FINAL Anatomy 1

What type of cells phagocytize foreign or injured cells and play a major role in providing protection against infections? Select one: a. mast cells b. adipocytes c. osteoclast d. stem cells e. macrophages

e. macrophages

Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus? Select one: a. phrenic b. median c. musculocutaneous d. ulnar e. obturator

e. obturator

Which of the following is NOT a primary odor class? Select one: a. umami b. floral c. putrid d. pepperminty e. ethereal

a. umami

Which of the following types of openings in the skeletal system does a "sinus" describe? Select one: a. cavity b. cleft c. hole d. tunnel

a. cavity

A tissue has the following characteristics: free surface, single layer of cells, cells are narrow and tall, microvilli, many mitochondria, goblet cells. Which of the following is most consistent with those observations?(1) active transport(2) epithelium(3) simple epithelium(4) columnar epithelium(5) cuboidal epithelium(6) squamous epithelium(7) secretion by exocytosis(8) movement of mucous across its surface Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 b. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 d. 2, 3, 4, 8 e. 2, 3, 4, 7

a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7

You are hired to work in a laboratory to measure the rate of human muscle contraction. Which of the following might decrease in quantity in muscle cells undergoing contractions? Select one: a. ATP b. carbon dioxide c. water d. lactic acid e. sodium

a. ATP

Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell. Select one: a. chemical b. electrical c. direct d. indirect e. neurotransmitter

a. chemical

Which molecule determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane? Select one: a. Cholesterol b. Phospholipid c. Protein

a. Cholesterol

Which of the following statements regarding melanin is true? Select one: a. During pregnancy melanin production is increased. b. Both melanocytes and keratinocytes produce melanin. c. In Addison's disease, less melanin is produced. d. Men produce more melanin than women. e. Melanin is a white pigment.

a. During pregnancy melanin production is increased.

Consider the two statements and use the following key to choose your answer. (1) rate of muscle contraction when beta adrenergic receptors of the heart are stimulated (2) rate of muscle contraction when beta adrenergic receptors of intestinal muscle are stimulated Select one: a. First item is greater than the second item. b. First item is less than the second item. c. Both items are equal or nearly equal.

a. First item is greater than the second item.

Which of the following is NOT true of muscular atrophy? Select one: a. It is irreversible. b. It can be caused by disuse. c. It can be caused by denervation. d. Transcutaneous stimulation can help prevent it. e. Muscle fibers are replaced by connective tissue.

a. It is irreversible.

Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor? Select one: a. More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium. b. Impulses originate slowly in the olfactory epithelium. c. The tissue needs more time in contact with the odor. d. Threshold for odor detection is high. e. Receptors in the olfactory epithelium are highly specific.

a. More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.

Why does muscle activity affect the temperature of the body? Select one: a. The rate of chemical reactions increases in muscle fibers during contraction, so the rate of heat production also increases. b. Muscle contraction generates pyrogens which reset the body's internal thermostat to a higher temperature. c. Muscle activity directs more warm blood to the muscles away from the central core causing a cooling effect on your internal organs. d. Increased muscle activity causes a rise in adipose stores which increases the insulation value of the body.

a. The rate of chemical reactions increases in muscle fibers during contraction, so the rate of heat production also increases.

Some drugs for treating acne include peroxides that increases 'peeling' or shedding of skin. This drugs' side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible loss of hair in areas in contact. Do peroxides have an effect on the sebum-production? Select one: a. Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there. b. No, the effect is on the epidermis and the sebaceous glands are located there. c. No, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there. d. Yes, the effect is on the epidermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

a. Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

Lyme disease is Select one: a. a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks. b. an inflammation of any joint. c. a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood. d. a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease. e. the most common type of arthritis.

a. a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks.

An organelle is Select one: a. a small structure within a cell. b. a structure composed of several tissue types. c. the basic structural unit of all living organisms. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of cells with similar structure and function.

a. a small structure within a cell.

Lesions of the limbic system might result in Select one: a. a voracious appetite. b. enhanced fear and anger responses. c. decreased sexual activity. d. loss of coordination. e. loss of sensation.

a. a voracious appetite.

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called Select one: a. adaptation. b. projection. c. translation. d. conduction. e. phantom pain.

a. adaptation.

The presence of a cellular clock, presence of "death genes" and damage to DNA or mitochondria are all theories of _____. Select one: a. aging b. death c. differentiation d. cleavage

a. aging

The type of movements where one linear part of the body bends relative to another part would be ______ movements. Select one: a. angular b. circular c. gliding d. linear

a. angular

The process by which there is programmed cellular death is _____. Select one: a. apoptosis b. differentiation c. mitosis d. cleavage

a. apoptosis

You would look for concentric lamellae Select one: a. around the central canal of an osteon. b. in between osteons. c. on the outer surface of compact bone tissues. d. as components of the cartilage. e. in the bone marrow.

a. around the central canal of an osteon.

Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are ______ fibers. Select one: a. association b. commissural c. projection

a. association

Of the following muscles of the thigh, which one is NOT part of the quadriceps group? Select one: a. biceps femoris b. rectus femoris c. vastus lateralis d. vastus medialis e. vastus intermedius

a. biceps femoris

A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+ ions. The use of this anesthetic will Select one: a. block sensory input into the CNS. b. enhance the development of EPSPs. c. cause RMP to move closer to threshold. d. cause Cl- ions to enter cells instead of Na+ ions. e. depolarize the cell.

a. block sensory input into the CNS.

Adrenergic receptors Select one: a. can be activated by the release of epinephrine. b. have two structural forms - muscarinic and nicotinic. c. when activated stimulate skeletal muscles to contract. d. can be found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. e. are activated by the release of acetylcholine.

a. can be activated by the release of epinephrine.

Lipids Select one: a. can insulate and help prevent heat loss. b. yield little energy per unit of weight. c. function as enzymes. d. are all water soluble. e. comprise the genetic material of cells.

a. can insulate and help prevent heat loss.

Identify the material that would NOT be considered an important inorganic substances in our bodies. Select one: a. carbon b. oxygen c. calcium d. iron

a. carbon

A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called Select one: a. circumduction. b. rotation. c. hyperextension. d. supination. e. pronation.

a. circumduction.

Which of the following categories of epithelium is based on cell shape? Select one: a. columnar b. keratinized c. stratified d. transitional e. simple

a. columnar

Mechanoreceptors respond to Select one: a. compression of receptors. b. irritation of nerve endings. c. light striking the receptors. d. binding of molecules to membrane receptors. e. a change in temperature.

a. compression of receptors.

The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as Select one: a. contractility. b. excitability. c. extensibility. d. elasticity. e. flexibility.

a. contractility.

The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is Select one: a. cytology. b. histology. c. molecular biology. d. microbiology. e. surface anatomy.

a. cytology.

What technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels? Select one: a. digital subtraction angiography b. magnetic resonance imaging c. dynamic spatial reconstruction d. positron emission tomography

a. digital subtraction angiography

The ethmoid and sphenoid bones are formed by ___________ Select one: a. endochondral ossification b. intramembranous ossification

a. endochondral ossification

Following a stroke, Harriet has impaired sense of taste on one side of the tip of her tongue, indicating the part of her brain that was affected must communicate with the Select one: a. facial nerve. b. abducens nerve. c. trigeminal nerve. d. glossopharyngeal nerve. e. vagus nerve.

a. facial nerve.

