Final art history

Carolingian

"Equestrian Portrait," from Metz, France, 9th century

Early Gothic - France

(Figure 13-6) "Jamb Statues," Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France

The earliest Christian churches adapted the form of the Roman basilica instead of Roman temples because temples were too expensive to build.

False

Central Plan

Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey

Why is the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople so significant for the study of art and architectural history?

-Its immense dome sits atop a ring of clerestory windows that give the impression that it floats on pure light, which overwhelmed contemporary viewers and writers. -Its interior was filled with vast quantities of expensive, imported stone. -In scale, it was able to surpass all earlier architectural wonders of Rome, including the Pantheon. -It is the first structure to use the innovative new pendentive form to support a round dome over a square-plan base.

In what ways does the "Crucifixion" mosaic from the Church of the Dormition at Daphni, Greece demonstrate the post-iconoclastic Middle Byzantine tradition of blending Late Antique naturalism with Byzantine abstraction?

-The mosaic demonstrates a Byzantine preference for a simple gold background and minimalistic landscape. -The figures demonstrate classical modeling and organic structure.

Which of the following factors contributed to the enormous investment in new and remodeled churches in Romanesque Europe?

-The significant increase in pilgrimage travel to visit holy relics -The widely-felt relief at the peaceful passing of the new millennium -The rise of prosperous, independent cities

Engaged Column

A half-round vertical architectural element attached to a wall

Quadripartite Vault

A masonry roof structure comprising four parts formed by the intersection of two transverse arches

Romanesque

A period in which a sharp increase in trade encouraged the growth of towns and cities.

Where would an oculus most often be found?

At the top center of a dome

In late medieval Europe, organizations founded by laypersons dedicated to strict religious observance

Confraternities

Ancient Etruscan tomb painting follows the ancient convention of depicting male figures with light skin and female figures with dark skin.

False

To which of the following artists did the 16th-century Italian writer Giorgio Vasari attribute the definitive break from the "maniera Greca" and return to naturalism in art?

Giotto di Bondone

Pulpit

In a church or mosque, a raised platform on which the religious leader stands while leading service

A religious pardon for a sin committed

Indulgence

Which of the following is the best explanation for why Muhammad did not destroy the Kaaba shrine in Mecca?

It was associated with Abraham and Ishmael, common ancestors to both Arabs and Jews, and would serve as the Islamic world's symbolic center.

How does a Friday Mosque differ from a regular mosque?

It will often be large enough to accommodate a community's entire population for the weekly noon prayer service.

Which of the following phrases best describes the style of the "Bayeux Tapestry?"

Linear patterning and flat color

St. Mark

Lion

A figural representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead Christ

Pietà

Thierry of Chartres

Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, France

King Louis IX of France

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France

Muqarnas

Stucco decoration in which stalactite-like forms break the solidity of a surface

Which of the following architectural features contributed to the impressive acoustics of Romanesque churches during church services?

The continuous barrel-vaulted nave

Qibla

The direction (toward Mecca) that Muslims face during prayer

Which of the following statements supports the assertion that the author-portrait of Saint Matthew from the "Lindisfarne Gospels" shows classical influences?

The figure is seated in the manner of an ancient philosopher or poet reading or writing.

Why is the "Anastasis" fresco located in the apse of the parekklesion of the Church of Christ in Chora at Constantinople so appropriate for its setting?

The image's themes relate to human mortality and redemption by Christ, and the parekklesion served as a funerary chapel.

Narthex

The porch, vestibule or entrance space of a church

Which of the following is most characteristic of a "pilgrimage-type" Romanesque church?

The presence of radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory

Jamb

The side posts of a doorway

The development of the High Gothic "Rayonnant" style is most closely associated with the court of King Louis IX.

True

Late Gothic - France

(Figure 13-37) "Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux"

What is the significance of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem for the study of art history?

-Its form and decoration are firmly indebted to the Late Antique tradition. -Its interior mosaic decoration is filled with objects that symbolize the triumph of Islam over Byzantine and Persian empires. -It is built on the site sacred to Jews and Christians as well as Muslims. -Its design was intended to rival the greatest domed central-plan structures of ancient Rome and Byzantium.

Which of the following privileges did Etruscan women enjoy, that Greek and Roman women did not?

-They dined alongside their husbands on the same banquet couch. -They regularly attended sporting events alongside men. -They retained their own names upon marriage. -They could legally own property independent of their husbands.

