Final

Which one of the following statements is consistent with a sociocultural view of language development? Question 6 options: A) "Although children can learn the specific vocabulary and syntax of their native language only by hearing the people around them speak it, they seem to have some built-in knowledge of the form that any language should take." B) "To foster children's language development, parents and other adults praise them first for making speechlike sounds ('Da-da'), later for saying recognizable words ('More!'), and still later for forming understandable sentences ('Can I have candy?')." C) "From a very early age, children are motivated to learn how to speak, because speech enables them to interact with other people and, ultimately, to get what they want." D) "Children initially use language primarily in their interactions with other people, but increasingly they also use it to help them think more effectively."

"Children initially use language primarily in their interactions with other people, but increasingly they also use it to help them think more effectively."

Which one of the following best describes attachment in the early years? Question 10 options: A) An affectionate relationship between marital partners, thought by ethological theorists to be important for young children's emotional well-being B) A mother's innate tendency to protect her young offspring C) An enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver D) A predisposition by infants to behave in certain ways and not in others

) An enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

Given what we know about the language development of elementary school children, three of the following errors might be observed in a class of second graders. Which one is notlikely to be observed? Question 26 options: A) Connie speaks mostly in one word "sentences." B) Danny complains that his bicycle is "broked." C) Benny says, "Chocolate ice cream is gooder than vanilla ice cream." D) Annie asserts quite adamantly that an ostrich is not a bird.

) Connie speaks mostly in one word "sentences."

Which one of the following children is most likely to be identified as having an emotional-behavior disorder in need of intervention? Question 58 options: A) Lana, who has no friends and seems to be constantly depressed B) Luke, who gets easily frustrated with mathematical word problems C) Rory, who stutters whenever he has to speak in front of his classmates D) Janeen, who is constantly misinterpreting spoken directions and so is seldom doing what she is supposed to be doing at any given time

) Lana, who has no friends and seems to be constantly depressed

Which one of the following appears earliest in the development of children's sense of self? Question 14 options: A) An autobiographical self B) Recognition of oneself in the mirror C) Personal fable D) Imaginary audience

) Recognition of oneself in the mirror

Three of the following homes should promote self-regulation in the children that live there. Which home is least likely to promote self-regulation? Question 4 options: A) Fourteen-year-old Manny often sees his mother writing the novel she's always wanted to write. "I'd love to watch TV like you are," she sometimes tells him, "but I'll be happier if I finish at least two more pages tonight." B) Twelve-year-old Mark's parents let him do whatever he wants as long as he tells them where he's going. C) Six-year-old Maria's mother sometimes asks her if she would go next door to borrow a cup of sugar from a neighbor. "You can stay and talk for a few minutes," she says, "but don't forget that I can't finish these cookies until you return." D) Nine-year-old Ginny's parents often seek her input on family decisions, although they ultimately have the final say on what the family does.

) Twelve-year-old Mark's parents let him do whatever he wants as long as he tells them where he's going.

hree of the following are examples of self-regulation. Which one is not a good example of self-regulation? Question 8 options: A) A child thinks, "I paid better attention in class today. I'm going to reward myself by watching television when I get home from school." B) A child tries hard to earn the reinforcer his teacher has told him he will get for good behavior. C) A child keeps track of the number of times he's gone to the pencil sharpener in a single day. D) A child reminds herself in a whisper that she should raise her hand before speaking in class.

A child tries hard to earn the reinforcer his teacher has told him he will get for good behavior.

Which one of the following best illustrates babbling as developmental theorists typically use the term? Question 37 options: A) "Buh-buh-buh-buh." B) Roscoe often talks to himself as he plays by himself in the sandbox. C) "Allgone milk." D) "Eeeeeeeeee."

A) "Buh-buh-buh-buh."

Which one of the following statements is consistent with a functionalist view of language development? Question 8 options: A) "From a very early age, children are motivated to learn how to speak, because speech enables them to interact with other people and, ultimately, to get what they want." B) "Children initially use language primarily in their interactions with other people, but increasingly they also use it to help them think more effectively." C) "Although children can learn the specific vocabulary and syntax of their native language only by hearing the people around them speak it, they seem to have some built-in knowledge of the form that any language should take." D) "To foster children's language development, parents and other adults praise them first for making speech like sounds ('Da-da'), later for saying recognizable words ('More!'), and still later for forming understandable sentences ('Can I have candy?')."

A) "From a very early age, children are motivated to learn how to speak, because speech enables them to interact with other people and, ultimately, to get what they want."

Latisha correctly understands the sentence "The girl who was pushed off the slide by the bully has a broken arm." Considering trends in language development, you can guess that Latisha is probably at least: Question 27 options: A) 10 years old B) 3 years old C) 5 years old D) 7 years old

A) 10 years old

Children with disabilities are most likely to develop secure attachments when: Question 24 options: A) A caregiver is responsive and sensitive to the child's needs and behavioral cues. B) They have one primary caregiver, usually a parent. C) They are mobile, vocal, and have above average intelligence. D) A caregiver and infant are home together; the child is not in daily daycare or physical therapy.

A) A caregiver is responsive and sensitive to the child's needs and behavioral cues.

Which one of the following scenarios is most consistent with the Strange Situation? Question 14 options: A) A mother and her young child are in a playroom. Soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then Mom leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviors are observed through a one-way mirror. B) A mother and her young child enter a playroom, where the child encounters a variety of new toys and other objects. Some of the objects (e.g., a jack-in-the-box, a picture of a ferocious dinosaur) are intentionally scary and anxiety-arousing. C) A mother and her young child come to a preschool class for the first time. The child's social behaviors are observed and recorded, with a particular focus on how often the child initiates interactions with unfamiliar peers. D) A baby lies in a specially designed infant seat where he or she sees a variety of visual displays on a screen. By sucking on a plastic nipple, the infant can control which displays appear most frequently.

A) A mother and her young child are in a playroom. Soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then Mom leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviors are observed through a one-way mirror.

Ten-year-old Mark is overheard telling tasteless jokes about the homeless people he sees on city sidewalks. When his teacher confronts him about his intolerant remarks, he responds, "All those people are just lazy. They need to get a job!" Mark's response is a good example of: Question 47 options: A) A stereotype B) An ethnic identity C) Self-socialization D) Relational aggression

A) A stereotype

Three of the following statements describe developmental trends in self-regulation that researchers have observed. Which statement is not necessarily consistent with researchers' findings? Question 2 options: A) Absent-mindedness largely disappears. B) Emotional reactions become more restrained. C) Self-evaluations become more frequent. D) External rules and restrictions become internalized.

A) Absent-mindedness largely disappears.

hildren's self-concepts become increasingly stable, and therefore increasingly difficult to change, as they grow older. Using what you have learned about the development of youngsters' sense of self, choose the most likely explanation for the increasing stability of the self-concept over time: Question 13 options: A) Children behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts, thereby reaffirming their views of themselves. B) Many teachers intuitively sense how children feel about themselves, and such intuitions invariably influence teachers' behaviors toward different children. C) Maturational factors play a major role in the formation of the self-concept; these factors continue to unfold throughout childhood. D) Research studies indicate that the self-concept has a strong genetic component.

A) Children behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts, thereby reaffirming their views of themselves.

Gender differences in emotions seem to be: Question 40 options: A) Due partly to biology and partly to socialization B) Largely the result of biology for boys, but socialization is more influential for girls C) Almost entirely the result of differences in how boys and girls are socialized D) Almost entirely the result of hormonal differences in males versus females

A) Due partly to biology and partly to socialization

Youngsters begin to think more systematically about what other people might be thinking about them during: Question 44 options: A) Early adolescence B) Early childhood C) Middle childhood D) Late adolescence

A) Early adolescence

You have been observing Emilia and conclude that she has considerable empathy. Which of the following behaviors would lead to such a conclusion? Question 37 options: A) Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She goes over to talk to Jill, and she begins feeling sad herself. B) Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. This upsets Emilia, so she goes in search of her teddy bear in order to make herself feel better. C) Emilia is playing with Jill. Jill is feeling sad, but Emilia doesn't seem to notice. D) Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She tries to figure out what is making Jill sad.

A) Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She goes over to talk to Jill, and she begins feeling sad herself.

Research that focuses on temperament in Chinese children indicates that: Question 53 options: A) Emotional control has both biological and environmental influences. B) Children are less likely to be securely attached in a culture that encourages obedience. C) Chinese children are more independent than children in Western cultures. D) Chinese children are more likely to be shy than children in Western cultures.

A) Emotional control has both biological and environmental influences.

When looking at her new baby brother, 2-year-old Martina says, "Baby nap." Her mother responds, "Yes, the baby is taking a nap." Mom's reply is an example of: Question 29 options: A) Expansion B) Telegraphic speech C) Overextension D) Interpreting a holophrase

A) Expansion

Melissa is a happy-go-lucky 15-year-old who loves a good party. When her parents aren't home, she and her friends sometimes raid the family liquor cabinet, and she has experimented with marijuana a few times. If we were to consider three key dimensions of temperament-extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control-we would rate Melissa high on: Question 49 options: A) Extraversion/surgency B) Negative affectivity C) Effortful control D) Both extraversion/surgency and effortful control

A) Extraversion/surgency

Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding gender differences in emotion? Question 39 options: A) In the elementary school years, many boys begin to hide their true feelings. B) On average, male infants are more emotionally volatile than female infants almost from birth. C) As early as age 4, more boys than girls show signs of serious depression. D) After age 2, girls are more likely to show anger than boys.

A) In the elementary school years, many boys begin to hide their true feelings.