When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that _____ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation. Select one: a. facilitation b. inhibition c. summation d. divergence e. convergence

a. facilitation

What type of connective tissue forms most of the skeleton before it is replaced by bone? Select one: a. hyaline cartilage b. fibrocartilage c. elastic cartilage d. dense irregular elastic tissue e. dense regular collagenous tissue

a. hyaline cartilage

Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system? Select one: a. hypothalamus b. midbrain c. pons d. thalamus e. brainstem

a. hypothalamus

The term "shin splints" is associated with Select one: a. injuries resulting from excessive stress on the tibialis anterior. b. stress fractures of the fibula 2 to 5 cm distal to the knee. c. posterior compartment syndrome. d. injuries resulting from excessive stress on the tibialis posterior. e. RICE.

a. injuries resulting from excessive stress on the tibialis anterior.

The central nervous system Select one: a. is the site for processing information. b. initiates visual and auditory stimuli. c. consists of 43 pairs of nerves. d. is totally involuntary. e. does not interact with the peripheral nervous system.

a. is the site for processing information.

The length of the resting sarcomere is Select one: a. longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere. b. shorter than the length of a contracted sarcomere. c. the same length as a contracted sarcomere. d. the same length as the muscle fiber. e. the same length as the myofibril.

a. longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere.

Which of the following facial bones is correctly matched with its function? Select one: a. maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth b. vomer - forms the hard palate c. inferior nasal conchae - contain nasolacrimal canals d. zygomatic - provides attachment point for temporalis muscle e. temporal - is part of the orbit.

a. maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth

Which of the following is mismatched? Select one: a. microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body b. astrocytes - blood-brain barrier c. oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheaths d. ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid e. ependymal cells - choroid plexus

a. microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body

Oscillation of the eyes during the tracking of something in motion is called Select one: a. nystagmus. b. vertigo. c. scotoma. d. ptosis. e. otitis media.

a. nystagmus.

Which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts? Select one: a. osteochondral progenitor cell b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts

a. osteochondral progenitor cell

When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this? Select one: a. osteoclasts b. osteoblasts c. osteons d. matrix cells e. osteocytes

a. osteoclasts

Skeletal muscle fibers Select one: a. possess striations. b. can contract but are not extensible or excitable. c. do not require nerve innervation to contract. d. increase dramatically in number after birth. e. are found in the walls of the stomach.

a. possess striations.

This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales. Select one: a. psoriasis b. decubitus ulcer c. bullae d. vitiligo e. eczema

a. psoriasis

Of the following muscles of the forearm, which one rotates the forearm to turn the palm upwards? Select one: a. supinator b. triceps brachii c. brachialis d. pronator quadratus e. brachioradialis

a. supinator

Epimysium Select one: a. surrounds individual muscles. b. separates muscle fibers. c. connects muscles to bone. d. is a type of muscle tissue. e. is a type of nerve tissue.

a. surrounds individual muscles.

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Can produce widespread sweating Select one: a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

a. sympathetic

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Effects are more general Select one: a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

a. sympathetic

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine Select one: a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

a. sympathetic

The targeted response of the hormone lipotropin is an increase in which of the following? Select one: a. the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues b. the breakdown of lipids and release of fatty acids from cells c. the production of milk in lactating women d. the secretion of thyroid hormone

a. the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues

The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles b. the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs c. gastrointestinal peristalsis d. heart rate e. the eye

a. the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles

Concentric contractions occur when Select one: a. the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens. b. the tension and length of the muscle remain constant during a contraction. c. tension in a muscle is maintained while the muscle increases in length. d. the muscle produces tension while the length of the muscle increases. e. isometric contractions occur.

a. the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

Hyperventilation causes the loss of large amounts of carbon dioxide from the body, decreasing the amount of hydrogen ions in solution. As a result, Select one: a. the pH of body fluids will rise. b. the pH of body fluids will fall. c. the pH of body fluids will become neutral. d. the pH of body fluids will not be affected. e. None of these choices is correct.

a. the pH of body fluids will rise.

What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone? Select one: a. the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone b. its location near the gland that secretes that hormone c. the ability of the target cell to perform a specific function d. its ability to inactivate the hormone e. the size of the target cell

a. the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone

Epithelial tissue is characterized by Select one: a. tightly packed cells. b. absence of any basement membrane. c. extensive extracellular matrix. d. a rich blood supply. e. both tightly packed cells and a rich blood supply.

a. tightly packed cells.

Osteoarthritis usually is caused by Select one: a. wear and tear of the joint. b. increased uric acid in the blood. c. an autoimmune disorder. d. a bacterial infection in the joint. e. bursitis.

a. wear and tear of the joint.

Wernicke area is necessary for Select one: a. motivation. b. understanding and formulating coherent speech. c. initiating the muscular movements of speech. d. processing visual images. e. smiling.

b. understanding and formulating coherent speech.

Which of the following is a part of the bony labyrinth? Select one: a. malleus b. vestibule c. cochlear duct d. tympanic membrane e. ossicles

b. vestibule

When the arrector pili muscles contract Select one: a. the body is able to lose heat. b. "goose bumps" form on the skin. c. the hair on your arms and legs begins to curl. d. the sweat glands empty their contents onto the surface of the skin. e. no change is noted on the skin surface.

b. "goose bumps" form on the skin.

Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud.(1) visual association area(2) premotor area(3) Broca area(4) primary motor area(5) Wernicke area(6) visual cortex Select one: a. 1, 6, 5, 3, 4, 2 b. 6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4 c. 6, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 d. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 3 e. 5, 4, 3, 6, 1, 2

b. 6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Both the hair root and hair shaft contain living cells. b. Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium. c. The hair follicle has a hypodermal root sheath. d. The matrix forms the hair surface. e. The hair follicle is not associated with sebaceous glands.

b. Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.

When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors, Select one: a. Na+ channels open. b. Ca2+ channels open. c. adrenaline is released. d. G proteins mediate the cell's response. e. Na+ channels are closed.

b. Ca2+ channels open.

Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord? Select one: a. fasciculus gracilis b. corticospinal tract c. spinothalamic tract d. spinoreticular tract e. trigeminothalamic tract

b. corticospinal tract

David has been feeling tired lately, and after having blood work completed, it shows elevated TSH, low iodine, and low thyroid hormone levels. Predict the possible cause from the choices below. Select one: a. David could possibly have a thyroid tumor. b. David may have iodine deficiency that is causing his thyroid to produce too little thyroid hormone. c. David could have a pituitary gland tumor. d. Too little information is given to determine the cause.

b. David may have iodine deficiency that is causing his thyroid to produce too little thyroid hormone.

The ______ tract and the ______ tract make up the pyramidal system. Select one: a. corticobulbar; spinocerebellar b. corticospinal; corticobulbar c. reticulospinal; spinothalamic d. rubrospinal; reticulospinal

b. corticospinal; corticobulbar

Which of the following is a function of the vertebral column? Select one: a. It supports the weight of the body. b. It allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord. c. It serves as a passageway for the cranial nerves. d. It contains numerous foramens for the passageway of blood vessels. e. It protects the brain.

b. It allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.

The process of meiosis will _____ as the gametes are produced. Select one: a. cut the chromosome number by 1/3 b. cut the chromosome number by 1/2 c. double the chromosome number d. not change the chromosome number e. triple the chromosome number

b. cut the chromosome number by 1/2

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system? Select one: a. Regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood. b. Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength. c. Regulates satiation and the breakdown of food into individual nutrients. d. Regulates the rate of metabolism. e. Regulates the levels of nutrients such as glucose in the blood.

b. Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength.

