Final

In general, how extensive are the effects of cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors on perception? To what extent does specialized knowledge or expertise influence the magnitude of such effects?

Cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors have substantial effects on perception. Knowledge or expertise has little influence on the size of such effects.

How are conditioning, insight, and modeling related, if they are at all?

Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all types of learning.

The more complicated a theory, the better it is.

False

The primacy effect refers to the fact that the items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are most likely to be remembered.

False

Transcranial magnetic stimulation measures blood flow to the different regions of the brain.

False

Unconscious processes have little influence on behavior.

False

Waking consciousness is associated with alpha waves.

False

Regarding sensation and perception, which of the following statements is true?

Sensation involves the activation of sense receptors; perception involves interpretation.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a challenge facing psychologists in the study of thought and behavior?

The biological basis of behavior is largely unknown

The computer metaphor is at the heart of the _____ approach.

cognitive

You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks, like rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n):

cognitive map

Which alternative correctly pairs a class of psychoactive drugs with its general effects on thought and behavior?

hallucinogens -- alter sensation and perception

Which of the following is NOT among the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg?

logical

Behavior is produced by many causes. That is, behavior is:

produced by interrelated factors

Which of the following structures of the eye is correctly matched with its function?

pupil—regulates the amount of light entering the eye

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called ________; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _______.

sensation; perception

As you work on a complex multiplication problem in your head, the numbers you are manipulating are in your __________ memory, and the multiplication tables you are drawing on are in _________ memory.

working; long term memory

Which of the following best defines empirical?

Based on systematic collection and analysis of data

According to your text, how many Americans suffer from insomnia?

10% to 15%

About 95% of the population have an IQ score between ______ and _______.

70; 130

How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

90 minutes

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of a good theory?

A good theory is complex.

Psychologists use the term ___________ research to refer to research that answers fundamental questions about behavior. The term _________ research refers to research that provides solutions to everyday problems.

Basic; applied

Which level of explanation in psychology is correctly matched with an example?

Biological level -- Cocaine exerts its effects by prolonging the presence of specific chemicals at the junctions between nerve cells.

The cerebellum is part of the limbic system.

False

What does the blindsight phenomenon imply with respect to the relationship between conscious awareness and perceptual processing?

Conscious awareness is not necessary for perceptual processing.

What do contemporary psychologists generally believe with respect to the relationship between the mind and the body? How does the modern view relate to Descartes' position?

Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain. This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.

A measure is reliable if it adequately assesses the intended conceptual variable.

False

Cultural influences on perception are virtually negligible

False

Massaging a sore foot is effective mainly because the action stimulates the release of additional endorphins.

False

Meditation is associated with few if any changes in brain activity.

False

Sleep apnea involves daytime "sleep attacks."

False

Which of the following best describes the "everyday research" that we all perform when we try to understand thoughts and behavior?

It can lead us to believe that we know the causes of things when we really do not

Which of the following is the function of the retina?

It contains the photoreceptor cells

Regarding communication and language, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Language is a form of communication.

Jacquie dislikes foreign-language movies dubbed in English: She finds the mismatch between the movements of the speakers' lips and the dubbed English words jarring. Jacquie's impaired perception of the dialogue reflects the ________ effect.

McGurk

The fundamental units of the nervous system are nerve cells, called __________.

Neurons

Which disorder is correctly paired with an associated neurotransmitter?

Parkinson's disease; dopamine

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of ethical research on human participants?

Participants must be fully informed of the purpose of the research before it begins.

Gardner's theory includes each of the following types of intelligence EXCEPT:

Tacit intelligence

Based on your text's discussion of the Flynn effect, how might the IQ of the average 18-year-old today compare with that of her counterpart 60 years ago?

The IQ score of the average 18-year-old today is about 15 points higher than that of her counterpart 60 years ago.

Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain?.

The brain processes information faster than computers do

Which of the following describes implicit memory?

The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect

Your textbook defines psychology as which of the following?

The science of mind and behavior

In what way is the modern study of consciousness relevant to the free will vs. determinism issue?

The study of consciousness supports the determinism position, because it reveals that the basis for much of our behavior lies outside our explicit awareness.

According to the principle of elaborative encoding an example would be focusing on the meaning of important passages in the text.

True

Because values cannot be considered to be either true or false, science cannot prove or disprove them.

True

False memories can be implanted rather easily, even in adults.

