Fighting Back
First Universal Races Conference in London
1911 where Dubois attended to refute Booker T Washington's message
1919 Race Riots
D.C.: bogus newspaper reports of blacks assaulting white women led to mob of soldiers running amok, killing blacks; blacks retaliated; mutual casualties Chicago: mecca for blacks as thousands had migrated there; frictions over employment, housing, recreation; blacks moving into white neighborshoods created friction; whites took it upon themselves to prevent; riot started from death of young black boy swimming at Lake Michigan and death of an Italian peddler and white laundry operator; for 13 days no law and order: 38 people killed, 15 whites, 23 blacks, 537 injured, many homeless Other riots occurred in Knoxville, Omaha and Elaine, Arkansas
Clayton Anti Trust Act
Didn't help African Americans
Class vs Race
Dominated the conversation
The Crisis
DuBois became editor Challenged white policies of the military; urged creation of a black officer training camp which became part of NAACP civil rights agenda Students at Howard, Fisk, Atlanta, Tuskegee and other black colleges began to agitate for such trainings Blacks fought in WWI, but faced discrimination both at home and abroad
Chandler Owen and A Philip Randolph
Emerged as new voices. Attacked white left and NAACP in The Messenger
Springfield Riots of 1908
Springfield race riot of 1908. The Springfield race riot of 1908 was a mass civil disturbance in Springfield, Illinois, United States on August 14 and 15, 1908, sparked by the arrest of two African Americans as suspects in violent crimes against whites.
NAACP and creators
Spurred by the racist Springfield riot in 1908 William Walling was a socialist and reformer and issued the "call" which brought together the group of integrated progressive reformers: DuBois, Wells, Jane Addams, Mary Whie Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villard (grandson of Wiliam Lloyd Garrison).
The success of the NAACP can be measured by it's newspaper
The Crisis
Walter White'
investigative reporting detailed lynching; able to infiltrate because of his light skin, go undetected and go to crime scenes, secure data Wrote in book Rope and ******, A Biography of Judge Lynch
Black owned Newspaper The New York Amsterdam News informed
readers that Harlem was home to the world's second largest West Indian population
By Executive Order, Wilson did what?
segregated eating and restroom facilities of black federal employees and phased out most blacks in civil service jobs.
Gwinn v United States
was a United States Supreme Court decision that dealt with provisions of state constitutions that set qualifications for voters. It found grandfather clause exemptions to literacy tests to be unconstitutional. MD and OK
Harlem was mostly
Caribbean descent
Fight back
Challenge to the vanguard civil rights vanguard; new voices of protest Socialist Party was influential on political thinking of many leaders, particularly the Afro-Caribbean left; debate over integration versus separation and capitalism Parted with DuBois over his position with WWI. He felt blacks should set aside race struggle for patriotic duty to their country during WWI Caused divisiviness among various leaders "LEADERLESS" MIGRANTS RACE VERSUS CLASS BLACK NATIONALISM DUBOIS AND 'CLOSE RANKS' A. PHILIP RANDOLPH AND CHANDLER OWEN
First NAACP branch established where?
Chicago
Reasons why Caribbeans(mainly Jamaicans) migrated to the U.S
Collapse of sugar economy, natural disasters, and colonial land policies led to displacement of workers in several islands
Red Summer
26 race riots in 1919
Why were they fighting back?
AMERICAN WHITES SUGGESTED FOREIGN INFLUENCES FRENCH TRADITION OF EQUALITY BOLSHEVIK PROPAGANDA BOLSHEVIK REVOLUITON 1917 INFLUENCE OF SOCIALIST PARTY
Civil Rights Vanguard
All African American organizations protested against the U. S. not granting first class citizenship to blacks NAACP most established and strongest advocate of blacks' civil rights—fought the persistence of lynching and mob violence Displayed banner outside its headquarters indicating lynchings: "a man lynched yesterday" NAACP began legal campaign; federal anti lynching campaign law; James Weldon Johnson, secretary of the association, was able to get a bill introduced in the House. Bill passed the house, but was filibustered in the Senate NAACP was successful in getting the Supreme Court to declare a Texas statute null and void that excluded blacks from Democratic primaries in the state in the case of Nixon v Herndon, and eventually had the use of the white primary outlawed in Smith v Allwright because excluding blacks from the Democratic primary was a violation of the 15th Amendment
Legal Redress committee
Arthur B Springam and Joel Lawyers black and white who won cases in favor of African Americans
Woodrow Wilson played what movie that glorified the KKK?
