Final

What device file below indicates the first ATAPI IDE tape device (nonrewinding)?​

/dev/nht0

What environment file is always executed immediately after login for all users on the system, and sets most environment variables, such as HOME and PATH?

/etc/profile

Where is the skeleton directory located on most Linux systems?

/etc/skel

At what runlevel does a Linux system have no daemons active in memory, allowing it to be safely powered off?

0

Processes are started with what nice value by default?

0

What number represents the stdin file descriptor?

0

What number represents the stderr file descriptor?

2

The Adaptive Lempel-Ziv compression algorithm used by the compress utility is capable of an average compression ratio of what percent?

40-50

What is the default print job priority for all print jobs created by the lp command?

50

In order to redirect a file to the standard input of a command, what metacharacter should be used?

<

The standard output and standard error from a terminal screen within the BASH shell can be redirected to a file on the filesystem using what shell metacharacter, followed by the absolute or relative pathname of the file?

>

A utility that can be used to manage DPM packages using a graphical interface.

Aptitude

Linux uses the freeware ____ shell as its default command interpreter.

Bash

The daemon responsible for printing in the CUPS printing system.​

CUPS daemon

Fedora 20 makes use of the XFree86 ​implementation of X Windows.

False

Given the syntax command && command, the command on the left of the && construct is executed only if the command on the right of the && construct completed successfully.

False

On most Linux systems, the logrotate utility is automatically scheduled to run weekly.

False

The /etc/rc.d/rc 5 script only executes files that start with S in the /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/ directory.

False

The killall command uses the PID to kill a process.

False

To prevent a file from being cleared by the BASH shell and append output to the existing output, you can specify three > metacharacters alongside the file descriptor.

False

When using the gzip utility, the -1 option is also known as best compression and results in a higher compression ratio.

False

You are limited to using one pipe | metacharacter on the command line to pipe information from one command to another command.

False

Most Linux distributions make use of what package manager?

RPM

What kill signal stops a process, then restarts it with the same PID?

SIGHUP

When viewing the output of the ps ax​ command, what does a < symbol in the STAT column indicate for a process?

The process is high priority.

After a process has been started, you can change its priority by using the renice command.

True

Any command that can be executed on the command line can also be placed inside any environment file.

True

Because the Makefile often includes some documented items, it is good form to read the Makefile after running the configure script.

True

CUPS contains versions of the lpr, lpc, lpq, and lprm commands.

True

Each process can start an unlimited number of other processes.

True

If the /etc/at.allow and /etc/at.deny files do not exist, only the root user is allowed to schedule tasks using the at daemon.

True

Logs from the cron daemon (crond) can be viewed using the command journalctl _COMM=crond

True

Most daemon scripts accept the arguments start, stop, and restart.

True

The compress utility preserves the original ownership, modification, and access time for each file that it compresses.

True

The cpio command has the ability to handle long filenames and can be used to back up device files.​

True

When you print to a printer class, the print job is send to the first available printer in the printer class.

True

You can choose to use a window manager only, and not use a desktop manager.

True

You can use the sed command to remove unwanted lines of text.

True

​Much like the SysV init daemon, the Systemd init daemon is used to start daemons during system initialization as well as start and stop daemons after system initialization.

True

The component of X Windows that requests graphics to be drawn from the X server and displays them on the terminal screen.

X client

The component of X Windows that draws graphics to windows on the terminal screen.

X server

Select the test statement that can be used to determine if A is numerically greater than B:

[ A -gt B ]

Select the escape sequence that is used for a form feed:

\f

Select the escape sequence that starts a new line when used with echo:

\n

The command used to schedule commands and tasks to run at a preset time in the future.

at command

The act of verifying a user's identity by comparing a user name and password to a system database (/etc/passwd and /etc/shadow)

authentication

The ability to extract, manipulate, and format text using pattern action statements belongs to which command below?

awk

You can change the pattern of permission settings by using the ____ command.

chmod

What character is used to delimit most Linux configuration files?

colon

What two window managers is the Compiz Fusion window manager based upon?​

compiz and beryl

The amount of compression that occurred during compression algorithm.

compression ratio

​A variable that is altered by loop constructs to ensure that commands are not executed indefinitely.

counter variable

filler

filler

​What construct is intended for use in processing a list of objects, such as files, directories, users, printers, and so on?

for

​The act of creating a new BASH shell child process from a parent BASH shell process.

forking

​The group that is specified for a user in the /etc/passwd file and that is specified as a group owner for all files created by a user.