Fibula

A decorative pin used to fasten garments

Tablinum

A room located off the main reception space that served as a study or office for the owner

Ink and gold on vellum

Qur'an page with beginning of Surah 18

Third Style of Roman Wall Painting

"Cubiculum M," Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, Italy

What visual evidence supports the determination that the artist of the "Archangel Michael" ivory diptych panel, (Figure 9-2), shown here, was still working in the classical aesthetic tradition?

-The flowing drapery clinging to the body to reveal its shape underneath -The sensitive attention to the face, turned slightly in space, and soft ringlets of the hair

Relic

A body part, piece of clothing, or other object associated with a holy figure

What is a medieval "Bestiary?"

A collection of illustrations of real or imaginary animals

What is a christogram?

A monogram comprising the first three letters of Christ's name in Greek

With which of the following monuments is the Emperor Titus best associated?

A monumental arch with a single bay on which relief decoration celebrates his military accomplishments, imperial virtues, and apotheosis

Lancet Window

A tall narrow window ending in a pointed arch; in Gothic cathedrals, often located in the lower part of the clerestory

Who were the architects of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople?

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus

The practice of which Islamic art form was considered a holy task and required arduous training?

Calligraphy

Which of the following is the best reason why Christians before the time of Constantine only held services in catacombs or private community houses, rather than in large groups out in public?

Christianity was illegal before Constantine's Edict of Milan, and so early Christians had to worship in secret.

Which of the following is the most likely reason why early Christians were persecuted by the Roman state in the first three centuries CE?

Christians refused to worship the state gods, threatening the stability of the Empire.

Which of the following was an invention that greatly aided the distribution of manuscripts in the Early Roman Empire and beyond?

Codex

Granulation

Fuse tiny spheres of metal onto a metal surface to generate a decorative pattern.

Transept

In a Christian longitudinal plan church, the part that runs perpendicular to the main central space

Altarpiece

In a church, a decorated panel situated above and behind the table on which the bread and wine are consecrated during service

Intonaco

In the buon fresco method, the smooth layer of fine plaster applied to the wall in sections, into which the decoration will be painted

In what way is the "Man (Symbol of St. Matthew)," Folio 21 Verso of the "Book of Durrow" significant for the study of art history?

It demonstrates the syncretic fusion of the local aesthetic preference for elaborate abstracted decoration with Christian symbolism.

What purpose did Gislebertus's image of the "Last Judgment" serve on the portal of Saint-Lazare at Autun?

It encouraged viewers to seek salvation by terrifying them.

The design of Islamic religious architecture is very closely related to

Muslim prayer practice.

Who was the leading Roman painter at the end of the 13th century?

Pietro Cavallini

Speyer Cathedral was considered the burial church of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, and ______ was the burial church for the kings of France.

Saint-Denis

Which of the following sites possesses the most extensive preserved ensemble of early Romanesque sculpture?

Saint-Pierre at Moissac, France

Etruscan terra-cotta sarcophagi showing life-size reclining figures were most typical of which of the following centuries?

Sixth (6th) century BCE

Spolia

The reuse of older works of art, usually statues or reliefs, in later periods, especially on monuments of the Late Antique period

By what means can one recognize an early Christian sarcophagus?

It is probably decorated with Christian subject matter such as scenes from the life of Christ.

What did the depiction of a battle with the knight and dragons from the "Moralia in Job" manuscript illumination symbolize for the clergy who viewed it?

It served as an allegory for the struggle of monks against the devil for the salvation of souls.

"Renaissance" means "rebirth," and refers to a revived interest in classical cultures as the revered models for thought, culture, and art.

True

Furta sacra is the theft of relics for holy purposes.

True

Sainte-Chapelle in Paris is considered a masterpiece of the High Gothic "Rayonnant" style.

True

The fibula was the most typical object of prestige adornments in the medieval period.

True

The thematic focus of the sculptural program at the abbey church of Saint Pierre at Moissac is the second coming of Christ.

True

Although the church of Saint-Étienne at Vignory had some Romanesque features, it retained many elements of Carolingian-Ottonian architecture, such as

a three-story timber roof.

Roman art and architecture of the Republican period is indebted to both Greek and Etruscan styles and traditions.

true

Which architectural form was innovated to support the dome of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople?

Pendentives

How does the portrait sculpture of "Aule Metele (L' Arringatore/ The Orator)" illustrate the Romanization of the Etruscans in the first century BCE?