Children who find it difficult and stressful to deal with daily hassles most likely have: Question 35 options: A) Insecure or disorganized attachments with primary caregivers B) A life filled with stimulation, including rich colors, movement, and noise C) A genetically based imbalance in the neurological system that regulates stress responses D) A greater risk of health problems such as obesity and heart disorders

A) Insecure or disorganized attachments with primary caregivers

On her first day at a new child care center, 2-year-old Martha is quite upset when her father leaves to go to work. When Dad returns that afternoon, Martha runs to him for a hug but then soon pushes Dad away. Martha's behavior is most consistent with a(n): Question 16 options: A) Insecure-resistant attachment B) Insecure-avoidant attachment C) Secure attachment D) Disorganized and disoriented attachment

A) Insecure-resistant attachment

Seven-year-old Emma thinks that "Too many cooks spoil the broth" is only about cooking soup. Her inability to recognize the more general meaning of the expression: Question 33 options: A) Is typical for her age-group B) Reflects delayed pragmatic development C) Indicates that instruction in such expressions would definitely be in her zone of proximal development D) Reveals preoperational reasoning

A) Is typical for her age-group

Becky often interrupts other people to finish their sentences for them. Her conversation partners find this behavior annoying. In the terminology of language researchers, Becky: Question 46 options: A) Is violating the sociolinguistic conventions of her culture B) Is invading her partners' personal space C) Shows less syntactic development than her peers D) Lacks metalinguistic awareness

A) Is violating the sociolinguistic conventions of her culture

Given what we know about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years, which teachers should be especially careful to help students acquire a positive sense of self? Question 16 options: A) Junior high school teachers B) High school coaches and physical education teachers C) High school teachers who teach advanced courses D) Third- and fourth-grade teachers

A) Junior high school teachers

If you were to describe the nature of syntactic development, you would be most likely to say that it involves: Question 20 options: A) Learning how to put words together into comprehensible sentences B) Acquiring an ability to make discriminations among very similar-sounding words C) Understanding the social customs that surround language use in one's culture D) Developing a large vocabulary

A) Learning how to put words together into comprehensible sentences

Three of the following teaching strategies should help children become more self-regulating. Which one will not? Question 9 options: A) Mr. D'Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task. B) Ms. Carlson asks Craig to make a check mark on a piece of paper whenever he finds himself talking out of turn. C) Mr. Bottenberg teaches Beth to reinforce herself whenever she gets her homework done on time. D) Ms. Alexander encourages Andy to set a target for himself regarding the number of sit-ups he will be able to do by the end of the month.

A) Mr. D'Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task.

Mr. Jones is concerned about one of his students, Todd, who has recently been identified as having a conduct disorder. Which one of the following is a good strategy for Mr. Jones to use with Todd? Question 64 options: A) Mr. Jones sets limits on Todd's behavior. "Under no circumstances will either physical or verbal aggression be acceptable in my classroom," he tells Todd. B) Mr. Jones encourages his other students to avoid interacting with Todd in order to reduce the number of fights Todd gets into in the classroom. C) Because Todd exhibits defiant behavior, Mr. Jones takes every opportunity to exert his own authority in the classroom. It's the only way he can keep control of the situation and not lose face with the other students. D) Mr. Jones avoids talking to Todd about his problems. That's what the school psychologist is for, and besides, Todd might become too reliant on Mr. Jones for help.

A) Mr. Jones sets limits on Todd's behavior. "Under no circumstances will either physical or verbal aggression be acceptable in my classroom," he tells Todd.

hree of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote their students' sense of self. Which one probably will not? Question 36 options: A) Ms. Abrams gives her students easy assignments and praises them for their high performance. B) When Matthew is hospitalized with a broken leg, Ms. Crumb comes by to see how he is doing and to bring him some assignments to do during his absence from class. C) Mr. Barnes tells his students he fully expects that all of them will be able to succeed in his class if they work hard and seek his help when they need it. D) Mr. Danetta tells Susan, "The short story you wrote yesterday was a really good start. The main character seems a little flat, though. Let's sit down and brainstorm some ideas as to how you might give her more life."

A) Ms. Abrams gives her students easy assignments and praises them for their high performance.

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that are likely to be effective with students who have emotional-behavioral problems. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy? Question 65 options: A) Ms. Walsenburg allows students to be verbally aggressive with classmates as long as they don't become physically aggressive. B) Mr. Moreno makes it clear that getting up and leaving the classroom without permission is unacceptable behavior. C) Ms. DuBois asks Harry, "Do you want to talk about it?" when he seems especially upset. D) Mr. Green privately praises students for such appropriate behaviors as smiling, speaking pleasantly, and cooperating.

A) Ms. Walsenburg allows students to be verbally aggressive with classmates as long as they don't become physically aggressive.

According to Selman's theory of the development of perspective taking skills, children who can engage in second-person, reciprocal perspective taking understand that: Question 45 options: A) People sometimes have mixed feelings about an event. B) People cry when they are sad and smile when they are happy. C) People often need to satisfy both their own and another's needs simultaneously. D) People are not always aware of why they act in a particular way.

A) People sometimes have mixed feelings about an event.

When parents are divorced, which of the following is recommended to help their child maintain a secure attachment? Question 28 options: A) Send communication from the school with duplicate copies to both homes. B) Ask the child which parent should receive communication from the school. C) Communicate primarily through one parent only. D) Alternate sending communication on a monthly basis to each parent.

A) Send communication from the school with duplicate copies to both homes.

When a new child care provider picks up 11-month-old Ceci for the first time, Ceci screams hysterically and struggles to get away. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Ceci's behavior? Question 12 options: A) She is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year. B) Her resistance indicates a hypersensitivity to stimulation, signaling possible autism. C) Her resistance indicates an absence of the need for relatedness, signaling a possible emotional disturbance. D) She is showing a lack of attachment to other caregivers in her life.

A) She is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year.

Three of the following are differences that teachers and other practitioners may find among children from some cultural backgrounds. Which behavior is probably not the result of a child's cultural background per se? Question 47 options: A) Some children may be accustomed to "talking back" to authority figures when they disagree. B) Some children may look down at their feet as a way of showing respect for authority figures. C) Some children often touch the people they are talking to. D) Some children may walk away without saying anything when they want to be alone rather than with other people.

A) Some children may be accustomed to "talking back" to authority figures when they disagree.

hildren from multiethnic families tend to develop ethnic identities that are: Question 32 options: A) Strong B) Diffuse C) Conflicted D) Foreclosed

A) Strong

Matthew willingly allows anyone to hold him or change his diapers, but he seems to be especially happy in the arms of his mother, father, or regular day care provider. Without knowing anything else about Matthew, you might reasonably guess that he is: Question 11 options: A) Two to six months old B) No more than six weeks old C) Nine to twelve months old D) At least fourteen months old

A) Two to six months old

Three of the following aspects of language development appear during the elementary school years or even earlier. Which one are we not likely to see until youngsters are in junior high or high school? Question 34 options: A) Understanding proverbs B) Adapting a spoken message to the age of the listener C) Using context clues to interpret a speaker's message D) Following accepted social conventions for beginning and ending conversations

A) Understanding proverbs

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to help children become more self-regulating? Question 6 options: A) When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to give themselves a treat after they complete each one. B) Mr. Adams knows that many students have trouble learning algebra. He spends the first few weeks of class having students engage in activities that will make algebraic concepts concrete and understandable. C) To build endurance, Mr. Caruthers asks his physical education students to run as quickly as possible each time they train. D) Mr. D'Amato asks his students to look in a mirror and write a poem about what they see.

A) When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to give themselves a treat after they complete each one.

Five-year-old Sarah tells her kindergarten teacher, "We had dinner at Mark's house last night." The teacher has no idea who Mark is but responds, "How nice! Did you have a good time?" This interaction reflects which one of the following developmental trends? Question 39 options: A) When talking to others, young children often fail to take their listeners' knowledge and perspectives into account. B) Telegraphic speech typically precedes adultlike grammar. C) Children have difficulty with figurative speech throughout the preschool and elementary school years. D) Young children tend to be heavily reliant on context clues when interpreting other people's messages.

A) When talking to others, young children often fail to take their listeners' knowledge and perspectives into account.

Three of the following statements accurately describe how sense of self changes over the course of childhood and adolescence. Which statement is not accurate? Question 10 options: A) With age, children's self-appraisals become less and less accurate. B) With age, children increasingly internalize other people's standards for evaluating their own behavior. C) With age, children increasingly make distinctions among different aspects of themselves. D) With age, children's sense of worth becomes stable.

A) With age, children's self-appraisals become less and less accurate.

Zack is a high school student with a speech disorder. Which one of the following characteristics is least likely to be associated with his disability? Question 64 options: A) Zack shows no interest in contemporary music; in fact, he doesn't even listen to the radio. B) Zack's reading skills are among the lowest in his class. C) Zack has difficulty with writing assignments. D) When asked to speak in front of a group, Zack blushes and looks uncomfortable.

A) Zack shows no interest in contemporary music; in fact, he doesn't even listen to the radio.

Given what we know about the development and effects of children's sense of self, three of the following are likely scenarios. Which scenario is not likely to occur? Question 9 options: A) Aaron thinks that kids his age don't like him, so he spends most of his spare time with his parents. B) Rex knows he's good in math and science but thinks of himself as a complete klutz when it comes to sports. C) Almost daily, Ross vacillates between thinking of himself as being very smart and as being extremely stupid. D) Daniel knows he has many friends, but he wishes he were a better student

Almost daily, Ross vacillates between thinking of himself as being very smart and as being extremely stupid.

Ms. Mills holds up a picture of a dog and asks her first graders, "What letter does this word start with?" Most of the students yell out, "D!" "You're absolutely right," Ms. Mills responds, "the word dog begins with a D." This interaction can best be described as: Question 48 options: A) An IRE cycle B) Decoding C) Immersion D) An authentic activity

An IRE cycle

Which one of the following best illustrates self-concept rather than self-worth or self-esteem? Question 1 options: A) Darvin says, "I'm bad at sports and I don't like always being picked last for a team." B) Anne says, "I am a fast runner." C) Brandi says, "I am glad that I am good in math." D) Connor says, "It makes me sad that I am the worst reader in the class."

Anne says, "I am a fast runner."