Birth of a Nation
Progressives helped or hurt blacks
Essentially they disenfranchised blacks
George Baker
Father Divine- portrayal of himself as God
Progressive voices
Fight for racial equality by many, led by NAACP: voices of DuBois, Francis Grimke who said that blacks would never acquiesce, Monroe Trotter, Ida Wells, Nannie Helen Burroughs Other organizations like National Urban League and the commission on Interracial Cooperation Blacks suspicious of T. Roosevelt because of his handling of the Brownsville incident in 1906; some black leaders, including DuBois and Trotter supported Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat,. For President in 1912. DuBois respected him as a scholar (former President of Princeton, a historian) and had been convinced that he would bring good will to the black community Wilson was a disappointment and embarrassment to civil rights leaders. Wilson was a native Virginian and acted no differently than any other Southerner Refused to support NAACP request to establish a commission on the Negro problem. Wilson pursued economic policies that negativlely impacted black people—labor unions closed doors to blacks, banks refused to make loans Congress proposed discriminatory legislation: forbidding interracial marriage, segregation in housing, segregation on public carriers in DC, excluding blacks from being commissioned as officers in the military, mandating separate accommmodations, and banning all immigranats of African descent. Most legislation failed However, Wilson issued executive orders segregating eating and restroom facilities for federal employees and phased out most blacks in civil service jobs Monroe Trotter and members of NAACP went as a delegation to see Wilson to protest against segregation, he was so offended by Trotter he asked for him to be removed Wilson was not a friend to African Americans; further alienated blacks when he admired the film Birth of a Nation
Amenia Conferences
NAACP held a conference at the home of Joel Spingarn at his home in Amenia, New York to strategize; drew up manifesto to address enfranchisement, lynching, and protection of civil rights
Booker T. Washington's accommodations policies made who say what?
Francis J. Grimke give a speech on why Negroes shouldn't accomodate
Wilson ordered MArines to occupy
Haiti
Why were blacks reluctant to support Roosevelt?
Handling of the Brownsville Incident
Arthur Alfonso Schomburg
Helped to establish the Negro Society for Historical Research.
Rosewood Florida Riot
JANUARY 1923 FALSE ACCUSATION OF ASSAULT ROSEWOOD BURNED TO GROUND RESIDENTS MURDERED OR EXILED THREATENED INTO SILENCE REPARATIONS OF $150,000 TO SURVIVORS
Tulsa Oklahoma Riot
JUNE 1921 RACE WAR ACCUSATION OF ASSAULT BLACKS TOOK UP ARMS RIOTING, LOOTING, HOUSE BURNING NATIONAL GUARD CALLED IN $1MILLION IN PROPERTY DAMAGE YOUNG MAN EXONERATED OF CHARGES
Marcus Garvey(Back to Africa)
Jamaican native RACE PRIDE—"up you mighty race" UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION (UNIA) The Negro World Decline due to KKK and steamship line(fraud)
Black Migration
Migration of hundreds thousands of blacks out of the South to northern cities; major reason was economic; social considerations as well Severe labor depression in the South in 1914-1915; wages fell; damage to cotton crops by boll weevil infestatation which was problematic for sharecropers Mississippi River floods left many destitute, homeless Northern industries were booming and wartime demand for labor was skyrocketing European immigrants coming into U. S. prior to WWI halted suddenly with the outbreak of the war which caused a labor shortage; this enticed both blacks and whites to move north for work Injustice and disfrancishement in the South also caused blacks to move North The Chicago Defender encouraged Blacks to move North; new opportunities for industrial employment was available was available and the National Urban League aided in helping newly arrived blacks adjust to life in northern industrial centers. NUL was founded in 1911 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS EUROPEAN IMMMIGRANTS NEW OPPORTUNITIES NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE
Nannie T Buroughs
National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C., which uniquely provided academic, religious and vocational classes for black girls and young women at a time when education was segregated in the South; she operated it until her death. It has since been renamed the Nannie Helen Burroughs School in her honor and provides coeducational classes for the elementary grades. Its Trades Hall, built in 1927-28, has been designated as a National Historic Landmark. n 1928, the Herbert Hoover administration appointed Burroughs as committee chairwoman related to Negro Housing, for his 1931 White House Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership, soon after the Crash of 1929 as the Great Depression began.she supported Booker T. Washington's program of educating most African-Americans as mechanics and farmers, etc.