-The date of the sculpture coincides with total Roman political domination over Etruria. -His close-cropped hair and slightly aged face resemble contemporary Roman portraits. -He is shown wearing the toga and high-laced boots typical of a Roman magistrate.

Martyrium 1

A shrine dedicated to one who chose death rather than to deny his or her religious belief

Which of the following was not characteristic of social conditions in the Gothic period?

Barbarian migrations across Europe

The most devastating natural disaster in European history was an outbreak of Mad Cow disease in the later 14th century.

False

Why is the "Vienna Genesis" manuscript so important for the study of art history?

It is the oldest well-preserved painted manuscript containing biblical scenes.

What are compound piers?

Piers with attached columns or pilasters

Syncretism

The blending of two or more different traditions into something new

Who was Vulca of Veii?

The only Etruscan artist named in ancient literary sources

Which of the following contributed most to the transformation of Etruscan society in the Orientalizing period?

Their great mineral wealth

Which of the following is the best interpretation of the allegorical figures shown in the "Triumph of Titus" relief from the Arch of Titus in Rome?

They allude to his imperial virtue

The independent spirit and relative freedom of Etruscan women horrified ancient Greco-Roman authors.

True

Which of the following is not relevant to Italian church architecture of the Romanesque period?

Verticality

Which of the following can be counted among the new Byzantine features of the mosaics in San Vitale at Ravenna, Italy?

The absence of solid bodies

Opus Francigenum

"French Work" or "In the French Manner," a term used to describe the French Gothic Style

Place each early medieval cultural period in correct order from earliest to latest.

(1)Anglo-Saxon (2)Hiberno-Saxon (3)Carolingian (4) Ottonian

Late Gothic - Holy Roman Empire

(Figure 13-50) "Röttgen Pietà"

San Vitale in Ravenna is unlike any other Early Christian church in that it is not a basilica but is more like Justinian's Byzantine churches in Constantinople with its central-plan design.

True

Simone Martini's rendition of the "Annunciation" for the Altar of Saint Ansanus in Siena Cathedral may have been inspired by the etiquette of chivalric courts.

True

The central-plan dome-covered square mosque type was developed under the Ottoman Empire.

True

The characterization of Mary in the "Röttgen Pietà" sculpture is that of an anguished mother holding the distorted body of her dead son, clearly expressing her horrified sorrow.

True

High Gothic - France

(Figure 13-24 detail) "Visitation Group," West Façade, Reims Cathedral, Reims, France

The "Crucifixion" from the front cover of the "Lindau Gospels" is one of the most powerful characterizations of intense agony of the early Middle Ages.

False

The "Garden Room" at the Villa of Livia at Primaporta can be called the ultimate example of Fourth Style Roman Wall Painting because all four walls present an eclectic mix of illusionistic and flat spaces, such as fantastical architectural vistas and fake framed panel paintings.

False

The "Heroic Portrait of Trebonianus Gallus" from the mid-third century is significant because it revived the intensely emotional, naturalistic style of the Hellenistic period.

False

The Byzantine Emperors called themselves "Byzantine" and their territory in the Eastern Mediterranean "Byzantium."

False

The Byzantine practice of using icons as devotional objects continued a similar ancient Roman function for encaustic wood panel paintings.

False

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is important for the study of Islamic architecture because it is the world's earliest datable mosque.

False

The chief concerns of Italian humanists were mostly spiritual, and were chiefly concerned with man's relationship to God in all matters.

False

From among the following choices, how is interior architectural space often defined or personalized in the Muslim world?

By rearranging the carpets and cushions

International Gothic Style

(Figure 14-14) Simone Martini, "Annunciation," Altar of Saint Ansanus, Siena Cathedral

"Renaissance" means "revision," and refers to a concerted effort by 14th-century Italian artists to "correct" the mistakes and misunderstandings of the medieval period.

False

If an artist wanted to work slowly and be able to make changes as they progressed through his design, buon fresco would be a good technique to use.

False

Just like the Old Testament prophet on the trumeau at Saint-Pierre at Moissac, France, Benedetto Antelami's "King David" for Fidenza Cathedral also carries an unfurled scroll and is depicted as one with his architectural setting.

False

Medieval monasteries were not the only repositories for learning because they taught the local lay populations to read and write and contribute in the production of manuscripts that preserved ancient knowledge and literary culture.

False

In what way does the "Equestrian Portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald" trace its origins to Roman imperial imagery?