Imagine you are a high school teacher who has several students who speak a dialect other than Standard English. If you follow the textbook's recommendation for handling this situation, you will: Question 63 options: A) Ask them to use Standard English in formal situations (e.g., persuasive essays) but encourage them to use their own dialect in other situations B) Teach them to speak and write Standard English exclusively, and as quickly as possible C) Allow them to use their own dialect or version of English exclusively in all school classes and activities D) Strongly discourage them from speaking their dialect, even when they are off school grounds

Ask them to use Standard English in formal situations (e.g., persuasive essays) but encourage them to use their own dialect in other situations

Which one of the following remarks addressed to 18-month-old José best illustrates infant-directed speech? Question 11 options: A) "José, come back here, you silly boy!" B) "José want juice? Here is the juice." C) "Oh my goodness, it's time to change your diaper, isn't it?" D) "Would you like me to read you a bedtime story?"

B) "José want juice? Here is the juice."

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes what developmental theorists mean when they talk about a language acquisition device? Question 4 options: A) A handheld computer that enables people who speak very different languages to communicate easily with one another B) A built-in mechanism that makes language learning especially easy for human beings C) A culture-specific symbolic system that encompasses all the syntactic rules of a particular language D) A particular area of the human cortex that seems to "hold" all of the words that a child learns

B) A built-in mechanism that makes language learning especially easy for human beings

Which one of the following most accurately describes the concept of temperament? Question 46 options: A) The extent to which children are either outgoing (extroverted) or withdrawn (introverted) B) A child's way of responding to events and of regulating impulses. C) The extent to which children like or dislike themselves D) The ways that children have learned to react to environmental stimuli as a result of their past experiences

B) A child's way of responding to events and of regulating impulses.

When Ramona passes William in the hall, she gives him a friendly smile. But he is deeply engaged in a conversation with a friend and so doesn't notice her walk by. Ramona concludes, "Will is a real snob. He never says hello to anyone!" Ramona's conclusion is an example of: Question 46 options: A) Relational aggression B) A social-cognitive bias C) Recursive thinking D) Prejudice

B) A social-cognitive bias

Three of the following children are behaving in ways consistent with what cognitive process theorists have learned about children's early language capabilities. Which one is notbehaving consistently with what researchers have learned about what children can and cannot do in the first few years of life? Question 5 options: A) Bryn, who is 2 months old, seems to be more easily comforted by her father's voice than by the voice of a strange man whose voice has a similar pitch. B) Alec, who is 3 weeks old, seems more intrigued by classical music than by his mother's voice. C) Donald, who is 16 months old, knows what a teddy bear is but has never heard the word lion before. When his mother shows him three teddy bears and a stuffed lion and says, "Show me the lion," Donald hesitates and then points to the lion. D) Claudia, who is 5 months old, pays more attention to her father when he talks to her using short, simple, sing-songy sentences.

B) Alec, who is 3 weeks old, seems more intrigued by classical music than by his mother's voice.

Three of the following are suggested strategies for promoting children's expressive language skills. Which one is not recommended? Question 44 options: A) Encourage children to describe recent events in their lives. B) Ask children to tell the truth all of the time. C) Tell children if you don't understand what they're trying to tell you. D) Teach infants gestures they can use to make their desires known.

B) Ask children to tell the truth all of the time.

Which one of the following examples best illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in an adolescent's developing sense of self? Question 17 options: A) Dora feels self-conscious when she has to get up in front of her class and give a speech from memory. B) Bernita thinks everyone is looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends. C) Annette writes in her diary when she is having problems and feels she has no one to confide in. D) Candy feels detached, as if she has no life of her own but is only watching everyone else live their lives.

B) Bernita thinks everyone is looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends.

Richard has wild mood swings. For weeks at a time he has no appetite and little energy. But he also has periods in which he's quite happy and energetic, sometimes to the point where his friends find him overwhelming. Such symptoms suggest that Richard has: Question 59 options: A) A conduct disorder B) Bipolar disorder C) Depression D) An anxiety disorder

B) Bipolar disorder

Which one of the following pairs of children best illustrates a difference in temperament? Question 47 options: A) Ann enjoys dancing; Alice prefers basketball. B) Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is more quiet and reserved around peers. C) Dan likes to think about abstract ideas; David learns more effectively when he can manipulate concrete objects. D) Bob likes to spend his time reading science fiction novels; Bill would rather read detective mysteries.

B) Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is more quiet and reserved around peers.

When Scott was first learning how to write, he wrote quickly and sloppily, without regard for how his papers looked. But his teachers praised him regularly for writing carefully and legibly, and eventually he began to pride himself on his neat and careful handwriting. This transition can best be described as: Question 38 options: A) Development of situational interest B) Development of internalized motivation C) Acquisition of an external attribution D) Development of extrinsic motivation

B) Development of internalized motivation

Three of the following are factors that affect children's ability to understand what others say to them. Which one is least likely to affect their listening comprehension? Question 35 options: A) Prior knowledge B) Early training in correct pronunciation C) Schemas and scripts related to common objects and events D) Working memory capacity

B) Early training in correct pronunciation C)

Which one of the following children is displaying extrinsic motivation? Question 15 options: A) Roxanne wants to be an accountant because she likes working with numbers. B) Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him. C) Donnetta wants to become an actress because she thinks acting is fun. D) Brad wants to be a veterinarian because he loves animals and wants to help them.

B) Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him.

What can adults do to foster children's theory of mind? Question 50 options: A) Make social studies an important part of the curriculum beginning in first grade B) Encourage children to think about other people's thoughts and feelings C) Be aware that children encounter a lot of aggression and violence in their homes and communities D) Make sure that children are raised in a cooperative or competitive social environment

B) Encourage children to think about other people's thoughts and feelings

If you wanted to enhance children's and adolescents' ability to understand what other people say, you might use three of the following strategies. Which one would you be least likely to use? Question 36 options: A) Present only small amounts of information at a time, especially when working with young children. B) Encourage them to listen closely to every word and to take other people's messages literally. C) Show them how some kinds of messages (e.g., television commercials) are designed to persuade them to behave in certain ways. D) Assess children's understanding of messages by asking questions.

B) Encourage them to listen closely to every word and to take other people's messages literally.

As children grow older, they are more likely to: Question 12 options: A) Hold themselves to unrealistically high standards for performance B) Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their peers C) Evaluate their own performance in terms of how much improvement it shows over time D) Be satisfied with low levels of performance

B) Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their peers

Which one of the following best describes empathy? Question 36 options: A) Feeling sorry for someone who faces exceptional life challenges B) Experiencing the same feelings as someone in unfortunate circumstances C) Being able to "step into someone else's shoes" D) Understanding what another person must be thinking

B) Experiencing the same feelings as someone in unfortunate circumstances

Gabrielle asks her mother, "When we go library?" Gabrielle's question is an example of: Question 9 options: A) Receptive language B) Expressive language C) Overregularization D) A holophrase

B) Expressive language

When a young child shows marked deficits in social cognition and social skills but no apparent intellectual disability, a parent or teacher should consider consulting an expert to discuss whether the child: Question 54 options: A) Has Fragile X syndrome B) Has a disorder on the autism spectrum C) Has been a victim of child abuse D) Has Rett syndrome

B) Has a disorder on the autism spectrum C)

For the past four afternoons Sheila and Rachel have acted out the same scene with their dolls: The girls put their dolls to bed. The dolls want the light left on. The girls tell the dolls that the light must be turned off at night. The girls then explain at length that the dolls will be safe in bed with the light off. The scene ends with the dolls going to sleep in the "dark" room. Such fantasy play is apt to: Question 43 options: A) Enable the girls to deny their own fear of the dark by projecting it onto the dolls B) Help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark C) Intensify the girls' own fear of the dark by focusing their attention on it D) Have little effect on the girls' fear of the dark

B) Help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or two. Julian can best be described as showing: Question 25 options: A) Identity achievement B) Identity diffusion C) Foreclosure D) Moratorium

B) Identity diffusion

You want to foster the development of effective social cognition in a group of children. Which one of the following techniques is least likely to be effective? Question 52 options: A) Encourage the children to speculate about what characters in storybooks might be thinking and feeling. B) If the children are age 6 or younger, praise them when they describe certain ethnic groups in stereotypical ways, because stereotypes form a foundation for more flexible views later on. C) Create opportunities for the children to discover that people from a particular racial group are all individuals with unique characteristics. D) Talk to the children about what they are feeling and why; acknowledge that people can have mixed feelings.

B) If the children are age 6 or younger, praise them when they describe certain ethnic groups in stereotypical ways, because stereotypes form a foundation for more flexible views later on.

lena woke up this morning with a large pimple on her nose. She refuses to go to school, telling her mother, "It looks awful, and everyone will laugh at me." Which one of the following concepts best helps us explain Elena's behavior? Question 18 options: A) Low self-efficacy B) Imaginary audience C) Personal fable D) Identity crisis

B) Imaginary audience

Jules is discovering that by being able to write all the alphabet letters in cursive, he is winning the approval of his teacher. Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's stage of: Question 5 options: A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt B) Industry versus inferiority C) Trust versus mistrust D) Initiative versus guilt

B) Industry versus inferiority

In what way might the imaginary audience phenomenon in adolescence be developmentally adaptive? Question 21 options: A) It emboldens youngsters to attempt risky yet potentially growth-enhancing new activities. B) It helps youngsters behave in ways that others are likely to approve of. C) It gives youngsters greater self-confidence than they might otherwise have. D) It helps youngsters integrate their many self-perceptions into an overall sense of self.

B) It helps youngsters behave in ways that others are likely to approve of.

Three-year-old Julie is shy around other children and fearful of unfamiliar places and events. Julie's parents worry about how inhibited she is and so enroll her in a half-day preschool class that she attends until she begins kindergarten two years later. Based on what research suggests about the stability of temperament, what would you expect of Julie when she reaches adolescence? Question 52 options: A) Julie will be extremely shy in social settings. It may be difficult for her to leave her house, especially on occasions when she does not know exactly what to expect. B) Julie will be a little on the shy side but not totally isolated from her peers, and she might be moderately hesitant about new experiences. C) Julie will be quite outgoing and friendly with peers, and she will eagerly seek out new experiences. D) Julie is likely to have periods of significant depression, especially after puberty.

B) Julie will be a little on the shy side but not totally isolated from her peers, and she might be moderately hesitant about new experiences.