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. The cochlear duct is filled with perilymph. b. The bony core of the cochlea is called the modiolus. c. The foot plate of the incus fits into the round window. d. The vestibule is one of the regions of the organ of corti. e. The spiral organ is found in the semicircular canals.

b. The bony core of the cochlea is called the modiolus.

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true? Select one: a. Parathyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast activity. b. When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases. c. Increased osteoblast activity increases blood calcium levels. d. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium loss from the kidney. e. Calcitonin elevates blood calcium levels.

b. When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.

Which of the following genotypes will result in a male? Select one: a. XO b. XY c. XX d. XXX e. YY

b. XY

Which of the following is the definition of a third degree burn? Select one: a. a burn that covers at least 25% of the skin b. a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis c. a burn that can only be caused by fire d. a burn that does not leave scars

b. a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis

Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth? Select one: a. small ischial spines b. a small pelvic outlet c. an enlarged iliac crest d. a wide, circular pelvic inlet e. widely spaced ischial spines

b. a small pelvic outlet

What type of cells contain large amounts of lipids? Select one: a. mast cells b. adipocytes c. osteoclast d. stem cells e. macrophages

b. adipocytes

Heather is watching a movie. What type of chemical pathway do her muscles depend upon at this time? Select one: a. anaerobic respiration b. aerobic respiration c. both anaerobic and aerobic respiration

b. aerobic respiration

Stretch reflexes Select one: a. are learned voluntary responses. b. aid in maintaining proper posture. c. prevent muscles from being damaged by excessive tension. d. cause the removal of limbs from painful stimuli. e. prevent falling.

b. aid in maintaining proper posture.

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses? Select one: a. a decrease in heart rate b. an increase in the respiratory rate c. an increase in physical activity d. unconsciousness e. both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the respiratory rate

b. an increase in the respiratory rate

The inferior colliculi Select one: a. are an integral part of the cerebrum. b. are involved with auditory pathways in the CNS. c. interconnect directly with the eye. d. are a major CNS motor neurotransmitter group. e. are located in the pons.

b. are involved with auditory pathways in the CNS.

Match the characteristic with the correct nervous system. Target tissues may be stimulated or inhibited Select one: a. somatic motor nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. both somatic and autonomic nervous systems d. neither somatic nor autonomic nervous system

b. autonomic nervous system

Chromosomes that are NOT associated with sex determination are known as Select one: a. structural genes. b. autosomes. c. genotypes. d. polygenic. e. y-linked.

b. autosomes.

Which of the following helps to keep blood nutrients at normal levels six to eight hours after a meal? Select one: a. parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas b. breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose c. increased production of insulin by the pancreas d. increased glucose uptake by cells e. glycogen synthesis

b. breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose

What is the smallest level of organization in the body that contains the body's genetic information? Select one: a. chemical b. cellular c. tissue d. organism

b. cellular

When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called Select one: a. referred pain. b. central sensitization. c. peripheral sensitization. d. cumulative sensitization. e. phantom pain.

b. central sensitization.

What type of gene expression are the ABO blood types an example of? Select one: a. complete dominance b. codominance c. incomplete dominance d. recessiveness e. polymorphism

b. codominance

Which of the following components of the bone matrix, when removed, allows the bone to be easily shattered? Select one: a. cartilage b. collagen c. hydroxyapatite d. mineral

b. collagen

Which type of bone has concentric lamellae? Select one: a. spongy bone b. compact bone c. both spongy and compact

b. compact bone

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with _____ tissue. Select one: a. epithelial b. connective c. muscular d. nervous e. All four types of tissue are correct.

b. connective

The depressor anguli oris muscle Select one: a. puckers the mouth for kissing. b. contributes to pouting. c. contributes to laughing and smiling. d. causes crow's feet wrinkles. e. raises the eyelid.

b. contributes to pouting.

When a hormone binds to a membrane bound receptor, Select one: a. membrane channels are destroyed. b. cyclic GMP might be produced to act as an intracellular mediator. c. the nucleus is phosphorylated to prevent G-protein activation. d. messenger RNA is formed. e. cellular DNA is altered.

b. cyclic GMP might be produced to act as an intracellular mediator.

CREB activates gene transcription in neurons that results in the formation of Select one: a. myelin sheath. b. dendritic spines. c. more receptors d. All of the choices are correct.

b. dendritic spines.

The major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished by the Select one: a. scalenes. b. diaphragm. c. external intercostals. d. internal intercostals. e. transverses thoracis.

b. diaphragm.

The three arches of the foot Select one: a. transfer weight from the tibia to the femur. b. distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking. c. form a hinge joint. d. are highest on the lateral side of the foot. e. form after birth.

b. distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking.

Muscles and glands that are capable of producing a response when stimulated by motor neurons are called Select one: a. aponeuroses. b. effectors. c. neuromodulators. d. receptors. e. sensory organs.

b. effectors.

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors) Select one: a. prevent synaptic transmission. b. enhance the breakdown of norepinephrine. c. enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors. d. prevent the release of norepinephrine by the presynaptic terminal. e. have no effect on the action of norepinephrine.

b. enhance the breakdown of norepinephrine.

When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is Select one: a. inhibitory. b. excitatory. c. either excitatory or inhibitory. d. both excitatory and inhibitory. e. neither excitatory nor inhibitory.

b. excitatory.

Which abdominal wall muscle is the most superficial of the oblique muscles? Select one: a. rectus abdominis b. external abdominal oblique c. internal abdominal oblique d. transversus abdominis e. quadratus lumborum

b. external abdominal oblique

A major limitation of radiographs is that they Select one: a. can only visualize bone. b. give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body. c. are old technology that do not give good results. d. have very few applications.

b. give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body.

DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules Select one: a. has two newly synthesized strands of nucleotides. b. has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides. c. has two strands of nucleotides from the parent. d. has a single strand of nucleotides. e. are incomplete copies of the original.

b. has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly

The autonomic nervous system Select one: a. stimulates skeletal muscle contractions. b. has two sets of neurons in a series. c. is involved in problem solving. d. is under voluntary control. e. does not include the central nervous system.

b. has two sets of neurons in a series.

Which of the following represents a class I lever system? Select one: a. crossing your legs b. hyperextension of the head c. standing on your tiptoes d. flexion of the elbow to elevate the hand e. lifting weight with your arm

b. hyperextension of the head

As muscle activity increases, the body temperature _____. Select one: a. decreases b. increase

b. increase

Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated? Select one: a. increased blood pressure b. increased motility of the digestive tract c. increased metabolism d. increased heart rate e. decreased motility of the digestive tract

b. increased motility of the digestive tract

What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis? Select one: a. melanin b. keratin c. carotene d. elastin e. collagen

b. keratin

The activity of apocrine sweat glands Select one: a. produces cerumen. b. leads to body odor. c. gives the skin a healthy glow. d. produces sweat on the palm of the hand. e. produces an oily secretion.

b. leads to body odor.

A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the _______ Select one: a. palatine bones. b. maxillae. c. mandible. d. vomer bone. e. frontal bone.

b. maxillae.

LaTonya gets her hand caught in the car door at her knuckles. Which of these specific joints is injured? Select one: a. radiocarpal joints b. metacarpophalangeal joints c. atlantoaxis joints d. metatarsophalangeal joints e. interphalangeal joints

b. metacarpophalangeal joints

A doctor performing an autopsy on a patient concludes that part of the brain was likely damaged by trauma due to a large population of which type of cell? Select one: a. Schwann cells b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. ependymal cel

b. microglia

Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have Select one: a. somatotrophic receptors. b. muscarinic receptors. c. adrenergic receptors. d. nicotinic receptors. e. macrotinic receptors.

b. muscarinic receptors.