primary group

A group of CUPS printers that are treated as a single unit for the purposes of printing and management.​

printer class

​A unique identifier assigned to every process as it begins.

process ID(PID)

In the output of the ps -l command, what column is the most valuable to systems administrators because it indicates what the process is currently doing?

process state

An RPM package can be converted to a cpio archive using what command?

rpm2cpio

Most commands that are run by the shell are run in a separate ____________________, which is created by the current shell.

subshell

​The process whereby files are copied to an archive.

system backup

In order to change keyboard layout if X Windows can't detect the layout, you should use what CLI command?

system-config-keyboard

A gzip-compressed tar archive.

tarball

Files with what two file extensions are commonly known as tarballs?​

​.tar.gz and .tgz

What file controls the default runlevel when using Systemd?​

​/etc/systemd/system/default.target

On a Fedora based system, where are the shell environment and scheduled commands for at stored?​

​/var/spool/at

What number indicates the lowest kernel priority (PRI) of a process possible?​

​127

When there are multiple background processes executing in the shell, the jobs command indicates the most recent one with which symbol?

+

A user account can be locked with the usermod command using what option?

-L

​What option can be added to the dpkg command to remove a specified package from the system, including any configuration files used by the package?

-P

When used with the uncompress command, what option displays the contents of the compress file to Standard Output?

-c

What option should be used in conjunction with the lp command in order to specify the destination printer name?

-d

What option can be used with the ps command to display an entire list of processes across all terminals and including daemons?

-e

What option, when added to the crontab command, opens the vi editor with a user's cron table?

-e

When used with the compress command, what option below can be used to compress symbolic links?

-f

​What two ps options can be used to display a full list of information about each process, and a long list of information about each process?

-f and -l

In order to display a list of at job IDs, what option can be specified to the at command?

-l

Select the option that, when used with the gzip command, causes the compression ratio for files that have been compressed to be listed:

-l

Select the option that can be used with the lpstat command to display a list of printers that are enabled:

-p

What option can be added to the userdel command to remove the home directory of the target user?

-r

The cp ____ option creates a symbolic link or name at the destination rather than a physical file.

-s

When using the compress utility, each file specified for compression is renamed with what extension?

.Z

What two device files below represent the first SCSI tape device, rewinding and non-rewinding?​

/dev/st0 and ​/dev/nst0

What two files contain settings for the CUPS daemon and the configuration information for each printer installed on a system, respectively?​

/etc/cupsd.conf and ​/etc/cups/printers.conf

On Linux, the root user always has a UID of what number?​

0

In Linux, what runlevel is also known as the multiuser mode?

2

If no level of compression is specified, the gzip command assumes what compression level?

6

What is the average compression ratio for the gzip utility using the LZ77 compression algorithm?

60%-70%

​The CUPS Web administration tool can be accessed via web browser by accessing what TCP port below?

631

How many different kill signals can be sent by the kill command to a given process?

64

When editing a text file with vi, if you want to save your changes and exit right away, you can use ____ or ZZ from command mode.

:wq

The secure log file contains information regarding the last user to log in to a system.​

False

Zombie processes are also known as defunct processes.​

False

The ____________________ environment variable contains a list of directories to search for executable programs.

PATH

What kill signal and number can be used to send an interrupt signal to a process, and is the same as using the Ctrl+c combination to kill a running process?​

SIGINT and 2

What signal name and number function as the absolute kill signal, and when issued, forces the Linux kernel to stop executing the process by sending the process's resources to /dev/null?​

SIGINT and 9

Which kill signal terminates a process by taking the process information in memory and saving it to a file called core on the hard disk in the current working directory?

SIGQUIT

What stage of the GRUB boot loader typically resides on the MBR / GPT?

Stage1

A file descriptor that represents any error messages generated by a command.

Standard Error(stderr)

​A file descriptor that represents information input to a command during execution.

Standard Input(stdin)

A file descriptor that represents the desired output from a command.

Standard Output(stdout)

What option can be used in the journald configuration file to specify a file size limit to the event log?​

SystemMaxUse

A relatively new software framework used on Linux systems that provides a system initialization process and system management functions.

Systemd

The pipe operator can connect several commands on the same command line.

True

The tar utility cannot back up device files or files with filenames longer than 255 characters.

True

A UNIX standard that is used to provide the structure of the system initialization process on Linux systems.

UNIX Sys V

A unique number assigned to each user account.

