation, A) the granulosa cells become corpus luteum cells. B) estrogen increases but progesterone decreases. C) the level of LH rises even more than before ovulation. D) GnRH receptors upregulate. E) corpus luteum degenerates.
c Level: 2
101. The hypothalamic hormone that regulates both male and female reproductive cycles is A) FSH. B) ICSH. C) GnRH. D) LH. E) Oxytocin.
a Level: 2
102. Which of the following events is caused by LH? A) stimulation of theca interna cells to produce androgens B) stimulation of granulosa cells to convert androgens to estradiol C) increase LH receptors in granulosa cells D) menses E) oxytocin is released
b Level: 1
103. FSH A) stimulates theca interna cells to produce androgens. B) primarily effects granulosa cells. C) increases progesterone production. D) inhibits LH. E) stimulates the uterus.
c Level: 2
104. FSH can make the follicle cells more sensitive to LH by increasing A) GnRH production. B) GnRH receptors. C) LH receptors. D) theca cells. E) estrogen receptors.
c Level: 2
105. The androgens produced by the theca interna cells are converted to estrogen by A) corpus luteal cells. B) FSH. C) granulosa cells. D) GnRH. E) primary oocyte.
b Level: 2
106. The gradual increase in estrogen secretion during the follicular phase is the result of A) declining FSH levels. B) granulosa cells converting androgens to estrogen. C) positive feedback on the anterior pituitary. D) an LH surge. E) luteal development.
c Level: 2
107. Which of the listed events occurs last? A) GnRH secretion is stimulated. B) FSH/LH positive-feedback loops produce a series of FSH/LH surges. C) Ovulation occurs. D) Estrogen produced by theca interna cells increases. E) FSH and LH levels increase.
d Level: 2
108. The hormone HCG is necessary to A) form the corpus luteum. B) cause the endometrium to proliferate. C) stimulate primary oocytes to divide. D) keep the corpus luteum from degenerating. E) destroy the corpus luteum.
b Level: 2
109. Which of the following events happens after ovulation? A) Progesterone production by follicles declines. B) A negative feedback effect on GnRH. C) LH and FSH levels continue to increase. D) GnRH receptors upregulate. E) A positive feedback effect on GnRH.
d Level: 2
110. Progesterone A) increases fallopian tube motility. B) causes uterine muscle contractions. C) causes ovulation. D) causes cellular hypertrophy in the endometrium. E) causes cellular degeneration in the endometrium.
c Level: 2
111. During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, you would normally expect A) that the endometrium is just beginning development. B) to find a follicle that is ready to ovulate. C) the highest levels of progesterone that occur during the menstrual cycle. D) the spiral glands to first appear. E) the lowest levels of progesterone.
e Level: 1
112. Normally, menstruation occurs when A) blood levels of estrogen increase and progesterone levels decrease rapidly. B) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase rapidly. C) blood levels of FSH decrease rapidly. D) the corpus luteum secretes estrogen. E) blood levels of both female hormones decrease rapidly.
c Level: 2
113. Menstrual cramps are most commonly caused by A) increased FSH levels. B) increased estrogen secretion by the ovary. C) increased prostaglandin secretions. D) increased HCG hormone release. E) a decreased inflammatory response in the endometrium.
c Level: 2
114. Which of the following statements is false? A) Estrogen causes endometrial cells to proliferate. B) After ovulation, the endometrium becomes thicker. C) Rising progesterone levels cause the myometrium to contract. D) The uterine cycle makes the endometrium a hospitable environment for implantation. E) The endometrium receives the trophoblast.
a Level: 1
115. During the female sex act, A) the clitoris becomes engorged with blood. B) vaginal mucoid secretions are reduced. C) vaginal, uterine, and perineal muscles relax. D) an orgasm always occurs to insure fertilization. E) an orgasm always occurs.
d Level: 1
116. Sexual drive in females A) is dependent on hormones. B) can be affected by psychological factors. C) is influenced by androgens that affect the hypothalamus. D) A, B, C E) none of the above
b Level: 2
117. Assume a couple has just completed intercourse and sperm have been deposited in the woman's reproductive tract. Trace the pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive tract to the point where fertilization will most likely occur. 1. cervix 2. fallopian tubes 3. cavity of uterus 4. vagina A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 4, 1, 3, 2 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 4, 3, 2, 1 E) 1, 3, 2, 4
c Level: 1
118. The ovum is viable for _____ hours following ovulation. A) 8 B) 12 C) 24 D) 36 E) 48
e Level: 1
119. Spermatozoa may remain viable in the female reproductive tract for as long as A) 24 hours. B) 48 hours. C) 72 hours. D) 96 hours. E) 144 hours.
b Level: 1
120. Fertilization can only occur A) if orgasms occur in both the male and female. B) when a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte. C) when there is no menstrual flow. D) after oxytocin is released from the hypothalamus. E) on day 14 of the cycle.