The nail root and the nail body attach to the Select one: a. lunula. b. nail bed. c. nail groove. d. hyponychium. e. hypodermis.

b. nail bed.

What type of chemical messenger is released from neurons to activate an adjacent cell? Select one: a. paracrine b. neurotransmitter c. autocrine d. endocrine

b. neurotransmitter

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex? Select one: a. cortisol b. norepinephrine c. androgens d. aldosterone e. glucocorticoids

b. norepinephrine

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Effects more localized Select one: a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

b. parasympathetic

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Provides more extensive innervation of G.I. Tract Select one: a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

b. parasympathetic

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.Functions at rest Select one: a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

b. parasympathetic

The wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the Select one: a. visceral pleural membrane. b. parietal peritoneum. c. visceral mediastinal membrane. d. visceral peritoneum. e. epicardium.

b. parietal peritoneum.

A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the Select one: a. endosteum. b. perichondrium. c. periosteum. d. epiphyseal line. e. ligament.

b. perichondrium.

Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called Select one: a. chronic pain. b. phantom pain. c. referred pain. d. gate pain. e. ghost pain.

b. phantom pain.

Sergio needs to reach the bowls on the top shelf, which are slightly out of reach. Which type of movement below would give him the greatest chance of success in reaching the bowls? Select one: a. dorsiflexion b. plantar flexion c. inversion d. eversion e. circumduction

b. plantar flexion

Molecules that form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms are called Select one: a. salt molecules. b. polar molecules. c. nonpolar molecules. d. lopsided molecules. e. None of these choices are correct.

b. polar molecules.

Up-regulation Select one: a. results in a decrease in the number of receptor sites in the target cell. b. produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone. c. is found in target cells that maintain a constant level of receptors. d. produces insensitivity to the hormone in the target tissue. e. moves the receptors up on the membrane.

b. produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone.

Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane? Select one: a. digestion of unneeded cell organelles b. recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system c. transport of products from the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum d. cell metabolism e. detoxification

b. recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system

The study of the body's organization by areas is Select one: a. systemic anatomy. b. regional anatomy. c. molecular biology. d. microbiology. e. surface anatomy.

b. regional anatomy.

Maya is experiencing pain and discomfort in her posterior coxal region. Which specific joint may be the problem? Select one: a. proximal radio-ulnar joint b. sacroiliac joint c. symphysis pubis d. knee joint e. glenohumeral joint

b. sacroiliac joint

When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve. Select one: a. femoral b. sciatic c. obturator d. pudendal e. ulnar

b. sciatic

What are caveolae? Select one: a. can rapidly develop action potentials b. shallow invaginations of cell membrane c. relatively constant tension maintained for a period of time d. intracellular cytoskeleton e. enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin

b. shallow invaginations of cell membrane

What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin? Select one: a. albinism b. sickle-cell disease c. hemophilia d. Down syndrome e. achondroplasia

b. sickle-cell disease

The central nervous system includes the Select one: a. ganglia. b. spinal cord. c. spinal nerves. d. cranial nerves. e. sensory receptors.

b. spinal cord.

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ____ division of the ANS. Select one: a. central b. sympathetic c. somatic motor d. parasympathetic e. ganglionic

b. sympathetic

In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because Select one: a. the sodium ions continue to enter the cell after depolarization is finished. b. there is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium during repolarization. c. the sodium-potassium pump is actively exchanging ions across the membrane. d. the extracellular Na+ ion concentration is reduced. e. the permeability to sodium continues longer than necessary.

b. there is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium during repolarization.

Which of the following is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels? Select one: a. thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles b. thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary c. positive feedback mechanisms d. parathyroid hormone levels e. blood calcium levels

b. thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves. Select one: a. 10; 30 b. 31; 12 c. 12; 31 d. 30; 10 e. 12; 32

c. 12; 31

In humans, somatic cells have ____ chromosomes, while reproductive cells (gametes) have ____. Select one: a. 23; 46 b. 92; 46 c. 46; 23 d. 46; 69 e. 92; 23

c. 46; 23

Two solutions, A and B, have the same osmolality. Select one: a. Solution A has more solute particles than solution B. b. Solution B has more solute particles than solution A. c. Both solutions have the same number of solute particles. d. Solution A is water and sugar, solution B is water and salt. e. Solution A is pure water and solution B is water and salt.

c. Both solutions have the same number of solute particles.

Which of the following statements about the femur is TRUE? Select one: a. The head of the femur articulates with the tibia. b. The medial condyle articulates with the acetabulum. c. Both the greater and lesser trochanters are attachment sites for muscles. d. The distal end of the tibia articulates with the femur. e. The proximal end of the femur articulates with the tibia.

c. Both the greater and lesser trochanters are attachment sites for muscles.

Which of the following events occurs last? Select one: a. IP3 (inositol triphosphate) is produced. b. Epinephrine combines with membrane-bound receptor on smooth muscle cell. c. Calmodulin binds to the enzyme that phosphorylates myosin and cross-bridges form. d. IP3 stimulates Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. e. Ca2+ binds with calmodulin.

c. Calmodulin binds to the enzyme that phosphorylates myosin and cross-bridges form.

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle? Select one: a. body movement b. maintenance of posture c. Dilating and constricting the pupil of the eye d. constriction of organs e. production of heat

c. Dilating and constricting the pupil of the eye

Which of the following is NOT true of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)? Select one: a. The limit of resolution is about 0.1nm. b. Electrons are passed through the specimen. c. Gives the clearest three-dimensional images. d. The specimen must be fixed in plastic. e. The electron beam is focused with electromagnets.

c. Gives the clearest three-dimensional images.

Callie is a world class marathon runner. Which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is FALSE? Select one: a. They split ATP slowly. b. They have large deposits of myoglobin. c. They are well adapted to anaerobic activity. d. They have a well developed blood supply. e. They have low glycogen stores.

c. They are well adapted to anaerobic activity.

Atrophy at the neuromuscular junction that naturally occurs with age would have what effect on muscles? Select one: a. It would stimulate the nervous system to increase the speed in which it sends action potentials to the myofiber. b. It would stimulate muscle cramps. c. It would decrease the number of action potentials sent to the myofiber. d. It would cause an increase in the amount of ACh released by the neurons to compensate. e. It would have no effect on the muscles.

c. It would decrease the number of action potentials sent to the myofiber.

A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called Select one: a. a reticular fiber. b. proteoglycan. c. elastin. d. collagen. e. hyaluronic acid.

c. elastin.

Which of the following statements best describes RNA? Select one: a. RNA is found outside a cell. b. RNA contains the base thymine. c. RNA is a single-stranded molecule. d. RNA molecules are antiparallel. e. RNA is a double helix.

c. RNA is a single-stranded molecule.

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system? Select one: a. Regulates the rate of metabolism. b. Controls development and functions of the reproductive system. c. Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear. d. Prepares the body for physical activity and stress. e. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure.

c. Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear.

Which sentence best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction? Select one: a. Actin and myosin filaments remain stationary. b. Actin and myosin myofilaments shorten. c. Sarcomeres and myofibrils contract. d. Sarcomeres and myofibrils lengthen.

c. Sarcomeres and myofibrils contract.