Which one of these examples best reflects the role that children's and adolescents' sense of self typically plays in their behavior? Question 6 options: A) Melissa thinks of herself as physically fit, so she doesn't think she needs to participate in sports or other physical activities. B) Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective. C) Kim doesn't want to take any more math classes because she knows she's already good at math. D) Nettie doesn't think she is very popular, so she smiles at others and tries to talk to them so they will like her.

B) Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective.

e is particularly interested in the package of Oreo cookies, which he puts in the breadbox just before leaving the room. A few minutes later, Stacey's mother opens the breadbox, exclaims, "Goodness, these Oreos belong in the cupboard!" and moves them to the correct spot. At lunchtime Stacey asks her father for an Oreo cookie. Given the typical development of theory of mind in 3-year-olds, which one of the following will she expect him to do? Question 41 options: A) Forget where he put the cookies B) Look for the cookies in the cupboard C) Ask her where she thinks he should look for the cookies D) Look for the cookies in the breadbox

B) Look for the cookies in the cupboard

Which one of the following scenarios provides evidence that the child has constructed a gender schema? Question 26 options: A) Elias notices that his friends are becoming interested in the girls in his class, but he already knows that he is more interested in the boys. B) Marc refuses to play with his stuffed bear, which he used to love, because he says that stuffed animals are girls' toys. C) When Keisha goes shopping with her mom, she points to all the other children and says "that boy." D) Malia does not want a haircut, because she says she will turn into a boy if she has short hair.

B) Marc refuses to play with his stuffed bear, which he used to love, because he says that stuffed animals are girls' toys.

Which one of the following teenage girls appears to have contingent self-worth? Question 11 options: A) Shayla discovers that she is a better tennis play when she regularly practices her serve. B) Marlene feels great some days and terrible other days, depending on how many classmates have recently smiled at her in the school corridors. C) When Rennie plans a party, she wants to invite only the really "popular" kids. D) Roxanne knows she's smart because she has always done well in her schoolwork.

B) Marlene feels great some days and terrible other days, depending on how many classmates have recently smiled at her in the school corridors.

Three of the following are common ways in which toddlers engage in emotional regulation. Which strategy is not common at this age? Question 33 options: A) Looking away from an unpleasant situation B) Mentally blocking out an unpleasant emotion C) Sucking on one's thumb D) Crawling away from an aversive stimulus

B) Mentally blocking out an unpleasant emotion

Which of the following statements most clearly illustrates self-efficacy? Question 28 options: A) Misha is such a warm, outgoing young man that he is quite popular with his peers. B) Misha believes he can do well in his chemistry class if he studies hard. C) Misha really enjoys listening to rap music. D) Misha thinks he gets poor grades in his French class because his teacher doesn't like him.

B) Misha believes he can do well in his chemistry class if he studies hard.

Which one of the following best describes the role of sense of self as a factor in children's development? Question 3 options: A) In the high school years especially, most students greatly underestimate their ability levels. B) Most youngsters want to believe that they are competent individuals. C) Once children reach puberty, they become especially alert to, and try to avoid, the typical dangers of life. D) Children are always comparing their own performance to that of the adults around them.

B) Most youngsters want to believe that they are competent individuals.

Edward is a timid 8-year-old who is shy around his peers. He gets easily frustrated with challenging school assignments and would much prefer to do simple tasks that he can accomplish quickly. If we were to consider three key dimensions of temperament -extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control-we would rate Edward high on: Question 50 options: A) Extraversion/surgency B) Negative affectivity C) Effortful control D) Both extraversion/surgency and effortful control

B) Negative affectivity

Avi often feels anxious at school. He lacks confidence for approaching academic tasks and often expresses self-pity. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate Avi high on: Question 55 options: A) Openness B) Neuroticism C) Conscientiousness D) Extraversion

B) Neuroticism

In Erik Erikson's view, children in the initiative versus guilt stage ideally learn to: Question 4 options: A) Take initiative in feeding and dressing themselves B) Plan and carry out some of their own activities C) Control their bodily functions so they don't feel guilty about having "accidents" D) Persevere at difficult tasks

B) Plan and carry out some of their own activities

A fourth-grade teacher wants to do what's best for a student named Lily, who has difficulties with articulation and is sometimes difficult to understand. Which one of the following strategies is most likely to facilitate Lily's language development? Question 65 options: A) Encourage the other students to pretend they understand Lily even if they don't, so that she will gain confidence in speaking. B) Regularly engage Lily in classroom conversations and ask for clarification when her meaning isn't clear. C) Avoid calling on Lily in class so she will not feel embarrassed about speaking in front of her peers. D) Finish Lily's sentences for her when she stutters so she doesn't have to struggle so much to make herself understood.

B) Regularly engage Lily in classroom conversations and ask for clarification when her meaning isn't clear.

he emotions guilt and shame are different from emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger in that they: Question 32 options: A) Don't appear until the upper elementary grades at the earliest B) Require awareness of society's standards C) Are seen only in industrialized societies D) Are seen in boys far more often than in girls

B) Require awareness of society's standards

Which one of the following illustrates developmental theorists' notion of the personal fable? Question 19 options: A) As she lies in bed at night, Wanda imagines scenarios in which the most popular boy in school asks her to the prom. B) Ryan doesn't use a condom when he is sexually intimate with others because he says, "I won't get AIDS. I've always been a very healthy guy." C) In an attempt to improve her image with classmates, Jasmine tells them that she's a really good figure skater, when in fact she's never skated at all. D) When Lucas forgets to do his homework, he tells his teachers that he wasn't feeling very well the night before.

B) Ryan doesn't use a condom when he is sexually intimate with others because he says, "I won't get AIDS. I've always been a very healthy guy."

Marion puts off doing a project for the science fair until she has so little time to do it that she cannot possibly complete a good project. Such behavior is most consistent with the concept of: Question 5 options: A) Recursive thinking B) Self-handicapping C) Androgyny D) Personal fable

B) Self-handicapping

Children are likely to form secure attachments to teachers when: Question 21 options: A) They don't have secure attachments with their parents B) Student and teacher are both emotionally invested in the relationship C) They are approaching adolescence and need additional adult guidance D) The teacher is female

B) Student and teacher are both emotionally invested in the relationship

Which of the following is not an approach to teaching a second language? Question 58 options: A) Submersion B) Subtractive bilingualism C) Bilingual education D) Immersion

B) Subtractive bilingualism

Even though he teaches history rather than English, Mr. Stahl wants to support his seventh-grade students in their syntactic development. Which one of the following strategies, although possibly beneficial in other respects, is least likely to promote his students' syntactic development? Question 30 options: A) Engage students in many formal writing activities, and give them regular feedback about punctuation and grammar. B) Teach students how to take notes more efficiently by capturing ideas in short phrases rather than complete sentences. C) Teach students the differences between similar words (e.g., that vs. which, lie vs. lay) and when to use each one. D) Teach students a wide variety of sentence structures that they might use.

B) Teach students how to take notes more efficiently by capturing ideas in short phrases rather than complete sentences.

Imagine you are a teacher. You are currently attending a meeting that was convened to discuss Martin, a student in your sixth-grade class whose behavior has been quite disruptive. A psychologist who has recently conducted an in-depth psychological evaluation says that Martin has an emotional-behavioral disorder. From this information you should conclude that: Question 57 options: A) Martin's behavior problems are probably the result of a brain injury or abnormal body chemistry. B) The source of Martin's behavior problems may be either biological or environmental. C) Previous teachers have been inconsistent in how they've treated Martin; some may have been too strict, whereas others have been quite lenient. D) Martin's parents or other primary caregivers have been largely to blame for his behavior problems.

B) The source of Martin's behavior problems may be either biological or environmental.

Which one of the following aspects of language development is evident even in 6-month-olds' behavior? Question 43 options: A) IRE cycles B) Turn taking C) Holophrases D) Expansion

B) Turn taking

One of the key criticisms of Erikson's stage theory of development is that it: Question 8 options: A) Does not focus on truly significant development across the lifespan B) Was not based on systematic research with a variety of individuals from different backgrounds and cultures C) Does not provide information on how best to encourage development at each stage D) Was overly broad, focusing on too many developmental time periods

B) Was not based on systematic research with a variety of individuals from different backgrounds and cultures

Three of the following strategies should help young children form healthy attachments to a caregiver. Which one is not consistent with recommendations presented in the textbook? Question 25 options: A) Show excitement when children achieve new milestones, such as saying a new word or walking for the first time. B) When parents divorce, suggest that one parent become the primary nurturer and that the other one act more as an occasional "playmate." C) Gently but firmly make it clear that certain behaviors are unacceptable and will not be tolerated. D) Ask parents to speculate about what a child might be thinking or feeling about a new and unusual object or event.

B) When parents divorce, suggest that one parent become the primary nurturer and that the other one act more as an occasional "playmate."

Three of the following are accurate statements about cultural differences in children's emotional responding. Which statement is inaccurate? Question 41 options: A) Group differences in emotional expression are largely due to parental socialization practices. B) Within a culture, emotional expression tends to be consistent; there are few individual differences. C) Children in the United States tend to be more emotionally expressive than children in China. D) Children in collectivist cultures are less likely to display negative emotions that might disrupt a group's harmony.

B) Within a culture, emotional expression tends to be consistent; there are few individual differences.

Research on gender differences in children's and adolescents' sense of self tells us that: Question 27 options: A) Boys are more likely than girls to see themselves as being good readers. B) Boys rate themselves higher in mathematics and emotional well-being. C) On average, girls have a better overall sense of self-worth than boys. D) In adolescence, girls rate their physical appearance more positively than boys do.

Boys rate themselves higher in mathematics and emotional well-being.

hich one of the following best reflects a child's need for relatedness? Question 9 options: A) Bernie objects when his mother tries to help him with a task, insisting "I can do it myself!" B) Carrie gets frustrated when she can't tie new ideas in class to things she already knows. C) As soon as she gets home from school each day, Andrea calls her best friend. D) As an adopted child, Donovan wonders what his biological parents were like.

C) As soon as she gets home from school each day, Andrea calls her best friend.