It emulates the model set by the equestrian portrait of Marcus Aurelius and depicts the emperor holding a globe, symbol of world dominion.

What was the symbolic significance of dancing in Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country" frescos for the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, Italy?

It was a metaphor for a peaceful commonwealth.

Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?

Profess faith in Muhammad as God's second son

In a church or mosque, a raised platform on which the religious leader stands while leading service

Pulpit

Anglo-Saxon

Purse Cover from the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 625

Ink, watercolor and gold on paper

Sultan-Muhammad, "Court of Gayumars," from the "Shahnama" of Shah Tahmasp

Which of the following was not an important stylistic ingredient in the formation of 14th-century Italy's distinctive art?

The Hellenistic tradition

The survival of the names of some Gothic architects probably reflects the enormous prestige of the great cathedrals in their own time.

True

In contrast to his father, Giovanni Pisano worked in a style derived from

French Gothic art.

Carolingian Classical-Revival Style: The subject is created using color as well as modulations of light and shade to define masses of drapery folds wrapping around the body, giving the figure a sense of three-dimensionality and weight.

(Figure 11-14) "Saint Matthew," Folio 15 Recto of the "Coronation Gospels

Triumphal Arch

In Roman architecture, a freestanding monument commemorating an important event, usually a military victory

Which two stylistic traditions are represented on "Man (Symbol of St. Matthew)" page from the "Book of Durrow?"

It combines the Christian pictorial imagery of Italy and Byzantium with the abstraction of northern European early medieval personal adornment.

Jean Pucelle

"David before Saul," Folio 24 Verso of the "Belleville Breviary"

Put the following Roman imperial dynasties or groups in chronological order from earliest to latest.

(1)Julio-Claudian Dynasty (2) Flavian Dynasty (3)Antonine Dynasty (4)Severan Dynasty (5)Soldier Emperors (6)Tetrarchy

Hypostyle Plan

-Great Mosque at Córdoba, Spain -Great Mosque at Damascus, Syria -Great Mosque at Kairouan, Tunisia

Which city was at the height of its political and economic power when it employed the talents of the sculptor Nicola Pisano?

Pisa

Cuerda Seca or "Dry Cord" Tilework

Potters fire polychrome tiles already bearing the desired decorative patterns, but must mold them into the shape required for their intended location before firing.

Which of the following is the best description of the architectural form of the dome in the Great Mosque at Córdoba, Spain?

A dome resting on an octagonal base made of arcaded squinches

Cartoon

A full-sized preparatory drawing used to transfer the intended design onto a wall for painting

Barrel Vault

A masonry roof constructed as an uninterrupted series of semicircular arches placed one behind the other

Which of the following statements about the "Reliquary Statue of Saint Foy" from the Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques, France, is true?

A monk from the abbey church of Sainte-Foy stole the saint's relics from a nearby abbey with the justification that the saint herself wanted to move. -Its oversized head is a reworked Roman parade helmet to which the monks added a martyr's crown and other iconography to link Saint Faith's martyrdom to that of Christ. -It is one of the most sumptuous reliquaries ever produced, and features precious materials accumulated from pilgrims' and patrons' donations over many years. -Saint Faith was a child martyr from the early fourth century who had been killed by the Romans for refusing to pay homage to the pagan gods.

With which of the following monuments is the Emperor Trajan best associated?

A monumental column decorated with a continuous spiral frieze detailing his wars against the Dacians

Classical Style

A style that aims to recreate believable three-dimensional space by carefully managing the depiction and arrangement of figures to appear as naturalistic as possible

Third Style

A style that sought to assert the solidity of the wall surface and emphasized delicate linear fantasies set against monochrome backgrounds

In a church, a decorated panel situated above and behind the table on which the bread and wine are consecrated during service

Altarpiece

"Compendium of Theology," the most famous Scholastic approach to knowledge by St. Thomas Aquinas

Summa Theologica

How did the architects of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople merge central and basilica-style church plans?

By placing a hemispherical dome atop a square base

Damnatio Memoriae

In ancient Rome, a practice of condemning those who ran afoul of the Senate or Emperor by removing their name from public inscriptions and destroying their memorials

Tribune

In church architecture, a gallery over the inner aisle flanking the nave

Confraternities

In late medieval Europe, organizations founded by laypersons dedicated to strict religious observance

Mendicant

In medieval Europe, "beggar friars" who denounced all worldly goods and devoted themselves to preaching, teaching, and doing good works while supported by contributions of laypersons

The "radiant" style of Gothic architecture associated with the French court of Louis IX at Paris

Rayonnant

Which of the following are elements of Giotto's new style that appear in his "Madonna Enthroned (Ognissanti Madonna)?"