True

In Freud's theory, the dream one remembers having is the manifest constant.

True

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that normally triggers a naturally occurring response is termed the unconditioned stimulus.

True

Informed consent is obtained at the beginning of a research session.

True

Knowledge of sensation and perception has enabled the substantial improvement of equipment and technology.

True

Nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist.

True

Not everyone can be hypnotized.

True

Positive reinforcement is a more effective way to modify behavior than is punishment.

True

Prolonged exposure to a stimulus reduces our sensitivity to it.

True

Research can be empirical without necessarily being objective.

True

The behaviorists viewed the mind as a 'black box.'

True

The beta effect underlies our perception of motion in movies.

True

The dependent variable is the measured varibale that is expected to be influenced by the experimental variable.

True

The lowest level of explanation in psychology is the biological level.

True

The sympathetic nervous system is a division of the autonomic nervous system.

True

Visual information is processed in the occipital lobe.

True

The stimulus intensity that one can just barely detect is termed the _______ threshold.

absolute

Terminal buttons are found at the ends of:

axons

Operant conditioning involves forming associations between:

behavior and consequences

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the level of explanation in psychology, from the lowest to the highest?

biological; interpersonal; social/cultural

Psychologists refer to our awareness of ourselves and our environment as:

consciousness

Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _______ thinking; tests of creativity tap into __________.

convergent thinking; divergent thinking

Rods are best at _____; cones are best at _____

detecting black, white and gray; detecting details and color

Stimulus is to response as _________ is to __________.

environment; behavior

Which is NOT an Important components of creativity:

extrinsic motivation

Personal statements are to objective statements as _____ are to _____.

facts;values

The multiple factors underlying a given behavior are generally independent.

false

One of the most frequent criticisms of psychodynamic theory is that it cannot be disproved; that is, the theory is not __________.

falsifiable

One morning, Alan wakes to the news that a powerful earthquake occurred in California. "I told you the big one would hit this year!" he exclaims. Alan appears subject to the _____ bias.

hindsight

The endocrine system is linked to the _________ in the brain, via the _______ gland.

hypothalamus; pituitary

In which of the following sets are the three words most highly associated?

iimplicit, automatic, unconscious}

In an experiments, the _____________ variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

independent

Psychologists define _________ as thecapacity to learn from experience, solve problems, and to adapt to new situations.

intelligence

Collectivist cultures, such Taiwan's, place a high priority on how individuals relate to each other. It might be reasonable to hypothesize that Taiwanese adults might outscore American adults on a test of Gardner's _________ intelligence.

interpersonal

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience.

learning

Informed consent includes all of the following except?

legal rights to the experiment

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________.

memory; cognition

Gene is to environment as _____ is to _____.

nature; nurture

An axon is a:

neuron's cell body

If Gina is standing facing toward you, which of the following sequences correctly orders the lobes of her cortex, from the region that is closest to you to the region that is farthest away from you?

occipital frontal temporal and parietal

Your text reports an investigation by Eisenberger et al. (2009) in which participants' brains were imaged while they played a computer game. Participants experiencing social exclusion showed heightened activity in the _______ lobe, a pattern _________ that seen among people experiencing physical pain.

parietal; similar to

Dendrite is to axon as _________ is to _________.

receiving; sending

With respect to its effects on the nervous system, research suggests that meditation:

reduces sympathetic nervous system activity

"We think the way our language lets us," muses your French literature professor. This statement relates to the linguistic ___________ hypothesis.

relativity

"Every time I take it, it tells me something different!" complains your friend, turning away from the online personality quiz she just completed. Your friend is complaining about the test's __________.

reliability

Redoing and expanding previous research is termed ___________.

replication

The _______ ratio is the dose of a drug that is likely to be fatal divided by the dose normally required to feel the drug's effects.

safety

An advertising agency creates advertisements containing bright colors, plenty of motion, and unexpected events. A psychologist might remark that the advertisements contain________ objects.

salient

The ability to focus on some sensory inputs while tuning out others is termed _________ attention.

selective

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major classes of psychoactive drugs?

stabilizers

Which of the following brain structures relays signals to higher brain levels?

thalamus

The central nervous system consists of _____________. The peripheral nervous system comprises _____________.

the brain and the spinal cord; the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Which of the following is the purpose of descriptive research?

to assess the current state of affairs for a particular situation or person