Which one of the following statements reflects a child's autobiographical self? Question 15 options: A) "I have brown eyes, curly hair, and an olive complexion." B) "I'm three years old." C) "I was really scared when I moved here last year." D) "I like playing baseball and basketball."

C) "I was really scared when I moved here last year."

Which one of the following statements is consistent with B. F. Skinner's view of language development? Question 1 options: A) "From a very early age, children are motivated to learn how to speak, because speech enables them to interact with other people and, ultimately, to get what they want." B) "Although children can learn the specific vocabulary and syntax of their native language only by hearing the people around them speak it, they seem to have some built-in knowledge of the form that any language should take." C) "To foster children's language development, parents and other adults praise them first for making speech like sounds ('Da-da'), later for saying recognizable words ('More!'), and still later for forming understandable sentences ('Can I have candy?')." D) "Children initially use language primarily in their interactions with other people, but increasingly they also use it to help them think more effectively."

C) "To foster children's language development, parents and other adults praise them first for making speech like sounds ('Da-da'), later for saying recognizable words ('More!'), and still later for forming understandable sentences ('Can I have candy?')."

Which one of the following is the best example of playing the dozens? Question 41 options: A) "How can you think I hate you? I love you, man!" B) "That's so stupid. You must have rocks in your head!" C) "Your sister's so fat that the circus uses her for a trampoline." D) "I've told you that a million times already!"

C) "Your sister's so fat that the circus uses her for a trampoline."

oger's classmates think of him as a bully. He frequently assaults other boys and is even mean to neighborhood pets. Roger brags about stealing cars from local dealerships to go joy-riding in the middle of the night. He is already known to the local authorities for truancy and vandalism. These behaviors suggest that Roger may have: Question 63 options: A) Depression B) Bipolar disorder C) A conduct disorder D) An anxiety disorder

C) A conduct disorder

Given what we know about children's language development, which one of the following problems is typical for the grade level? Question 38 options: A) An eleventh grader has trouble understanding passive sentences. B) A fourth grader seems unable to put verbs in the past tense. C) A first grader pronounces the word rabbit as "wabbit." D) A seventh grader says, "The sheeps are in the meadow."

C) A first grader pronounces the word rabbit as "wabbit."

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Question 1 options: A) A series of stages in which people develop increasingly more sophisticated social skills B) A progression of increasingly abstract understandings of social situations C) A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed D) A process of becoming increasingly self-confident through the years as one's competence improves

C) A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed

In talking with a group of 8-year-olds, you discover that they have rigid yet erroneous beliefs about a particular racial group. Which one of the following should you conclude? Question 49 options: A) These children appear to be prone to hostile attributional biases. B) Their stereotypes will probably become even more rigid as they progress through the elementary grades and then will gradually dissipate in adolescence. C) Although undesirable, such stereotypes are common for the age-group and reflect a natural tendency to categorize experiences. D) These stereotypes reflect a poorly developed theory of mind.

C) Although undesirable, such stereotypes are common for the age-group and reflect a natural tendency to categorize experiences. D)

Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of an emotional or behavioral disorder? Question 67 options: A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors B) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal school problems C) An IQ generally lower than typically developing peers D) A pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression

C) An IQ generally lower than typically developing peers

Brenda's teachers describe her as extremely conscientious. Brenda worries about her schoolwork being complete, accurate, and neatly prepared. Brenda also worries incessantly about her appearance, often stopping in the restroom to make sure that every hair is in place. When you ask Brenda about her friends, she confides that she thinks that many of them don't like her. And when she's not preoccupied about academic or social matters, Brenda worries about the murderers and terrorists who might be lurking around every corner. Such symptoms are most consistent with: Question 61 options: A) Bipolar disorder B) Depression C) An anxiety disorder D) A conduct disorder

C) An anxiety disorder

A child says to you, "My momma she be happy about my good report card." This child appears to: Question 62 options: A) Have had little exposure to language during a critical period in her language development B) Have a speech disorder that sometimes results from environmental toxins (e.g., lead-based paint) C) Be using African American English, a dialect with some grammatical constructions different from those of Standard English D) Have grown up in Northern Ireland and so is using idioms typical of that country

C) Be using African American English, a dialect with some grammatical constructions different from those of Standard English D)

Which one of the following best illustrates a sense of identity? Question 23 options: A) Noah feels confident that he will make new friends when he moves to a new school district next year. B) Drew wonders whether she should be a doctor or a lawyer. C) Carlos takes pride in his Mexican American heritage. D) Shea knows she could be a better dancer if she practiced more often.

C) Carlos takes pride in his Mexican American heritage.

uestion 8 (1 point) On average, children who attend schools for gifted students have lower self-esteem than children of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities. If we consider research about factors affecting youngsters' sense of self, we can explain this finding in which one of the following ways? Question 8 options: A) Identifying a child as gifted requires an intensive evaluation, and evaluations inevitably lower self-esteem. B) Having a label of any kind-even the label "gifted"-tends to lower self-esteem. C) Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them. D) Children who attend gifted programs typically have assertive parents, and such parents tend to undermine their children's self-esteem.

C) Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them.

When children are born with severe hearing impairments, they are often taught American Sign Language or some other manual language. Some parents regularly use a manual language to communicate with these children. When a manual language is used regularly in the home, children with hearing impairments show language development that: Question 66 options: A) Is similar to that of children who are raised with little or no exposure to any language B) Is significantly delayed compared to that of hearing children C) Closely resembles the typical sequence and timing of spoken language development in hearing children D) Follows a distinctly different sequence of development than is true for the development of spoken language in hearing children

C) Closely resembles the typical sequence and timing of spoken language development in hearing children

hree of the following definitely show self-regulation as psychologists define the term. Which one does not necessarily involve self-regulation? Question 1 options: A) Embellishing on a boring task to make it more enjoyable B) Putting off immediate rewards in order to get bigger ones down the road C) Completing an in-class assignment D) Identifying important goals for oneself

C) Completing an in-class assignment

During the early teen years, adolescents' willpower: Question 10 options: A) Is as low as it will ever be B) Doubles C) Declines temporarily D) Is as high as it will ever be

C) Declines temporarily

Which of the following will be least effective for children who are learning a second language in traditional foreign language instruction? Question 57 options: A) Cultural awareness lessons B) Community involvement lessons C) Diagramming sentences for grammar D) Oral communication lessons

C) Diagramming sentences for grammar

From the perspective of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children's ability to trust those around them stems from: Question 2 options: A) Early experiences with teachers B) Friendships formed during the teenage years C) Experiences with adults during infancy D) Peer behaviors during the elementary years

C) Experiences with adults during infancy

David loves to interact with other students, and he readily asserts his opinions in class. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate David high on: Question 54 options: A) Neuroticism B) Conscientiousness C) Extraversion D) Agreeableness

C) Extraversion

As 2-year-old David and his father go into the family garden one day, Dad exclaims, "Look at all the wonderful daisies!" David infers that the only plants blooming in the garden must be called daisies. David's inference is an example of: Question 17 options: A) Expansion B) Semantic bootstrapping C) Fast mapping D) Functionalism

C) Fast mapping

When Lucianne opens a gift from her Uncle John, she discovers that he has given her his prized toy soldier collection. She smiles and thanks her uncle for the gift. At the same time she is thinking, "Yuck! What will I ever do with this?!" Based on this information, Lucianne must be at least: Question 34 options: A) Thirteen years old B) Nine years old C) Four years old D) Seventeen years old

C) Four years old

f teachers want to promote social perspective taking in students, probably the best strategy is to: Question 51 options: A) Tell students, "Keep an open mind about things." B) Punish students when they act in an extremely self-centered fashion. C) Have students listen to one another's points of view about an issue. D) Have students tutor children at a younger grade level.

C) Have students listen to one another's points of view about an issue. D)

Six-year-old Raymond, who is African American, seems to be a very bright boy. He began reading simple picture books when he was four years old, and he can solve many one-digit addition and subtraction problems in his head. Yet on his first day of school, when his new teacher asks him where he lives and whether he has any brothers or sisters, he looks down at his feet and gives his answer. With the textbook's discussion of cultural differences in verbal interaction in mind, identify the most likely explanation of Raymond's behavior. Question 49 options: A) He is accustomed to speaking only in chorus with other children. B) He has been taught that saying anything at all to adults is rude. C) He has been taught not to look adults directly in the eye. D) He has learned that to be polite, he must allow a wait time of a minute or more.

C) He has been taught not to look adults directly in the eye.

en-year-old Kieran is quite attached to his mother and father. His parents are divorced. According to the text, which of the following would be a possible response to this disruption with his relationship with his parents? Question 13 options: A) He would continue with his regular activities. B) He would stick close by their sides as much as possible. C) He would become angry or aggressive. D) He would quite sad whenever he's at school.

C) He would become angry or aggressive.

The formation of children's sense of self is most strongly influenced by: Question 7 options: A) The self-concepts of their parents B) Their athletic ability C) How other people treat them D) Their inherited temperaments

C) How other people treat them

In North America, which approach appears to be most effective for teaching English speakers a second language? Question 54 options: A) Let them talk with native speakers of the language, who should alternate between using English and the other language. B) Wait until they reach adolescence so that they can better grasp the subtleties of the new language. C) Immerse them in the second language, having them hear and speak it exclusively in all classroom activities. D) Teach it to them before kindergarten if possible, because they quickly lose their ability to learn a second language fluently after that.

C) Immerse them in the second language, having them hear and speak it exclusively in all classroom activities.