What do all hormones have in common? Select one: a. They are made from amino acids. b. They are bound to transport molecules in the blood. c. They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell. d. They use the second messenger mechanism to control the target cell. e. They are all lipid-soluble.

c. They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell.

Gout is Select one: a. a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks. b. an inflammation of any joint. c. a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood. d. a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease. e. the most common type of arthritis.

c. a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood.

In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use Select one: a. x-rays. b. flashlights. c. a transmission electron microscope (TEM). d. tissue cultures. e. a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

c. a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

A base is a proton Select one: a. donor. b. converter. c. acceptor. d. creator. e. Both acceptor and creator.

c. acceptor.

The minimum amount of energy that reactants must have to start a chemical reaction is called Select one: a. kinetic energy. b. mechanical energy. c. activation energy. d. electromagnetic energy. e. potential energy.

c. activation energy.

What type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it? Select one: a. paracrine b. neurotransmitter c. autocrine d. endocrine

c. autocrine

In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must Select one: a. be present in high concentrations. b. be one of the seven primary classes of odors. c. be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. d. interact with the mechanoreceptors of the olfactory hair membrane. e. enter the nose slowly.

c. be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.

Cochlear neurons are stimulated by Select one: a. vibrating the oval window. b. vibrations of the tectorial membrane. c. bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells. d. movement of the otoliths in the endolymph. e. turning the spiral organ.

c. bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.

Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell Select one: a. in vesicles. b. through vitamin membrane channels. c. by dissolving in the lipid bilayer. d. by transport with carrier molecules. e. by active transport.

c. by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.

The humerus articulates with the radius at the Select one: a. medial epicondyle. b. lateral epicondyle. c. capitulum. d. radial fossa. e. trochlea.

c. capitulum.

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in Select one: a. axons. b. dendrites. c. cell bodies or soma. d. terminal boutons. e. node of Ranvier.

c. cell bodies or soma.

Potential energy stored in bonds of molecules is _____ energy. Select one: a. mechanical b. thermal c. chemical d. molecular e. None of the above

c. chemical

Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of Select one: a. decussation fibers. b. association fibers. c. commissural fibers. d. projection fibers. e. pyramidal fibers.

c. commissural fibers.

Mechanical deficiency in transmission of sound waves to the spiral organ is Select one: a. Meniere disease. b. otosclerosis. c. conduction hearing loss. d. sensorineural hearing loss. e. motion sickness.

c. conduction hearing loss.

Triangular muscles, like the pectoralis major are also called _____ muscles. Select one: a. bipennate b. circular c. convergent d. parallel

c. convergent

The peripheral nervous system includes the Select one: a. brain. b. spinal cord. c. cranial nerves. d. blood-brain barrier. e. cerebellum.

c. cranial nerves.

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called Select one: a. nonelectrolytes, because they do not conduct an electrical current. b. molecules c. electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current. d. nonelectrolytes and solutes. e. molecules and electrolytes.

c. electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current.

Heat energy is Select one: a. the form of energy that actually does work. b. movement of ions or electrons. c. energy that flows between objects with different temperatures. d. stored energy that could do work but is not doing so. e. energy that moves in waves.

c. energy that flows between objects with different temperatures.

Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron? Select one: a. enteric interneuron b. enteric sensory neuron c. enteric bipolar neuron d. enteric motor neuron

c. enteric bipolar neuron

Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint? Select one: a. epiphyseal plates b. intervertebral disks c. fontanelles d. sternocostal joint e. manubriosternal joint

c. fontanelles

The actual genetic constitution of an individual is its Select one: a. structural gene. b. autosome. c. genotype. d. polygenic. e. y-linked.

c. genotype.

Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following? Select one: a. histology b. physiology c. gross anatomy d. radiology e. cytology

c. gross anatomy

What genetic disorder is the failure to produce clotting factors? Select one: a. albinism b. sickle-cell disease c. hemophilia d. Down syndrome e. achondroplasia

c. hemophilia

What term means that both alleles are the same? Select one: a. locus b. alleles c. homozygous d. heterozygous e. karyotype

c. homozygous

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of Select one: a. elastin fibers. b. collagenase. c. hydroxyapatite crystals. d. collagen fibers. e. bone marrow.

c. hydroxyapatite crystals.

Match the disorder with its description. Neuritis Select one: a. pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg b. stiffness in the neck and headache c. inflammation of a nerve d. pain along a nerve tract e. loss of sensation

c. inflammation of a nerve

The basal nuclei function to Select one: a. produce stiff, exaggerated movements. b. assist the autonomic nervous system. c. inhibit unwanted muscular activity. d. control alertness. e. store memory.

c. inhibit unwanted muscular activity.

Which portion of the ear contains the sense organs for hearing and balance? Select one: a. external ear b. middle ear c. inner ear d. auditory tube e. tympanic membrane.

c. inner ear

Chemical energy Select one: a. moves matter. b. results from the position or movement of objects. c. is a form of potential energy within chemical bonds. d. comes from the sun. e. is not important in physiological processes.

c. is a form of potential energy within chemical bonds.

Damage to the left side of the brain near the visual cortex could result in which of the following visual changes? Select one: a. loss of temporal visual fields from both eyes b. loss of nasal visual fields from both eyes c. loss of right visual fields from both eyes d. loss of left visual fields from both eyes e. None of these choices is correct.

c. loss of right visual fields from both eyes

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly? Select one: a. basal cell carcinoma b. squamous cell carcinoma c. melanoma d. Kaposi's sarcoma e. psoriasis

c. melanoma

The skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail is the Select one: a. nail root. b. nail body. c. nail fold. d. eponychium. e. hyponychium.

c. nail fold.

Which class of chemical messengers is secreted by neurons into synaptic clefts to activate an adjacent cell? Select one: a. autocrine b. endocrine c. neurotransmitter d. paracrine

c. neurotransmitter

What type of cell ingests bacteria? Select one: a. edema b. secondary union c. neutrophil d. granulation tissue e. scar

c. neutrophil

Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the _____ nerve, whereas the _____ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem. Select one: a. facial; trochlear b. optic; facial c. optic; trigeminal d. trigeminal; accessory

c. optic; trigeminal

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Select one: a. synthesis reaction - two reactants combine to form a larger product b. decomposition reaction - large reactant broken into smaller products c. oxidation - gain of electrons d. dehydration reaction - water is a product of the reaction e. hydrolysis - water is used in decomposition reaction

c. oxidation - gain of electrons

Which of the following processes generates the most ATP within a human cell? Select one: a. glycolysis b. lactic acid fermentation c. oxidative phosphorylation d. citric acid cycle

c. oxidative phosphorylation

Digestion of food is regulated by the Select one: a. sensory division. b. sympathetic division of the ANS. c. parasympathetic division of the ANS. d. somatic nervous system. e. None of these choices are correct.

c. parasympathetic division of the ANS.

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration? Select one: a. pons, hypothalamus b. cerebrum, hypothalamus c. pons, medulla oblongata d. medulla oblongata, cerebral peduncles e. pons, thalamus

c. pons, medulla oblongata

The attenuation reflex Select one: a. amplifies loud noises. b. enhances low frequency sounds. c. prevents damage to delicate ear structures. d. involves the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. e. vibrates the tympanic membrane.

c. prevents damage to delicate ear structures.

Which of the following is determined by sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds? Select one: a. amino acid b. peptide bond c. primary structure of protein d. secondary structure of protein e. denaturation

c. primary structure of protein

Genes that play a role in the regulation of mitosis are called Select one: a. basal cells. b. oncogenes. c. proto-oncogenes. d. mutagens. e. apoptogenes.

c. proto-oncogenes.

Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of Select one: a. electrons in a magnetic field. b. carbons in a magnetic field. c. protons in a magnetic field. d. cells in a magnetic field.

c. protons in a magnetic field.

Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the Select one: a. gluteus medius and gluteus maximus. b. gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis. c. psoas major and iliacus. d. sartorius and rectus femoris. e. piriformis and quadratus femoris.

c. psoas major and iliacus.

Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue. Select one: a. edema and clotting b. necrosis and atrophy c. regeneration and replacement d. edema and regeneration e. necrosis and replacement

c. regeneration and replacement

The subscapular and subacromial bursa are associated with the _________ joint. Select one: a. elbow b. knee c. shoulder d. hip e. wrist

c. shoulder

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the mouth? Select one: a. simple cuboidal epithelium b. simple columnar epithelium c. stratified squamous epithelium d. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium e. transitional epithelium

c. stratified squamous epithelium

The epidermis of the skin is composed of Select one: a. stratified cuboidal epithelium. b. simple squamous epithelium. c. stratified squamous epithelium. d. irregular dense fibrous connective tissue. e. stratified columnar epithelium.

c. stratified squamous epithelium.

A tennis player complains of severe pain in the shoulder when serving or returning an overhead volley. Which of the rotator cuff muscles is probably damaged? Select one: a. infraspinatus b. subscapularis c. supraspinatus d. teres major e. deltoid

c. supraspinatus

To focus on objects closer than 20 feet, Select one: a. the lens must become flatter. b. the cornea must move inward. c. the ciliary muscles must contract. d. the suspensory ligaments increase tension on the lens. e. the retina must bend.

c. the ciliary muscles must contract.

The prime mover is Select one: a. a muscle working in opposition to another muscle. b. the end of the muscle where the action occurs. c. the muscle that does most of the movement. d. the stationary end of the muscle. e. a group of muscles that work together to cause movement.

c. the muscle that does most of the movement.

A neutral atom contains Select one: a. more protons than electrons. b. more electrons than protons. c. the same number of electrons and protons. d. only neutrons. e. None of these choices is correct.

c. the same number of electrons and protons.

The parietal peritoneum is Select one: a. a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall. b. the serous membrane that covers the lungs. c. the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. d. space located between the visceral and parietal pleura. e. the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.

c. the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Anatomy is Select one: a. the study of function. b. a branch of physiology. c. the study of structure. d. the study of living organisms. e. the study of homeostasis.

c. the study of structure.

The gastrocnemius muscle is most likely to be innervated by the _____ nerve. Select one: a. obturator b. common fibular (peroneal) c. tibial d. femoral e. median

c. tibial

What type of axons is found in a gray ramus comunicans? Select one: a. myelinated, pre-ganglionic axons b. myelinated, post-ganglionic axons c. unmyelinated, pre-ganglionic axons d. unmyelinated, post-ganglionic axons

c. unmyelinated, pre-ganglionic axons

The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called Select one: a. painreceptors. b. internoreceptors. c. visceroreceptors d. proprioceptors. e. appendoreceptors.

c. visceroreceptors

Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the Select one: a. gastrocnemius. b. wall of the GI tract. c. wall of blood vessels. d. wall of the heart. e. reproductive system.

c. wall of blood vessels.

Which of the following occur as a result of inhibiting the release of chemical mediators of inflammation shortly after injury in a tissue?(1) stimulation of pain receptors(2) reduced stimulation of pain receptors(3) increased permeability of blood vessels(4) reduced permeability of blood vessels(5) edema(6) reduced redness Select one: a. 1, 3, 5, 6 b. 2, 4, 5, 6 c. 1, 2, 5, 6 d. 2, 4, 6 e. 1, 2, 5

d. 2, 4, 6

The spinal cord ends at the Select one: a. sacrum. b. coccyx. c. 5th lumbar vertebrae. d. 2nd lumbar vertebrae.

d. 2nd lumbar vertebrae.

Arrange the following events in correct sequence.(1) retinal cells generate action potential(2) person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS(3) visual cortex translates action potential(4) bright light is shone into the eye(5) optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS Select one: a. 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 b. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 c. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 d. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 e. 4, 3, 5, 2, 1

d. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3

Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs? Select one: a. 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal b. 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 6 sacral - 1 coccygeal c. 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 4 sacral - 1 coccygeal d. 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal e. 7 cervical - 13 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal

d. 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal

A different form of an allele at a particular locus that can have no effect to major effects on the phenotype is a(n) Select one: a. allelic variant. b. mutated allele. c. polymorphism. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

The speed of an action potential depends upon Select one: a. whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated. b. thickness of the myelin sheath. c. the diameter of the axon. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

The nucleic acid that is synthesized in the nucleus from a DNA template is Select one: a. tRNA. b. mRNA. c. rRNA. d. All of these are correct

d. All of these are correct

What results from damage to annulus fibrosus and release of nucleus pulposus? Select one: a. lordosis b. kyphosis c. scoliosis d. spina bifida e. herniated disk

e. herniated disk

Which of the following statements is NOT true? Select one: a. The hypothalamus is important to both the nervous and endocrine systems. b. Both the nervous and endocrine systems may utilize the same chemical molecule. c. Some neurons secrete hormones. d. Both the nervous and endocrine systems respond quickly and are active for a long time.

d. Both the nervous and endocrine systems respond quickly and are active for a long time.

The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons? Select one: a. CAT b. GUA c. CTU d. CAU e. CTT

d. CAU

Which of the following statements is false? Select one: a. Secretory epithelial cells are usually cuboidal or columnar in shape. b. The movement of materials through epithelium is enhanced by simple squamous epithelium. c. Stratified epithelium is adapted for a protective role. d. Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion. e. Cuboidal epithelium is found in areas where absorption occurs.

d. Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion.

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary? Select one: a. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) b. TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) c. CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) d. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) e. oxytocin

d. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

What type of burn involves damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue? 8-1-2013 Select one: a. First degree b. Second degree c. Partial thickness d. Full thickness e. Total dermal thickness

d. Full thickness

Receptors responsible for the control of muscle contractions are Select one: a. muscle spindles. b. Pacinian corpuscles. c. Ruffini end organs. d. Golgi tendon organs. e. Meissner corpuscles.

d. Golgi tendon organs.

Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause Select one: a. loss of memory. b. uncontrolled rage. c. fluent but circular speech. d. a slight shaking of the hands or head. e. loss of sensation.

d. a slight shaking of the hands or head

What type of gland discharges fragments of the gland's cells during secretion? Select one: a. exocrine b. endocrine c. merocrine d. apocrine e. holocrine

d. apocrine

During DNA replication, how does each template strand eventually become two identical DNA molecules? Select one: a. The two strands form continuously, catalyzed by DNA polymerase. b. The two strands form continuously, catalyzed by DNA ligase. c. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA polymerase. d. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA ligase.

d. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA ligase.

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways? Select one: a. Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not. b. Oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS. c. Schwann cells form sheaths around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheaths around only one axon. d. Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons. e. None of these choices are true differences.

d. Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

How does distribution of symapthetic nerves differ from the distribution of parasymapthetic nerves? Select one: a. Only the sympathetic division serves the head and neck. b. Only parasympathetic nerves innervate the thoracic region. c. Sympathetic fibers innervate the abdominal cavity, while parasympathetic fibers innervate the pelvic region. d. Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers.

d. Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers.