Most Afro Caribbeans moved to
New York
Detroit Michigan (1925)
OSSIAN H. SWEET (PHYSICIAN) PURCHASED HOME IN WHITE NEIGHBORHOOD 400-500 WHITE MOB ATTACKED HOME DEFENDED SELF; WHITE MAN KILLED
New Negroes saw Integrationist policies as
Old Guard Negro Style(Marcus Garvey)
Chicago Riots
On July 27, 1919, an African-American teenager drowned in Lake Michigan after violating the unofficial segregation of Chicago's beaches and being stoned by a group of white youths. His death, and the police's refusal to arrest the white man whom eyewitnesses identified as causing it, sparked a week of rioting between gangs of black and white Chicagoans, concentrated on the South Side neighborhood surrounding the stockyards. When the riots ended on August 3, 15 whites and 23 blacks had been killed and more than 500 people injured; an additional 1,000 black families had lost their homes when they were torched by rioters. Over Housing and Recreation Worst race riot
Black women
Played an important role in black protest; black church women and black club women Black women sought to be an integral and equal part of he larger women's movement; found that more attached to black disfranchisement and segregation; worked as suffragists to obtain the vote Ida B. Wells mobilized women in Chicago through the Alpha Suffrage Club; black voter turnout in the Chicago election of 1915 helped elect the first black alderman, Republican Oscar DePriest. Met in churches, schools, homes, on the streets to become politically involved
Hubert Harrison
Race from a socialist class perspective and criticized NAACP in search of a more radical perspective. Black International. Cooperated with NAACP once in in Silent Protest Parade in response to East St Louis riots
Red Scare
Shortly after the end of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the Red Scare took hold in the United States. A nationwide fear of communists, socialists, anarchists, and other dissidents suddenly grabbed the American psyche in 1919 following a series of anarchist bombings. The nation was gripped in fear.
Dubois and other black leaders supported
Woodrow Wilson but were disappointed in his presidency because he refused Oswald Garrison Villard's( Editor of New York Evening Post and William Lloyd Garrison's Grandson) "National Commission on the negro problem".
Violence
World War I rallying cry "100 % Americanism" became a national hysteria of "super patriotism" after the war Led to rise of racism and xenophobia, groups like KKK, the Red Scare (Russian Revolution in 1917) Government authorized raids against perceived communists; policy of isolationism; increased lynchings and racially motivated mob violence against blacks. Klan membership grew; felt it was their responsibility to punish people who it considered dangerous: blacks, Asians, Roamn Catholics, Jews, foreign registered. Klan operated in many communities African American soldiers were a primary target 26 urban race riots in the summer of 1919 termed the Red Scare by James Weldon Johnson because of the bloodshed
Lines were drawn in the black community between
advocates of civil rights, socialism and black nationalism
Caribbean migrants were disproportionately
educated and skilled
Oscar DePriest
first black alderman, Republican Oscar DePriest. Met in churhes, schools, homes, on the streets to become politically involved