Fifteen-year-old Aneesh loves building models of antique cars from kits he buys at the local hobby shop. He prides himself on his close attention to detail and meticulous workmanship. Without any assistance or encouragement from his parents, he makes sure to put every piece in its proper location, wipes off any excess glue so that all surfaces are clean and smooth, carefully applies the decals in the exact spots they need to be, and so on. "I'm a really careful guy," he says, "and my work reflects on my skill as a model builder." If we apply the four steps that characterize internalized motivation to Aneesh's self-regulation in model-building, which step we would say he is at? Question 3 options: A) Identification B) Introjection C) Integration D) External regulation

C) Integration

Most developmental psychologists believe that temperament: Question 48 options: A) Arises from the complex interaction of the genetic inheritance of the two parents B) Is largely a product of the socialization efforts of parents and other adults C) Involves certain genetic dispositions, which are moderately open to socialization D) Has a strong biological basis and is resistant to socialization efforts

C) Involves certain genetic dispositions, which are moderately open to socialization

As she watches her grandfather, 3-year-old Audrey asks him, "What you are doing?" Which one of the following most accurately describes the incorrect format of Audrey's question? Question 24 options: A) If she makes such mistakes frequently, she may have Williams syndrome. B) It suggests that she may have a slight hearing impairment. C) It reflects a normal step in the development of question syntax. D) It is an example of overregularization, which is common in preschoolers.

C) It reflects a normal step in the development of question syntax.

Which behavior is most likely to indicate that an adolescent has an emotional or behavioral disorder? Question 62 options: A) Betty's mind is often on her boyfriend rather than on classroom discussions. B) Eliza sometimes forgets to do her homework assignments, even though she really likes her teacher and wants to please him. C) Jeff is usually somber and uncommunicative; the only time he interacts with his peers is to hit or yell at them. D) Harrison is often more interested in talking and joking with his friends than in paying attention to his teacher.

C) Jeff is usually somber and uncommunicative; the only time he interacts with his peers is to hit or yell at them.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the development of narratives in children's speech? Question 40 options: A) Early narratives appear around age 21/2 or 3. B) Children's early narratives are largely fictional, but they become increasingly reality-based as youngsters move through the middle school and high school grades. C) Narratives become increasing complex during the elementary school years. D) Most children are incapable of producing narratives until around puberty.

C) Narratives become increasing complex during the elementary school years.

Three of the following statements about infants' early listening abilities are true. Which one is false? Question 31 options: A) By 2 years of age, toddlers have difficulty hearing subtle differences in speech that are not important in their native language. B) By 5 months of age, infants show some partiality to their own name when they hear it in speech. C) Newborn babies show no preference in listening to languages. D) By 9 months of age, infants prefer hearing the language of their own culture rather than the language of other groups.

C) Newborn babies show no preference in listening to languages.

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for children who have a strong ethnic identity? Question 30 options: A) On average, they tend to see little value in getting an education and often drop out before twelfth grade. B) On average, they tend to suffer from low self-esteem. C) On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful. D) They are apt to speak a language other than English even when others in the group are speaking English.

C) On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful.

Janis uses the term teddy to refer to all of her stuffed toys, including teddy bears, stuffed bunnies, stuffed birds, and even a stuffed lizard. In doing so, she is showing: Question 15 options: A) Too much dependence on defining features B) Underextension C) Overextension D) Overregularization

C) Overextension

After playing in the snow, 5-year-old Raul complains, "My feets are cold." Raul's comment shows: Question 25 options: A) Overextension B) Semantic bootstrapping C) Overregularization D) Fast mapping

C) Overregularization

As a classroom teacher, you want to actively work on breaking down stereotypes and prejudices. Which one of the following techniques is least likely to be effective? Question 53 options: A) Play cooperative group games. B) Establish pen pal relationships. C) Play competitive group games. D) Encourage children to see people as individuals.

C) Play competitive group games.

Sharon is a 12-year-old who does not believe that she can be academically successful. Considering the textbook's discussion of factors that promote positive self-perceptions, you should: Question 34 options: A) Tell her that social skills are more important than academics anyway. B) Foster a friendship between Sharon and a student who is academically gifted. C) Put her in situations in which she will experience academic success. D) Tell her at least once a day that she is smarter than she thinks she is.

C) Put her in situations in which she will experience academic success. D)

hinks that Susan was the person who did the punching. Morris's mistaken belief is most likely due to the fact that young children: Question 23 options: A) Have trouble with virtually all prepositions B) Tend to attribute undesirable characteristics (e.g., aggression) to the other gender C) Rely heavily on word order in interpreting what they hear D) Do not yet understand past tense

C) Rely heavily on word order in interpreting what they hear

Kevin tells himself, "Even though Grandpa just died, I shouldn't cry at school today, or the other kids will laugh at me." This situation illustrates which one of the following phenomena? Question 29 options: A) Identity crisis B) Personal fable C) Self-socialization D) Recursive thinking

C) Self-socialization

athleen is 2 years old. She very much wants to do things for herself-dressing herself, brushing her teeth, and so on-in the morning. Most of the time her mother will not let her do such things because she is so slow and clumsy. Today Mom tells Kathleen she can dress herself, but before long Mom is saying: "Kathleen, you've got your pants on backwards again! Can't you ever put your clothes on right? Here, let me do it. You're making me late for work." If Kathleen hears this kind of talk very often, Erikson suggests that Kathleen might be at risk for developing a sense of: Question 3 options: A) Mistrust (rather than trust) B) Guilt (rather than initiative) C) Shame and doubt (rather than autonomy) D) Inferiority (rather than industry)

C) Shame and doubt (rather than autonomy)

Which strategy is most likely to be effective in promoting semantic development? Question 19 options: A) Encouraging underextension in the preschool years B) Allowing children to use words incorrectly in the early elementary grades to promote linguistic self-efficacy C) Showing several examples of words D) Allowing children to make up their own meanings for words to encourage invention and creativity

C) Showing several examples of words

Tina is an English language learner. She is learning in a regular third grade classroom. Her teacher and her classmates all speak English and she receives no instruction or assistance in her native language. Most likely Tina is learning in which of the following programs? Question 56 options: A) Structured English immersion B) Developmental bilingual education C) Submersion D) Immersion

C) Submersion

Two-year-old Zada always hears the word pretty just before a word that refers to a concrete object (e.g., "pretty flower," "pretty lady," "pretty picture"). Although she does not yet know what an adjective is, at an intuitive level she understands that pretty is a "describing" word. Zada's understanding reflects: Question 28 options: A) Overextension B) Expansion C) Telegraphic speech D) Interpreting a holophrase

C) Telegraphic speech

Which one of the following children has achieved a strong sense of ethnic identity? Question 31 options: A) Tevita, who has absorbed his parents' values and attitudes about Tahitian culture. B) Hannah, who attends a multicultural grammar school with children from all over the world. C) Shizuko, who recognizes that her facial features and the language she speaks at home are different than those of her classmates. D) Craig, who feels pride and a sense of loyalty to his ethnic heritage.

Craig, who feels pride and a sense of loyalty to his ethnic heritage.

Which one of the following statements is consistent with a nativist view of language development? A) "Children initially use language primarily in their interactions with other people, but increasingly they also use it to help them think more effectively." B) "From a very early age, children are motivated to learn how to speak, because speech enables them to interact with other people and, ultimately, to get what they want." C) "To foster children's language development, parents and other adults praise them first for making speech like sounds ('Da-da'), later for saying recognizable words ('More!'), and still later for forming understandable sentences ('Can I have candy?')." D) "Although children can learn the specific vocabulary and syntax of their native language only by hearing the people around them speak it, they seem to have some built-in knowledge of the form that any language should take."

D) "Although children can learn the specific vocabulary and syntax of their native language only by hearing the people around them speak it, they seem to have some built-in knowledge of the form that any language should take."

Early explanations of language development rested heavily on the roles of modeling and reinforcement in learning language. Which one of the following children's utterances casts doubt on the idea that modeling and reinforcement are sufficient to explain how children acquire language? Where are you going?" B) "More!" C) "Peek-a-boo, I see you!" D) "No do dat no more!"

D) "No do dat no more!"

Which one of the following statements best illustrates telegraphic speech? Question 22 options: A) "You're being silly." B) "No!" C) "I love you, Mommy." D) "Want cookie."

D) "Want cookie."

Reuben says "Jooz!" as he stretches his arms in the direction of his juice bottle. Reuben's utterance can best be described as an example of: Question 21 options: A) Expansion B) Universal Grammar C) Telegraphic speech D) A holophrase

D) A holophrase

Which one of the following acquisitions related to theory of mind first appears in the elementary school years? Question 42 options: A) A basic awareness of intentionality B) Sensitivity to the subtle nuances of people's body language C) An awareness that people can have false beliefs D) An awareness that people's actions do not always reflect their true thoughts

D) An awareness that people's actions do not always reflect their true thoughts

Which one of the following emotions are newborn infants least likely to feel? Question 29 options: A) Interest B) Pleasure C) Distress D) Anger

D) Anger

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that: Question 17 options: A) Children are naturally curious about the world and want to know more about it. B) Children learn behaviors primarily through repetition. C) Children are motivated to behave in ways that enable them to feel good about themselves. D) Children's behaviors are affected by the consequences that follow them.

D) Children's behaviors are affected by the consequences that follow them.

Which one of the following best illustrates Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion? Question 7 options: A) Beth can't keep a steady boyfriend. B) Dawn underestimates her ability to learn mathematics. C) Arnold is always wishing things were different than they are. D) Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue.

D) Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue.

Which one of the following situations illustrates the phenomenon of overextension in semantic development? In each case, the word in question is in quotes. Question 14 options: A) Calvin denies that a palm tree is a "tree." B) Brady thinks that all "igloos" are made out of Styrofoam. C) Alvin doesn't understand why he can't build an "igloo" in the summer. D) Daniel calls a tall sunflower a "tree."

D) Daniel calls a tall sunflower a "tree."