b Level: 2
121. Fertilization usually occurs in the _____ while fetal development occurs in the _____. A) uterus, vagina B) uterine tube, uterus C) uterine tube, fimbriae D) vagina, uterus E) ovary, uterus
e Level: 2
122. The corpus luteum A) degenerates into the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur. B) is absolutely necessary during the first three months of pregnancy. C) produces mostly progesterone, but also some estrogen. D) A and C E) A, B, C
a Level: 1
123. The placenta produces both A) estrogen and progesterone. B) progesterone and prolactin. C) prolactin and FSH. D) androgens and estrogens. E) oxytocin and prolactin.
d Level: 1
124. Which of the following hormones is detected by over-the-counter pregnancy kits? A) progesterone B) estrogen C) prolactin D) human chorionic gonadotropin E) oxytocin
b Level: 1
125. Implantation A) occurs prior to fertilization. B) normally occurs in the uterus. C) assists sperm motility in the uterus. D) occurs in the vagina. E) occurs in the cervix.
b Level: 2
126. In an ectopic pregnancy, A) no fertilization occurs. B) implantation does not occur in the uterus. C) a fetus never develops. D) no placenta forms. E) implantation occurs in the uterus.
c Level: 2
127. The ovarian follicles become less sensitive to FSH and LH. The levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, while the levels of FSH and LH increase. This describes A) pregnancy. B) parturition. C) menopause. D) puberty. E) ovulation.
b Level: 2
128. The female climacteric refers to the A) cessation of menstruation. B) time from the onset of irregular menstrual cycles to cessation of those cycles. C) decrease in the sexual drive. D) inability to have sexual intercourse. E) PMS.
c Level: 1
129. Hot flashes during the climacteric are thought to be the result of decreased _____ levels. A) LH B) FSH C) estrogen D) progesterone E) oxytocin
c Level: 1
130. The contraceptive method in which the penis is removed from the vagina just before ejaculation is called A) abstinence. B) rhythm method. C) coitus interruptus. D) douching. E) vaginal removal.
a Level: 1
131. The contraceptive method that not only prevents fertilization but also provides protection against sexually transmitted diseases is A) the condom. B) oral contraceptives. C) spermicidal agents. D) coitus interruptus. E) the diaphragm.
c Level: 1
132. Which of the following can cause infertility in females? A) PMS B) heavy, prolonged menses C) blockage of the uterine tubes D) an increased libido E) psychological factors
b Level: 1
63. The ovary is surrounded by a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the A) mesovarium. B) tunica albuginea. C) peritoneum. D) medulla. E) tunica alba.
b Level: 1
64. Of the two million primary oocytes in the ovaries at birth, only about _____ are ovulated. A) 40 B) 400 C) 2,000 D) 4,000 E) 400,000
a Level: 1
65. A primary oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells is most appropriately called A) a primordial follicle. B) a secondary follicle. C) a mature follicle. D) the corpus luteum. E) a graafian follicle.
c Level: 1
66. A primary follicle contains A) vesicles. B) an antrum. C) several layers of granulosa cells. D) a mature egg. E) the theca.
c Level: 1
67. As a secondary follicle enlarges, A) the granulosa cells are replaced with fluid. B) the secondary oocyte divides by mitosis. C) a theca or capsule is formed around it. D) the zona pellucida becomes thinner. E) the fluid within it is reduced.
d Level: 1
68. In a mature follicle, the oocyte lies in a mass of follicular cells called the A) theca interna. B) zona pellucida. C) granulosa. D) cumulus mass. E) theca externa.
b Level: 1
69. A follicle containing a secondary oocyte and a single fluid-filled antrum is called a _____ follicle. A) primary B) graafian or mature C) secondary D) primordial E) tertiary
a Level: 1
70. The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is called A) ovulation. B) fertilization. C) sporulation. D) implantation. E) oocyte release.
c Level: 1
71. Which of the following is produced in the ovary and then leaves the ovary? A) testosterone B) corpus luteum C) secondary oocyte D) FSH E) menstrual blood
b Level: 2
72. The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division when A) the mature follicle ruptures. B) it is penetrated by a sperm cell. C) it is implanted in the uterus. D) it receives both estrogen and progesterone. E) ovulation occurs.
c Level: 2
73. Fertilization occurs when the A) oocyte ruptures from the ovary. B) oocyte is implanted in the uterus. C) sperm head enters the secondary oocyte. D) sperm attach to the secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube. E) sperm enter vagina.
d Level: 1
74. "Zygote" is the term used to describe the A) graafian oocyte. B) primary oocyte. C) secondary oocyte. D) fertilized oocyte. E) sperm just before fertilization.
a Level: 1
75. Follicles in the ovary that are never ovulated A) degenerate. B) become the corpus albicans. C) form secondary follicles. D) undergo and complete meiosis in the ovary. E) proliferate.