Statuesque figures that cast shadows

How does the Reims portral sculpture of the "Visitation Group" differ from early Gothic portal sculpture?

The columns do not restrain the figures' movement.

Giotto's use of subtle gradations of light and shade to indicate both the direction of light illuminating his figures and the shadows they cast was an important first step in the development of chiaroscuro in later Renaissance painting.

True

Giovanni Pisano's pulpit for the Cathedral at Pisa, Italy is the largest known example of its type.

True

The primary patrons of the Romanesque sculpture were the monks of the Cluniac order.

True

The manuscript painting of "David Composing the Psalms" from the "Paris Psalter" reflects the traditions of ancient art by depicting the Old Testament harpist in the company of ___

allegorical figures.

Early Christian Figural Tradition: youthful Christ shown as the triumphant victor over pain standing as if in front of the cross

"Crucifixion," front cover of the "Lindau Gospels," from Saint Gall, Switzerland

First Style of Roman Wall Painting

"Fauces Wall," House of the Samnite, Herculaneum, Italy

What is the significance of the "Annunciation and Visitation" groups of jamb statues from the west façade of Reims Cathedral for the study of art history?

-Contrary to prior practice, all the jamb statues are independent from the façade architecture. -The heads of the Virgin and Saint Elizabeth in the "Visitation" group resemble Roman portraits, and may have been modeled on ancient statuary round nearby. -The drapery and postures of Gabriel and the Virgin in the "Annunciation" group exhibit the elegant style of contemporary Parisian court art. -Each pair of figures interact within their group as if engaged in conversation, and no longer stand in isolation of each other as in Early Gothic portal sculpture.

Why is the "Christ as the Good Shepherd" scene from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy, so important for the study of art history?

-It demonstrates an attentiveness to the three-dimensional bulk of figures arranged loosely in a rocky landscape that is still deeply rooted in the classical aesthetic style. -It depicts the figure of Christ with iconography borrowed from imperial Roman art, such as the halo and purple robe reminiscent of representations of the Roman emperors.

Why is the equestrian portrait of Marcus Aurelius from Rome, Italy, so significant for the study of art history?

-It demonstrates an updated version of Republican verism that explores the sitter's personality or character. -It demonstrates a significant trend in the portraiture of Marcus Aurelius that portrayed the emperor as weary, saddened, or worried. -It is a rare example of an imperial equestrian portrait that was common in antiquity.

Which of the following statements best explains the significance of the Roman statue "Portrait of a man carrying ancestor busts" from Rome, Italy (Figure 7-7), shown here, for the study of art history?

-It demonstrates the patrician use of portraiture as a means by which they could celebrate their elevated status in Roman society. -It demonstrates the characteristically realistic portrait style of the later Republican period. -It demonstrates Roman patrician pride in their noble genealogy.

Which of the following is important evidence for understanding the design and intended meaning of the "Pyxis of al-Mughira" from near Córdoba, Spain, (Figure 10-18), shown here?

-It may have been made in a workshop housed within the palace complex itself that produced luxury items for the caliph's family as well as to serve as diplomatic gifts. -Its intended recipient, al-Mughira, was the younger son the Spanish Caliph Abd al-Rahman III, and so belonged to the highest political ranks. -The design features a hunting theme with animals and hunters amid lush vine scrolls, symbolic of royal power and privilege. -Its inscription is a prayer for the prince's well-being, that God grant "blessing, favors, and happiness" upon him.

Why is the Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac, France so important for the study of Romanesque art history?

-It was an important stop along the pilgrimage route to Saint James at Santiago de Compostela and so received rich gifts from passing pilgrims and noble benefactors. -It boasts the most extensive preserved ensemble of 12th-century sculpture in Europe. -It is an early example of the rebirth of large-scale sculpture in the Middle Ages that is the hallmark of the Romanesque period. -Its decoration demonstrates stylistic inheritances from Spanish Islamic architecture as well as the ancient use of fearsome beasts to protect the entranceway.

Why is the "Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus" (Figure 8-1), shown here, so significant for the study of art history?