At an infant care center, 6-month-old Dexter begins to cry. Hearing Dexter, 7-month-old Kristina starts crying as well. Before long, several other infants add to the chorus. This situation illustrates: Question 30 options: A) The Strange Situation B) Disorganized and disoriented attachment C) Emotional regulation D) Emotional contagion

D) Emotional contagion

Children exhibit prejudice when they: Question 48 options: A) Have negative expectations for a particular ethnic group B) Show aggressive behavior toward other children C) Have few friends who have different ethnic or cultural backgrounds D) Exhibit negative attitudes and behaviors toward a particular group of people

D) Exhibit negative attitudes and behaviors toward a particular group of people

Sometimes the sociolinguistic behaviors that are expected at school are quite different from the behaviors that children have acquired at home. When this happens, children may initially: Question 50 options: A) Show deficits in metalinguistic awareness B) Engage in figurative speech C) Show considerable wait time D) Experience culture shock

D) Experience culture shock

Which one of the following is typically not used with English language learners? Question 55 options: A) Bilingual education B) Structured English immersion programs C) Submersion D) Foreign language instruction

D) Foreign language instruction

Four-year-old Lena lives with her father, grandmother, and 8-year-old brother. She spends 40 hours a week at a neighbor woman's home while her father and grandmother are at work. All four of these individuals are reasonably kind and attentive to her. Chances are that Lena will: Question 20 options: A) Form strong attachments to the grandmother and neighbor and weaker ones to the father and brother B) Have difficulty forming a strong attachment to any of these four individuals C) Form an attachment only to the neighbor D) Form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor

D) Form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor

Three of the following are common signs that a youngster is contemplating suicide. Which one is least likely to be indicative of suicidal thoughts? Question 66 options: A) Erik has stopped hanging out with his friends and refuses to take their telephone calls. B) Oscar is giving away all of his favorite CDs and DVDs. C) After being seriously depressed for several weeks, Larinda is suddenly quite happy. D) Gracie has become quite interested in looking and dressing like a popular rock star.

D) Gracie has become quite interested in looking and dressing like a popular rock star.

amont worries that he has unintentionally hurt another student's feelings. From this information alone, we can reasonably conclude that Lamont: Question 39 options: A) Is capable of recursive thinking B) Is able to think androgynously C) Must be at least ten years old D) Has developed a theory of mind

D) Has developed a theory of mind

Mr. Sanborne wants to promote emotional development in his fifth-grade students. Three of the following strategies should help him in this effort. Which one is least likely to be effective? Question 44 options: A) He should encourage his students to write regularly in personal journals. B) He should engage students in discussions of the emotions of characters portrayed in literature and history. C) He should model appropriate ways of dealing with negative feelings. D) He should encourage his students to ignore their feelings as much as possible.

D) He should encourage his students to ignore their feelings as much as possible.

hildren's early attachments with caregivers are most likely to: Question 22 options: A) Be impediments to children's emotional well-being if they persist into adulthood B) Be secure only if the caregivers are usually hovering close by C) Slowly fade away during adolescence D) Help children form ideas about the nature of typical interpersonal relationships

D) Help children form ideas about the nature of typical interpersonal relationships`

Considering what we have learned from research regarding cognitive and linguistic development, we should expect elementary school children to have the greatest difficulty understanding the meaning of which one of the following words? Question 16 options: A) Vehicle B) Somersault C) Swim D) However

D) However

Valentina receives instruction in her first language during her language arts lessons. She receives instruction in English in her other subjects. Most likely, which of the following approaches has her school chosen to teach a second language? Question 59 options: A) Foreign language instruction B) Submersion C) Structured English immersion D) Immersion

D) Immersion

Three of the following statements about diversity in attachment are true. Which one isfalse? Question 19 options: A) Japanese infants often become quite upset in their mothers' absence, as their mothers rarely leave them. B) In individualistic cultures, parents encourage their children to be independent and assertive. C) German infants are quite accustomed to being left alone outside a shop while their parents complete short errands. D) In some cultures, harsh and abusive parenting is the norm rather than the exception, and so children rarely become attached to an adult.

D) In some cultures, harsh and abusive parenting is the norm rather than the exception, and so children rarely become attached to an adult.

On his first day at a new preschool, 3-year-old Kegan's attention is immediately attracted to a wooden train set on the far side of the room. But no sooner has he begun to play with the train than a large teddy bear catches his eye, and he seems unconcerned when his mother leaves the room. Kegan continues to flit from one toy to another all morning without getting very involved in any one of them. He hardly reacts when Mom returns a couple of hours later. Kegan's behavior is most consistent with a(n): Question 15 options: A) Disorganized and disoriented attachment B) Insecure-resistant attachment C) Secure attachment D) Insecure-avoidant attachment

D) Insecure-avoidant attachment

Three-year-old Robert is visiting the local zoo with his preschool class. When his teacher exclaims, "Look at the giraffe!" Robert first looks at the teacher's face and then follows her gaze to the strange creature she is looking at. Robert's behavior in this situation reflects: Question 7 options: A) Functionalism B) Semantic bootstrapping C) Pragmatics D) Intersubjectivity

D) Intersubjectivity

Mike desperately wants to do well on the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), as his scores will affect his chances of getting into his first-choice college. He also knows that many students at his school think that SAT scores are good indicators of how "smart" a person is. Yet the night before the test, rather than get a good night's sleep, Mike goes out with his friends, has a few beers, comes home late, and wakes up with a hangover. With this information in mind, we might suspect that Michael: Question 4 options: A) Is engaging in self-socialization B) Has poorly developed social information processing skills C) Has fallen victim to the imaginary-audience phenomenon D) Is engaging in self-handicapping

D) Is engaging in self-handicapping

Darien knows that he wants to work with children when he grows up, but he wonders if he'd rather be a pediatrician or a teacher. This situation illustrates what important function that youngsters' sense of self serves? Question 2 options: A) It influences how they react to certain events. B) It motivates them to engage in behaviors to which other people will respond favorably. C) It helps them make sense of things that happen to them. D) It helps them think about possible future selves.

D) It helps them think about possible future selves.

Mr. King runs a tight ship in his middle school math classes. At the beginning of each class, he gives a ten-minute explanation of a new concept or procedure, and then he hands out worksheets that students complete independently at their desks. Which one of the following students has a temperament that is probably the best match with Mr. King's classroom? Question 56 options: A) Grant loves risk and adventure. B) Donna is cheerful and outgoing. C) Fiona is always full of energy. D) Jayson is quiet and diligent.

D) Jayson is quiet and diligent.

wo 15-year-olds, John and Martha, are deeply engaged in conversation. If typical gender differences in language hold true for John and Martha, we would expect that: Question 60 options: A) Martha would be subtly trying to teach John new things, whereas John would be trying to demonstrate how much he already knows. B) Martha would do most of the talking and John would be tuning out a lot of what she says. C) John would be focused on demonstrating his superior verbal ability, whereas Martha would be focused on commending John for his strength and agility. D) John would focus on providing information in a fairly blunt manner, whereas Martha would focus on maintaining the relationship through tact and courtesy.

D) John would focus on providing information in a fairly blunt manner, whereas Martha would focus on maintaining the relationship through tact and courtesy.

Which one of the following is the best example of pragmatics in language? Question 45 options: A) Isaiah recognizes the double meanings in many of the puns he hears. B) Morris understands the underlying meaning of "A stitch in time saves nine." C) Sheena knows that the plural of man is men, not mans. D) Julie waits until her friend has finished talking before she begins to speak.

D) Julie waits until her friend has finished talking before she begins to speak.

Four-year-old Brandon's father is an aeronautical engineer who often talks about his work at home. At preschool, Brandon uses the word trajectory as he plays with a toy racecar track. Although he uses the word correctly, you are fairly certain that he does not fully understand what it means. Brandon's behavior is evidence that: Question 10 options: A) Language comprehension always precedes language production. B) Language comprehension sometimes precedes language production. C) Language production always precedes language comprehension. D) Language production sometimes precedes language comprehension.

D) Language production sometimes precedes language comprehension.

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes differences among socioeconomic groups in emotional responding? Question 42 options: A) Because their parents typically have high expectations for them, middle-SES children are more prone to emotional difficulties than their lower-SES peers. B) Regardless of income level, most families take great pains to shelter children from life's problems, and so socioeconomic differences are rarely observed. C) At least one-third of both lower- and middle-SES children are prone to serious emotional difficulties at one time or another, although the causes of such difficulties differ somewhat depending on the socioeconomic group. D) Lower-SES children have more emotional difficulties than their middle-SES peers because of the greater uncertainty and deprivation in their lives.

D) Lower-SES children have more emotional difficulties than their middle-SES peers because of the greater uncertainty and deprivation in their lives.

Which one of the following is the best example of social cognition? Question 38 options: A) Julie and Isabelle giggle as they try to imitate the obnoxious arrogance of the head cheerleader. B) Matt refuses to do the tasks his teacher assigns because he doesn't want to look foolish when he fails at them. C) Rhonda needs to be around other people all the time; she gets bored when she has to entertain herself. D) Luke tries to predict how Sheila might respond if he backs out of the science project the two of them have agreed to do together.

D) Luke tries to predict how Sheila might respond if he backs out of the science project the two of them have agreed to do together.

lora is watching Clark open birthday presents. Clark opens the present from Aunt Terri and finds a Barbie doll. Clark smiles at Aunt Terri and thanks her for the gift. Flora knows that Clark really thinks the Barbie is a terrible gift. From this information, you can reasonably conclude that Flora is probably at least: Question 31 options: A) Two years old B) Five years old C) Fifteen years old D) Nine years old

D) Nine years old

Chelsea thinks of herself as outgoing and goofy when she's with her friends, but she knows she can be pretty quiet and moody when she's with her parents. She is confused by these very different sides of herself. Chelsea is most likely to be in: Question 22 options: A) Sixth grade B) First grade C) Third grade D) Ninth grade

D) Ninth grade

Marcus likes to drink beer, and he loves to drive fast. He knows that it is generally dangerous for other people to drink and drive, but he believes he is an especially skillful driver and can do so without risk of injury. Which one of the following concepts best helps us explain Marcus's behavior? Question 20 options: A) Identity crisis B) Foreclosure C) Imaginary audience D) Personal fable

D) Personal fable

hree of the following are recommended ways to foster attachment. Which one is not a recommendation according to attachment literature? Question 27 options: A) Give children time to get used to you. B) Be very sensitive to children who show attachment problems. C) Encourage multiple attachments. D) Promote emotional bonds only in infancy.

D) Promote emotional bonds only in infancy.