b Level: 1
76. The corpus luteum is a gland that A) forms from a graafian follicle after ovulation. B) secretes progesterone. C) degenerates into a zygote if pregnancy does not occur. D) releases the secondary oocyte. E) secretes estrogen.
a Level: 2
77. Which of the following follicular stages is the last to appear? A) corpus albicans B) corpus luteum C) primary follicle D) mature follicle E) graafian follicle
a Level: 1
78. Which of the following statements concerning the uterus is true? A) The inferior portion is the cervix. B) The isthmus separates the body and the fundus. C) The fundus forms the major portion of this organ. D) The uterine wall is composed of four layers. E) The cervical canal is in the superior portion of the uterus.
d Level: 2
79. Trace the pathway of an egg as it passes through the uterine tube. 1. ampulla 2. ostium 3. infundibulum 4. isthmus A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 3, 2, 1, 4
c Level: 1
80. A Pap test is used to detect A) pregnancy. B) the time of ovulation. C) cervical cancer. D) a prolapsed uterus. E) ovarian cancer.
e Level: 1
81. The cervix is a portion of the A) vagina. B) external genitalia. C) oviduct. D) uterine tube. E) uterus.
b Level: 2
82. Which of the following statements concerning the uterine tube is true? A) The outer layer of the tube is formed by the ampulla. B) The oocyte is moved along the tube by peristaltic contractions of the muscular layer. C) The opening of the uterine tube is the mesosalpinx. D) The portion of the uterine tube closest to the uterus is the infundibulum. E) Fimbria are associated with the lining of the tube.
d Level: 1
83. The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the A) perimetrium. B) myometrium. C) hymen. D) endometrium. E) vasometrium.
a Level: 1
84. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? A) broad ligaments - help support the uterus B) cervix - lined with rugae C) basal layer - layer of endometrium closest to uterine cavity D) perimetrium - muscular coat of uterus E) endometrium - connective tissue layer
b Level: 1
85. Which of the following is a function of the vagina? A) oocyte production B) reception of penis during intercourse C) site of fertilization D) production of estrogen E) female hormone secretion
b Level: 1
86. Which of the following portions of the vulva is most superior? A) clitoris B) mons pubis C) vestibule D) labia majora E) labia minora
d Level: 1
87. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) clitoris - erectile tissue B) labia minora - unite anteriorly to form the prepuce C) vestibular glands - maintain moistness of vestibule D) mons pubis - vaginal orifice E) pudendal cleft - space between labia majora
c Level: 1
88. Both the vagina and the urethra open into a space called the A) urogenital sinus. B) pudendal cleft. C) vestibule. D) prepuce. E) mons pubis.
b Level: 1
89. The secretory sacs of the mammary glands are known as the A) follicles. B) alveoli. C) lactiferous ducts. D) areolar glands. E) vesicles.
b Level: 2
90. Frequently during childbirth, an episiotomy is performed. In this procedure the _____ is cut. A) vagina B) perineum C) labia majora D) labia minora E) mons pubis
e Level: 2
91. Which of the following statements concerning the female mammary glands is true? A) They are modified sweat glands. B) They are the organs of milk production. C) They may contain large amounts of adipose tissue. D) They are attached to the pectoralis major muscle by Cooper's ligaments. E) all of the above
a Level: 1
92. Puberty in a female is characterized by A) fat deposition in the breasts and around the hips. B) increased muscle mass, especially in the hips. C) growth of facial hair. D) closure of the uterine tubes. E) growth of chest hair.
d Level: 1
93. Menarche refers to A) monthly ovulation. B) enlargement of the breasts. C) an increase in the sexual drive. D) the first episode of menstrual bleeding. E) the end of the menstrual cycle.
b Level: 1
94. The average menstrual cycle is about ____ days long; ovulation occurs on about day ____. A) 30; 24 B) 28; 14 C) 24; 14 D) 20; 10 E) 32; 16
b Level: 1
95. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by A) ovulation. B) rapid development of ovarian follicles. C) formation of the corpus luteum. D) high progesterone levels. E) maturation of and secretion by uterine glands.
a Level: 1
96. The menstrual cycle can be divided into three continuous phases. Starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is A) menses, proliferative, secretory. B) menses, secretory, proliferative. C) secretory, menses, proliferative. D) proliferative, menses, secretory. E) secretory, proliferative, menses.
c Level: 1
97. One hormone responsible for initiating the development of follicles is A) HCG. B) progesterone. C) FSH. D) estrogen. E) LH.
b Level: 1
98. The LH surge initiates A) menses. B) ovulation. C) fertilization. D) the second trimester of pregnancy. E) follicle development.
d Level: 2
99. Which of the following events in the menstrual cycle occur at the same time? A) maximal LH secretion and menstruation (menstrual flow) B) early follicular development in the ovaries and maximum thickening of the uterus C) ovulation and menstruation (menstrual flow) D) uterine wall begins to thicken and increased estrogen production by the follicles E) proliferation and secretion