If all of the peroxisomes in a cell were suddenly removed, how would this affect its immediate activity and function? Select one: a. The cell would no longer be able to break down glucose. b. The cell would be unable to produce proteins. c. The cell would be unable to perform transcription. d. The cell would no longer be able to break down fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, and amino acids. e. The cell would no longer be able to break down proteins and nucleic acids.

d. The cell would no longer be able to break down fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, and amino acids.

A molecular biologist discovers that if a specific drug effectively treats obesity in mice, what can researchers conclude? Select one: a. If the drug was effective in a large number of mice, it will therefore be effective in humans. b. If the drug was effective in a small proportion of mice, it will be effective in a small proportion of humans. c. The mice have provided a positive control in this experiment that proves the drug is effective in humans. d. The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans. e. The effect of the drug on mice has no bearing on the effect of the drug on humans.

d. The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.

An organ system is Select one: a. a small structure within a cell. b. a structure composed of several tissue types. c. the basic structural unit of all living organisms. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of cells with similar structure and function.

d. a group of organs with a common set of functions.

Electrons Select one: a. comprise the majority of the mass of an atom. b. are located in the nucleus of an atom. c. have a positive charge of one. d. are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms. e. do not participate in the bonding of atoms.

d. are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms.

Nissl bodies are Select one: a. part of a dendrite. b. also called gemmules. c. lipid droplets. d. areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum. e. part of the Golgi apparatus.

d. areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in loss of Select one: a. taste. b. sight. c. hearing. d. balance. e. smell.

d. balance.

What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain? Select one: a. myelin sheath b. Circle of Willis c. meninges d. blood-brain barrier

d. blood-brain barrier

The epineurium Select one: a. surrounds nerve cell bodies. b. surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells. c. bundles axons into fascicles. d. bundles fascicles into nerves. e. bundles fascicles into axons.

d. bundles fascicles into nerves.

An organic molecule such as a vitamin that makes an enzyme functional is called a/an Select one: a. buffer. b. coactivator. c. catalyst. d. coenzyme.

d. coenzyme.

Actin myofilaments Select one: a. resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. b. contain both myosin and tropomyosin. c. are held in place by the M line. d. contain strands of fibrous actin. e. are the thickest proteins in muscle.

d. contain strands of fibrous actin.

A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased Select one: a. sensory memory. b. Pavlovian reflexes. c. procedural memory. d. declarative memory. e. short term memory.

d. declarative memory.

Otoliths can break off and float inside the inner ear. What might happen if the otoliths settle on top of the hair cells? Select one: a. it could amplify hearing b. it may cause deafness c. inability to understand language d. dizziness and inability to balance oneself e. causes one to hear voices

d. dizziness and inability to balance oneself

From which germ layer does the nervous system form? Select one: a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. exoderm d. ectoderm

d. ectoderm

Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous? Select one: a. color b. border c. asymmetry d. freckles e. diameter

d. freckles

What term means that both alleles are different? Select one: a. locus b. alleles c. homozygous d. heterozygous e. karyotype

d. heterozygous

The rotator cuff muscles Select one: a. fix the scapula in place. b. attach the arm to the thorax. c. attach the clavicle to the humerus. d. hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula. e. attach at the distal end of the humerus.

d. hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

Blood chemistry changes are examples of ______ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of _______ stimuli for hormone release. Select one: a. neural; humoral b. positive; negative c. Negative; positive d. humoral; neural

d. humoral; neural

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers? Select one: a. glossopharyngeal b. vagus c. facial d. hypoglossal e. oculomotor

d. hypoglossal

Correct 1.75 points out of 1.75 Flag question Question text What condition could have the following symptoms: polyuria, acidosis, hyponatremia, and tetany of skeletal muscles? Select one: a. hyposecretion of glucocorticoids b. hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids c. hyposecretion of androgens d. hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids

d. hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids

The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except: Select one: a. thinner epidermis b. reduction in collagen and elastin c. loss of fat from the subcutaneous tissue d. increases in sebaceous gland activity

d. increases in sebaceous gland activity

Which of the following muscles contracts during forced expiration? Select one: a. scalenes b. diaphragm c. linea alba d. internal intercostals e. external intercostals

d. internal intercostals

The anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" is Select one: a. medial. b. proximal. c. distal. d. lateral. e. superficial.

d. lateral.

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Select one: a. left cerebral hemisphere - analytical hemisphere b. left cerebral hemisphere - speech area for most of the population c. right cerebral hemisphere - recognition of faces d. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception e. left cerebral hemisphere - mathematical hemisphere

d. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception

Melanin is produced only by Select one: a. keratinocytes. b. basal cells. c. Langerhans cells. d. melanocytes. e. Merkel's cells.

d. melanocytes.

Match the disorder with its description. Neuralgia Select one: a. pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg b. stiffness in the neck and headache c. inflammation of a nerve d. pain along a nerve tract e. loss of sensation

d. pain along a nerve tract

Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a(n) Select one: a. ganglionic blocking agent. b. beta-adrenergic blocking agent. c. alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. d. parasympathetic blocking agent. e. parasympathomimetic agents.

d. parasympathetic blocking agent.

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the Select one: a. lamellae. b. lacunae. c. canaliculi. d. periosteum. e. trabeculae.

d. periosteum.

A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _____ mutation. Select one: a. deletion b. duplication c. nondisjunction d. point e. aneuploidy

d. point

When more than one gene pair is involved in an inheritance pattern, it is called Select one: a. structural gene. b. autosome. c. genotype. d. polygenic. e. y-linked.

d. polygenic.

Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken? Select one: a. auditory association area b. Broca area c. primary motor area d. primary auditory cortex e. Wernicke area.

d. primary auditory cortex

Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle Select one: a. shortens its length. b. recoils to its original resting length. c. stretches beyond its normal length. d. responds to stimulation by the nervous system. e. excites itself.

d. responds to stimulation by the nervous system.

Sensory receptors for balance are found in the Select one: a. pinna. b. cochlea. c. auditory ossicles. d. semicircular canals. e. auditory tube.

d. semicircular canals.

Which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints? Select one: a. muscular b. nervous c. cardiovascular d. skeletal e. lymphatic

d. skeletal

Identify the only major sense that does not pass through the thalamus as it is relayed to the cerebral cortex. Select one: a. balance b. hearing c. sight d. smell e. taste

d. smell

Which of the following is the most widely distributed type of muscle in the body? Select one: a. cardiac b. postural c. skeletal d. smooth

d. smooth

Which of the following is mismatched? Select one: a. central nervous system - brain b. autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions c. peripheral nervous system - spinal nerves d. somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS e. peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor divisions

d. somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS

Complete Not graded Flag question Question text Which is the most superficial layer of skin that is composed primarily of living cells? Select one: a. stratum corneum b. stratum lucidum c. stratum basale d. stratum spinosum

d. stratum spinosum

Which is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism? Select one: a. elevated blood pressure during exercise b. increase in heart rate after blood loss c. decrease in blood pressure after blood loss d. stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy

d. stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy

Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called Select one: a. circumduction. b. rotation. c. hyperextension. d. supination. e. pronation.

d. supination.

When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a Select one: a. suture. b. syndesmosis. c. gomphosis. d. synostosis. e. symphysis.

d. synostosis.

