Fetal Spine&MSK Penny

Upon sonographic interrogation of a 28-week pregnancy, you note that when pressure is applied to the fetal skull, the skull can be easily distorted. this is sonographic evidence of:

Osterogenesis imperfecta

A protein produced by the yolk sac and fetal liver that is found in excess in the maternal circulation in the presence of a neural tube defect is

AFP

Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except: a. frontal bossing b. flattened nasal bridge c. trident hand d. absent mineralization of the skull

Absent mineralization of the skull

The most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia is

Achondroplasia

An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as:

caudal regression syndrome

Which of the following is true for the diagnosis of clubfoot? a. the metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula b. the metatarsals are perpendicular to the tibia and fibular c. the carpals and metacarpals lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula d. the tibia, and patella are perpendicular to the femur

the metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula

What is the maternal dietary supplement that has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of the fetus suffering from a neural tube defect?

Folate

A disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism is

achondroplasia

The artifact seen posterior to solid structures such as fetal bone is referred to as

acoustic shadowing

The disorder associated with fetal amputation is

amniotic band syndrome

The lemon sign denotes

an abnormal shape of the fetal skull

The group of fetal head and brain abnormalities that often coexists with spina bifida is referred to as

arnold-chiari II malformation

What abnormality results in limitation of the fetal limbs as a result of joint contractures?

arthrogryposis

The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is

autosomal dominant

In VACTERL association, the letter "C" stands for

cardiac

The condition associated with the absence of the sacrum and coccyx

caudal regression syndrome

Talipes equinovarus is associated with

clubfoot

The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn is referred to as

copocephaly

All of the following are clinical or sonographic findings ocnsistent with LBWC except: a. ventral wall defects b. decreased MSAFP c. marked scoliosis d. shortened umbilical cord

decreased MSAFP

All of the following are characteristics of spina bifida except: a. closed defect b. elevated MSAFP c. sacral dimple d. hemanioma

elevated MSAFP

All of the following are associated with spina bifida ecept a. splaying of the laminae b. enlarged posterior fossa c. lemon sign d. banana sign`

enlarged posterior fossa

What is the anomaly of the spine in which there is absence of all or part of a vertebral body and posterior element?

hemivertebra

In VACTERL association, the letter "L" stands for

limb

The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarged with arnold-chiari II malformation is the

massa intermedia

Sirenomelia is commonly referred to as

mermaid syndrome

All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogensis except:

multiple dislocated joints

All of the following are characteristics of spina bifida cystica except: a. banana sign b. lemon sign c. enlarged massa intermedia d. normal MSAFP

normal MSAFP

A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of

osteogenesis imperfecta

Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes:

phocomelia

Sonographically, you visualize a mass extending from the distal spine of a fetus. This mass could be all of the following except: a. SCT b. meningocele c. meningomyelocele d. phocomenigocele

phocomeningocele

Which of the following would increase the likelihood of a fetus developing sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome? a. previous cesarean section b. preexisting maternal diabetes c. previous ectopic pregnancy d. elevated human chorionic gonadotropin

preexisting maternal diabetes

Absence of the radius is referred to as:

radial ray defect

All of the following are signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except: a. S-shaped spine b. banana sign c. lemon sign d. colpocephaly

s-shaped

The exaggerated distance between the first toe and the second toe is

sandal gap

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is referred to as

scoliosis

Rhizomelia denotes

shortening of the proximal segment of a limb

What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, and fusion of the lower extremetries

sirenomelia

What term is defined as fusion of the digits?

syndactyly

All of the following are associated with anmiotic band syndrome except: a. amputation of fetal parts b. anenephaly c. facial clefting d. synechiae

synechiae

A cloverleaf skull and hydrocephalus is seen with

thanatophoric dysplasia