Which of the following pairs of youngsters best illustrates the idea of diversity with respect to different dialects? Question 61 options: A) Telly was born in Greece, and Fritz was born in Germany. Fritz has an easier time learning English than Telly does because German uses the same alphabet that English does, whereas Greek does not. B) Elena speaks Spanish and Maria speaks Portuguese; the two languages have similar vocabulary and syntax because of their shared Latin roots. C) Margaret speaks English fluently; Anna knows fewer words and speaks in simpler sentences because she immigrated from Romania only six months ago. D) Ralph speaks English as it is spoken in rural Mississippi; Kyle speaks the English of inner-city Chicago.

D) Ralph speaks English as it is spoken in rural Mississippi; Kyle speaks the English of inner-city Chicago.

Luanne's parents are in the process of getting a divorce. She is so distracted and upset by the situation that she sometimes has trouble paying attention in class, and her performance on assignments and quizzes has slipped a bit. She worries that her teachers might think she simply doesn't care about her schoolwork, when nothing could be further from the truth. Luanne is showing: Question 43 options: A) Prosocial reasoning B) Empathy C) A social-cognitive bias D) Recursive thinking

D) Recursive thinking

While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mom momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behavior is most consistent with a(n): Question 17 options: A) Disorganized and disoriented attachment B) Insecure-resistant attachment C) Insecure-avoidant attachment D) Secure attachment

D) Secure attachment

n the elementary and middle school grades, Kendra seems to be a bright, well-adjusted girl. But in tenth grade, her grades plummet, and she has lengthy periods of exceptional sadness and lethargy. Following are four possible explanations of this change in Kendra's behavior. Which one is most consistent with research findings? Question 60 options: A) It is highly likely that Kendra has been experimenting with drugs; more than 80% of seriously depressed adolescents are regular abusers of hallucinogens and other illegal substances. B) The negative effects of insecure attachments to primary caregivers in the early years often don't surface until adolescence or early adulthood. C) Chances are 50-50 that Kendra's parents are strict disciplinarians, possibly to the point of being abusive. D) Serious depression is more common in adolescence than in the elementary school years, and it is sometimes the result of a chemical imbalance.

D) Serious depression is more common in adolescence than in the elementary school years, and it is sometimes the result of a chemical imbalance.

Racine is very moody. One day she seems reasonably happy, but the next day she's irritable and on edge. The day after that, she's quite cheerful. Taking developmental differences in affect into account and without knowing anything else about Racine, our best guess would be that Racine is in: Question 38 options: A) First grade B) Third grade C) Preschool D) Seventh grade

D) Seventh grade

Most children in the early elementary grades think that being a "good listener" is: Question 32 options: A) Being able to tell somebody else what the speaker has said B) Remembering what the speaker says C) Asking the speaker a lot of questions D) Sitting quietly and do not interrupt the speaker

D) Sitting quietly and do not interrupt the speaker

When working with youngsters from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, it is important to keep in mind that: Question 37 options: A) At the elementary school level, children typically have little conscious awareness that their backgrounds might be different from those of their classmates. B) Youngsters' ethnic identities are almost always stronger than their need to "belong" to mainstream Western culture. C) Youngsters' need to "belong" to mainstream Western culture is almost always stronger than their ethnic identities. D) Some youngsters may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups.

D) Some youngsters may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups.

The primary goal of many research-based programs to foster emotional development for children is to: Question 45 options: A) Provide a warm environment in which children experience more positive than negative emotions. B) Help children to understand why some emotions are better than others. C) Encourage children to understand basic, age-appropriate research about emotions. D) Teach children to accept and learn to cope with both positive and negative emotions.

D) Teach children to accept and learn to cope with both positive and negative emotions.

If we consider Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, then which one of the following issues would we expect high school students to be most concerned about? Question 6 options: A) Needing to gain recognition of parents and teachers through academic activities and achievements B) Wanting to form a close and intimate relationship with another human being C) Finding a way to wiggle out of doing difficult tasks D) Trying to decide who they really are and what role they will play in adult society

D) Trying to decide who they really are and what role they will play in adult society

Roger uses the word ball only to refer to his favorite red ball with white stars on it. In doing so, Roger is showing: Question 13 options: A) Pragmatics in his language usage B) Overextension C) Fast mapping D) Underextension

D) Underextension

Letitia is a quiet, thoughtful young woman who has several close friends. She enjoys their company on occasion, but she is often just as happy curled up by herself in a comfortable chair reading and writing poetry. If we were to consider three key dimensions of temperament described in the textbook-extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control-we would rate Letitia high on: Question 51 options: A) Extraversion/surgency B) Negative affectivity C) Effortful control D) Both negative affectivity and effortful control

Effortful control

Mr. Wong tells a joke in his fourth-grade class: "An eye doctor fell into the lens-grinding machine and made a spectacle of himself." The humor of the joke rests, of course, on the double meaning of the word spectacle. With respect to children's language development, such word play is most likely to: Question 52 options: A) Enhance children's metalinguistic awareness B) Enhance children's ability to construct narratives C) Enhance children's pragmatic development D) Confuse and frustrate children

Enhance children's metalinguistic awareness

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was a preschooler that she will become a teacher. Her grandmother was a teacher, and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation. Reynelda can best be described as showing: Question 24 options: A) Moratorium B) Foreclosure C) Identity achievement D) Identity diffusion

Foreclosure

Adults can most effectively enhance children's sense of self when they: Question 35 options: A) Talk about the advantages of having high self-esteem B) Hold high yet achievable expectations for children's performance C) Hold expectations for performance that they know children can achieve with little or no effort D) Encourage children to think more positively about themselves

Hold high yet achievable expectations for children's performance

esearchers believe that mirror neurons play a key role in allowing children to engage in: Question 55 options: A) Planning and behavioral inhibition B) Emotion regulation C) Imitation and social reasoning D) Synaptic pruning

Imitation and social reasoning

Recent research indicates that the quality of an infant's early attachment to a primary caregiver: Question 23 options: A) Acts as a "lens" through which children assess all other relationships B) Sets the tone for all subsequent close relationships C) Is ultimately less important than the quality of later-forming friendship bonds D) Is important but does not necessarily dictate the quality of other close relationships

Is important but does not necessarily dictate the quality of other close relationships

As you work with 3-year-old Effie, you keep track of all the new words she uses. You find that, on average, Effie uses two or three new words every week over a period of several months. Based on this information, Effie's language development: Question 12 options: A) Is slighter faster than what you would expect for a 3-year-old B) Indicates exceptionally high intelligence C) Is about average for what you would expect for a 3-year-old D) Is slower than what you would expect for a 3-year-old

Is slower than what you would expect for a 3-year-old

Research regarding learning a second language yields which one of the following conclusions? Question 53 options: A) The ability to learn a second language increases with age until adulthood, when it starts to decline. B) The ability to learn a second language is greatest before age 4. C) Learning a second language can lead to higher achievement in reading. D) Learning a second language is not recommended after age 8.

Learning a second language can lead to higher achievement in reading.

LaWanda understands that a single sentence can sometimes be interpreted in two or more ways. For example, she realizes that the sentence "I know more beautiful women than Miss America" has two possible interpretations: "I know women who are more beautiful than Miss America is" or "I know more beautiful women than Miss America knows." LaWanda's appreciation for the double meanings of some sentences reflects: Question 51 options: A) Figurative language B) Metalinguistic awareness C) Overextension D) Pragmatics

Metalinguistic awareness

The four teachers below are hoping to improve their students' sense of self. Which one will probably be least effective in doing so? Question 33 options: A) Ms. Berry often tells her students how wonderful they are. B) Ms. D'Amato helps her students throw a softball farther. C) Mr. Carrera helps his students improve their creative writing skills. D) Mr. Anderson helps his students be successful at math word problems.

Ms. Berry often tells her students how wonderful they are.

Three of the following factors are influential in young children's ability to form one or moresecure attachments to caregivers. Which factor is least important? Question 18 options: A) Frequent expressions of affection B) Adults' willingness to let children sometimes take the lead in interactions C) Consistency in responding to children's needs D) Presence of the same caregiver throughout the day

Presence of the same caregiver throughout the day

When children appear to have insecure attachments to the important adults in their lives, teachers and other practitioners should: Question 26 options: A) Assume that primary caregivers are abusive and contact the proper authorities B) Seek professional guidance, possibly including a therapeutic intervention C) Remember that many experts have questioned the accuracy of existing measures of attachment D) Wait a few months, as such problems often self-correct

Seek professional guidance, possibly including a therapeutic intervention

Several students in Mr. Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time. Mr. Samber is applying which one of the following concepts? Question 7 options: A) Primary reinforcement B) Self-monitoring C) Extrinsic motivation D) Vicarious punishment

Self-monitoring

When children conform to their own ideas about appropriate behavior, researchers say they have engaged in: Question 28 options: A) Self-socialization B) Self-evaluation C) Gender schema D) Gender-appropriate behavior

Self-socialization

Thirteen-year-old Otto tells his friend, "Your jeans are way awesome, dude." Otto's statement reflects the fact that: Question 42 options: A) Teenagers sometimes use a distinct dialect when talking with one another. B) Most pragmatic development occurs in adolescence and early adulthood. C) Adolescents gain increasing awareness of other people's personal space. D) Understanding and use of figurative language increases in adolescence.

Teenagers sometimes use a distinct dialect when talking with one another.

One reason that children from economically poor families may have difficulty with some aspects of self-regulation is that: Question 11 options: A) Their parents' financial situation makes it difficult for them to remain consistently responsive to their needs. B) The children are less likely to be securely attached to their caregivers. C) They are more likely than other children to have intellectual disabilities. D) Economically stressed parents are more likely to require children to control their feelings and be cooperative.

Their parents' financial situation makes it difficult for them to remain consistently responsive to their needs.

Which one of the following reflects intentionality as an aspect of an infant's theory of mind? Question 40 options: A) Cristina loves to look at all the photographs in her mother's fashion magazines, but she is quite surprised when Mom scolds her for ripping some of the pages. B) Desmond sees a giant teddy bear across the room and immediately crawls over to get it. C) Benjamin is puzzled by all the colorful decorations that the family puts around the house in December. D) When Angie's father starts running water in the bathtub, she knows that he's getting ready to give her a bath.

When Angie's father starts running water in the bathtub, she knows that he's getting ready to give her a bath.