Which of the following muscles is named for its shape? Select one: a. pectoralis major b. adductor pollicis c. vastus lateralis d. trapezius e. pectoralis minor

d. trapezius

The brachial region is commonly known as the Select one: a. groin. b. buttock. c. breastbone. d. upper arm. e. naval.

d. upper arm.

An individual hydrogen bond in a sample of water would be described as: Select one: a. strong and intramolecular. b. strong and intermolecular. c. weak and intramolecular. d. weak and intermolecular.

d. weak and intermolecular.

Which of the following movements is possible at the hip or coxal joint? Select one: a. rotation b. flexion c. adduction d. circumduction e. All of these are possible.

e. All of these are possible.

Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle? Select one: a. Sensory neurons stimulate muscles to contract. b. There are very few blood vessels in skeletal muscle. c. Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve. d. There are very few nerve fibers in a muscle. e. All of these are true.

e. All of these are true.

Mitochondria Select one: a. contains DNA. b. have inner and outer membranes. c. have inner folds called cristae. d. are the cell's power plants. e. All of these choices are correct.

e. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function. b. Because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effects on other systems. c. An organism is any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as a bacteria or trillions of cells such as a human. d. Living things are highly organized and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function and death. e. All of these statements are true

e. All of these statements are true

Which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold? Select one: a. Activation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to close. b. Inactivation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to open. c. A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open. d. K+ ion channels begin to close. e. Inactivation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to open and a positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open.

e. Inactivation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to open and a positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open.

The _________ _________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in _____________ ___________ touch. Select one: a. Merkel disks; very deep b. Pacinian corpuscles; very light c. Muscle spindles; fine proprioceptive d. Golgi tendon organs; limited awareness e. Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination

e. Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination

What genetic disorder is a type of dwarfism characterized by shortening of the upper and lower limbs? Select one: a. albinism b. sickle-cell disease c. hemophilia d. Down syndrome e. achondroplasia

e. achondroplasia

If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? Select one: a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. dermis d. hypodermis e. all of these layers

e. all of these layers

The semicircular canals Select one: a. are parallel to each other. b. can detect movement in only one direction. c. have a base called a papilla. d. contain cupulae that respond to gravity. e. allow a person to detect movement in all directions.

e. allow a person to detect movement in all directions.

A gland produces a watery secretion that contains solutes. The secretion also contains a substantial amount of phospholipid. The type of secretory process for this gland is probably Select one: a. merocrine. b. holocrine. c. apocrine. d. endocrine. e. both merocrine and apocrine.

e. both merocrine and apocrine.

What type of cells form cartilage? Select one: a. osteoblasts b. osteoclasts c. osteocytes d. fibroblasts e. chondroblasts

e. chondroblasts

The primary motor area Select one: a. contains sensory neurons for the face in its inferior portion. b. contains a smaller area for control of the hands than for control of the legs. c. contains neurons that control smooth muscle. d. contains more motor neurons for the thighs than the mouth. e. contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.

e. contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.

Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn? Select one: a. fever b. electrolyte imbalance c. hypermetabolic state d. weight loss e. decreased protein demand

e. decreased protein demand

Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis or Select one: a. psoriasis. b. decubitus ulcer. c. bullae. d. vitiligo. e. eczema

e. eczema

What is the role of myosin phosphatase? Select one: a. can rapidly develop action potentials b. shallow invaginations of cell membrane c. relatively constant tension maintained for a period of time d. intracellular cytoskeleton e. enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin

e. enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin

The most sensitive taste buds are found in _____ papillae. Select one: a. formate b. filiform c. fungiform d. vallate e. foliate

e. foliate

The ligamentum nuchae Select one: a. protects the brain. b. is a part of the nose. c. moves the eye. d. supports the jaw. e. helps keep the head erect.

e. helps keep the head erect.

All of the following are changes due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions, except Select one: a. decrease in muscle mass. b. decrease in bone mass. c. change in sleeping patterns. d. increased susceptibility to infection. e. inability to regulate blood glucose levels.

e. inability to regulate blood glucose levels.

A place where two or more bones come together is a(n) Select one: a. cavity. b. joint. c. contusion. d. articulation. e. joint and an articulation.

e. joint and an articulation.

Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? Select one: a. a magnifying glass b. scanning electron microscope c. transmission electron microscope d. binoculars e. light microscope

e. light microscope

When repolarization of the cell membrane is complete, the Select one: a. cell dies. b. cell regenerates. c. cell no longer has a potential difference across its membrane. d. cell is no longer responsive. e. original polarity of the cell is restored.

e. original polarity of the cell is restored.

The type of muscle that can contract with the greatest force is the Select one: a. straight. b. orbicular. c. triangular. d. rhomboidal. e. pennate

e. pennate

The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the Select one: a. matrix. b. chondrocyte. c. ligamentous cord. d. lacuna. e. perichondrium.

e. perichondrium.

Which of the following occurs when insulin molecules bind to their receptors on target cells? Select one: a. increased mRNA synthesis in the target cells b. minimal uptake of glucose by target cells c. phosphorylation of proteins in the plasma membrane in the target cells d. increased numbers of active transport molecules for glucose e. phosphorylation of proteins in the plasma membrane in the target cells and increased numbers of active transport molecules for glucose

e. phosphorylation of proteins in the plasma membrane in the target cells and increased numbers of active transport molecules for glucose

A cell that breaks down and recycles proteins would have large numbers of Select one: a. rough ER. b. lysosomes. c. peroxisomes. d. secretory vesicles. e. proteosomes.

e. proteosomes.

Channel proteins Select one: a. are binding sites for other molecules. b. utilize the G protein complex to function. c. are found only on endoplasmic reticulum. d. allow cells to recognize one another. e. provide a tunnel through which ions or molecules can enter or leave the cell.

e. provide a tunnel through which ions or molecules can enter or leave the cell.

All cells attached to the basement membrane but not all cells reach free surfaces is a description of Select one: a. mesoderm. b. neuroglia. c. membrane. d. dendrite. e. pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

e. pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Which muscle flexes the vertebral column? Select one: a. erector spinae b. longissimus capitis c. interspinales d. multifidus e. psoas minor

e. psoas minor

The posterior, inferior projection from vertebrae is the Select one: a. intervertebral disk. b. vertebral foramen. c. lamina. d. intervertebral foramen. e. spinous process.

e. spinous process.

This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells. Select one: a. stratum basale b. stratum spinosum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum lucidum e. stratum corneum

e. stratum corneum

The study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is Select one: a. systemic anatomy. b. regional anatomy. c. molecular biology. d. microbiology. e. surface anatomy.

e. surface anatomy.

All of the following are regulatory functions of the endocrine system except Select one: a. labor contractions. b. development of tissues. c. immune functions. d. metabolic rate. e. thermoregulation.

e. thermoregulation.

The femoral region is the Select one: a. calf. b. armpit. c. hollow behind the knee. d. neck. e. thigh.

e. thigh.

What system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance? Select one: a. respiratory b. lymphatic c. cardiovascular d. immune e. urinary

e. urinary

Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer therapy? Select one: a. killing tissue with x-rays b. killing tissue with lasers c. surgical removal of the tissue d. use of drugs to kill cells e. use of drugs to increase the blood supply to the tumor

e. use of drugs to increase the blood supply to the tumor

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except: Select one: a. in the dermis b. in the epidermis c. in the dermal papillae d. around the base of the hair follicle e. within the hair of the dermis and epidermis

e. within the hair of the dermis and epidermis

Genes that are passed from male to male are called Select one: a. structural genes. b. autosomes. c. genotypes. d. polygenic. e. y-linked.

e. y-linked.