User Identifier

Select the two escape sequences that represent a horizontal tab and a vertical tab, respectively:​

\t and \v

The partition searched for an operating system after the MBR/GPT.​

active partition

What System Log Daemon priority indicates an error that should be rectified immediately, such as a corrupt system database?

alert

Select the two keywords that can be used in the lilo.conf file in order to specify where LILO should be installed, and what parameters should be passed to the Linux kernel when loaded:​

append= and ​boot=

In order to download DPM packages, what command should be used below?​

apt-get

The command used to run a foreground process in the background.​

background command

A command used to decompress files compressed by the bzip2 command

bunzip2 command

What two commands below can be used to view the contents of a bzip2-compressed file page by page?​

bzmore and bzless

The command used to remove print jobs from the print queue in the CUPS print system

cancel comma

​What two commands below can be used to modify the password expiry information and a user's default shell?

chage and chsh

A calculated value that is unique to a file's size and contents.

checksum

The command used to change the GECOS for a user.​

chfn command

A process that was started by another process.

child process

On Linux systems that use the traditional ​UNIX SysV init, what command below can be used to list and modify the runlevels that a daemon is started in?

chkconfig

A file specifying tasks to be run by the cron daemon​

cron table

A Linux system process that provides a system service.

daemon

A system process that is not associated with a terminal.

daemon process

A special construct used in a shell script to alter the flow of the program based on the outcome of a command or contents of a variable. Common decision constructs include if, case, &&, and ||.

decision construct

Which of the following is not one of the three main types of Linux commands?​

device calls

What command can be used to search for DPM package information?

dpkg-query

The default BASH shell prompt is set by an environment variable. What command can be used to view this variable?

echo $PS1

A list of all exported environment and user-defined variables in a shell can be viewed with what command below?

env

​The variables that store information commonly accessed by the system or programs executing on the system; together, these variables form the user environment.

environment variables

A case construct must be ended by ____________________.

esac

The area of the system from which information is gathered when logging system events.

facility

After a background process has been started, what command below can be used to move it to the foreground?

fg

​The numeric labels used to define command input and command output.

file descriptors

Any command that can take standard input and transform it into standard output is called a(n) ____________________ command.

filter

What is the default target on a system with a GUI installed?​

graphical.target

The command used to modify the name or GID of a group on the system.​

groupmod command

After modifying the /etc/default/grub file, what command should be run to rebuild the grub config files?​

grub-mkconfig

What command below can be used to re-install GRUB2 in the event that the boot loader becomes corrupted?​

grub2-install

​A command used to decompress files compressed by the gzip command.

gundzip command

The first line in a shell script, which defines the shell that will be used to interpret the commands in the script file.

hashpling

Insert mode, which lets you enter text, is accessed by typing the letter ____ after the vi editor is started.

i

In the /etc/lilo.conf file, what keyword should be specified in order to provide the absolute pathname to the Linux kernel?

image=

What two processes below will show up as PID 1, depending on whether a system uses UNIX SysV or Systemd init processes?

init and systemd

What two commands below can be used to stop a process, either by PID number or process name?​

kill​ and killall

The K desktop environment utilizes what window manager and toolkit below?​

kwin and Qt toolkit

What configuration file contains parameters that set the default location for e-mail, password expiration information, minimum password length, and the range of UIDs and GIDs available for use?

login.defs

A special construct used in a shell script to execute commands repetitively. Common decision constructs include for and while.

loop construct

In order to send a print job to a printer using CUPS, what command must be used?

lp

Which command should be used to restrict access to printers?

lpadmin

Adding the -t option to what command below will provide a list of all printers on the system and their status?

lpstat

What command looks for a Makefile and uses the information within to compile the source code into binary programs using the appropriate compiler program for the local hardware architecture?

make

Select the two window managers that have been used in GNOME:​

metacity and mutter

The GNOME 3 desktop environment utilizes what window manager and toolkit below?

mutter GTK + toolkit

The default window manager for the GNOME Desktop Environment in Fedora 13

mutter window manager

To change the primary group temporarily to another group that is listed in the output of the groups and id commands, you can use which command below?

newgrp

The dump/restore utility is limited to a maximum of how many different incremental backups?

nine

A group of RPM packages that are commonly installed to provide a specific function on the system.​

package group

What priority used by the System Log Daemon indicates a very serious system condition that would normally be broadcast to all users?​

panic

​A process that has started other processes.

parent process

What command below is used to display the lineage of a process by tracing its PPIDs until the init daemon?​

pstree

A system that uses an /etc/passwd file only can be converted to use /etc/shadow for security by using what command?

pwconv

What keyword tells the Linux kernel to avoid printing errors to the screen during system startup?​

quiet

The ____________________ command takes user input from stdin and places it in a variable specified by an argument.

read

What permissions are required to execute a shell script in a manner similar to any other executable program on the system?

read and execute

The process of changing the default locations of Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error

redirection

A command used to extract archives created with the dump command.

restore command

A UNIX SysV term that defines a certain type and number of daemons on a Linux system.​

runlevel

What log file contains information and error messages regarding network access generated by daemons such as ssd and xinetd?

secure

You can type more than one command on the command line by separating commands with a ____.

semicolon (;)

Which command below can be used to start, stop, or restart any daemons in the /etc/init.d directory?

service

The environment variables that are set by default and their current values can be viewed with what command?

set

In a cron table entry, what field specifies the absolute pathname to a command that is to be executed?

sixth

​the process of accepting a print job into a print queue.

spooling

A Systemd term that is used to describe the number and type of daemons running on a Linux system. It is functionally equivalent to the UNIX SysV term runlevel .

target unit

The amount of time a process is given on a CPU in a multiprocessing operating system.

time slice

You can use the ____ command to create empty files.

touch

What command can be used to replace characters in a file sent via Standard Input?

tr

The process of ignoring a kill signal.​

trapping

The rm -r command can be used to delete a directory that is not empty.

true

You can use the vi editor to create script files.

true

A recent version of the UNIX SysV system initialization process used on modern Linux distributions.

upstart

In order to create user accounts on a Linux system, what command should be utilized?

useradd

Which command can be used to count the number lines, words, and characters in a file?

wc

Select the two commands below that will provide the number of lines in a file, and the number of characters in a file, respectively:​

wc -l and ​wc -c

The ____ statement continues to loop and execute commands or statements as long as a given condition or set of conditions is true.

while

What two log files below will show a history of all login sessions, or a list of users and their last login time, depending on which one is viewed?​

wtmp and ​lastlog

Once X Windows is configured, what command can be used to fine tune the vertical and horizontal refresh rate?

xvidtune

What yum command below can display a list of package group names?

yum grouplist

What command can be used to display the contents of a file that was compressed with the compress utility?

zcat

A command used to view the contents of an archive created with compress or gzip to Standard Output in a page-by-page fashion.​

zmore command

Select the metacharacter that can be used to send the standard output of one command to another command as standard input:

|

What character combination at the start of a shell script are referred to as a hashpling, and allow for the specification of the shell that interprets the contents of the script?

​#!

In standard GRUB notation, select the option below that represents the first hard drive in a system, and the first partition on that hard drive.​

​(hd0,0)

What option can be added to the rpm command to upgrade a specified package only if an older version exists on the system?

​-F

​What two options below are used to tell the useradd command where a user's home directory will be, and where the skeleton directory is?

​-d and -k

What option can be added to the rpm command in order to query packages?​

​-q

​Select the options to use with the cpio utility to cause the utility to extract files from an archive, and overwrite existing files during extraction without prompting for user confirmation:

​-u and -i

What two options can be used with the tar utility to either compress or decompress an archive using the gzip or compress utilities respectively?

​-z and -Z

In Fedora 20, where are user configured settings for Xorg stored?​

​/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/

What two files below are the first two BASH environment files to be executed?​

​/etc/profile and ​/etc/bashrc

The GUI components and related software take up how much space on a typical Linux installation?

​4 GB

The System Log Daemon uses what TCP and UDP port to accept incoming requests from another System Log Daemon on a remote system?​

​514

​What two BASH environment variables represent the current working directory, and the absolute pathname of the current shell, respectively?

​PWD and SHELL

​In the process state column, what does an "R" indicate?

​The process is currently running on the processor.

In an if construct, what statements are optional?​

​elif and else

What command can be used to configure the LILO, ELILO, GRUB, and GRUB2 bootloaders?​

​grubby

What command below can be used to uninstall the LILO bootloader from an active partition?​

​lilo -U

​RPM packages that require other RPM packages to be installed on a system prior to being installed creates a relationship known as?

​package dependency

What can be used on a Linux system to trace the lineage of each child process?​

​parent process ID

The System Log Daemon rsyslogd loads what configuration file under /etc, as well as any files within which directory under /etc?​

​rsyslog.conf and rsyslog.d

When using Systemd, what command can be used to start, stop, and configure daemons to start automatically when the system starts?

​systemctl

Under what directory is the Linux kernel stored?

/boot

What operator below is known as the NOT operator?

!

When killing a background job with the kill command, the background job ID must be prefixed by what character below?

%

What character, when appended to a command, causes the command to be run in the background?

&