-Its decoration combines Roman aesthetic traditions with new religious content based on Jewish and Christian biblical narratives. -It demonstrates the early Christian tendency to avoid explicit depictions of the crucifixion, preferring instead to allude to it using other suggestive imagery. -The dedicatory inscription explicitly records the patron's conversion to Christianity and baptism just before his death in the year 359 CE.

By what evidence do art historians believe that the manuscript illumination "Initial L and Saint Matthew," Folio 10 Recto of the "Codex Colbertinus" was the work of scribes and painters at Saint-Pierre at Moissac, France?

-The real and imaginary animals and birds with long, twisted necks have stylistic parallels in the historiated capital sculptures of the Moissac cloister. -Its depiction of Saint Matthew standing frontally between a pair of columns supporting an arch is similar to that of Abbot Durandus from the Moissac cloister. -Its depiction of Saint Matthew with one hand raised in blessing and both feet dangling downward is similar to that of Abbot Durandus from the Moissac cloister.

How did Cimabue deviate from Byzantine conventions in his "Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets (Maestà)" for Santa Trinità in Florence, Italy (Figure 14-6), shown here?

-Two prophets in the lower zone turn to look upward and outward as if peering out from beneath the throne. -The overlapping bodies of the stacked angels contribute to the sense of depth in the scene. -The throne is a massive structure that appears to recede into three-dimensional space. -The gold highlights in Mary's robes serve to enhance the three-dimensional effect of the drapery.

Rose Window

A circular stained-glass window; in Gothic cathedrals, often located above the transept or façade portals

Humanism

A code of civil conduct and theory of education concerned with human values and interests; the exploration of individual potential and a desire to excel

Pendentive

A concave, triangular section of a hemisphere used to transition from a square area to the circular base of a dome

Reliquary

A container designed to hold a body part, piece of clothing, or other object associated with a holy figure

Reverse Perspective

A method of depicting three-dimensional objects as if they are projecting away from the pictorial surface into the viewer's space

Early Medieval

A period in which vassals swore allegiance to their liege lord and provided military service in return for use of the land and the promise of protection.

Monasticism

A religious practice in which the devoted choose to live together in isolation from secular communities and be bound to a set of common rules

Minaret

A tower on a mosque from which the faithful are called to prayer

Who among the following was responsible for the innovative design of the new ambulatory and radiating chapels at Saint-Denis, considered the first true example of the Gothic style?

Abbot Suger

Hollow-Cast Bronze

Create full-size model figure in clay to later create a wax model of the intended figure. Encase the wax model in an investment of clay to melt out the wax and replace it with molten bronze to create the final figure.

The essential core value of Romanesque artists, whether their names were recorded or they remained anonymous, was that their works existed to ensure their eternal fame as creative geniuses.

False

Which of the following statements about the "Virgin and Child (Virgin of Paris)" statue from Notre-Dame in Paris, France is true?

Its sculptor portrayed Mary in an exaggerated S-curve posture that was typical of Late Gothic sculpture. -It is an example of the Late Gothic Court Style -It demonstrates a new tender, anecdotal depiction of a mother and son who interact with each other in a playful fashion. -Mary is depicted as a worldly queen with a heavy, gem-encrusted crown.

Terracotta

Model a full-size figure in clay and bake it in an oven or kiln at high temperatures until it hardens.

Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of Islamic architecture?

Narrative mosaic decoration illustrating the life of Muhammad

What is the most important reason why it is difficult to write a history of Byzantine art before the 9th century?

Not only had iconoclasm forbidden the creation of new images, but many iconoclasts also actively destroyed much of the figural art made in prior periods.

Marble

Portrait of a General from Tivoli, Italy, ca. 75-50 BCE

Mosaic Tilework

Potters fire large (flat) ceramic panels in single colors and then cut them into smaller pieces to be fitted into a plaster layer on the architectural surface

The Gothic school of philosophy in which scholars applied Aristotle's system of rational inquiry to the interpretation of religious belief

Scholasticism

In place of figural imagery, what did iconoclasts use in their religious art?

Symbolic forms familiar from Early Christian art, such as the cross

The use of a module measurement to create an extremely regular and geometrically precise plan for Saint-Sernin at Toulouse was based on the rational structural approach for which earlier prototype?

The Monastery Church at Saint Gall

How does the "Annunciation" by Simone Martini for the Altar of Saint Ansanus in Siena Cathedral (Figure 1-14), shown here, exemplify the International Gothic Style?

The insubstantial but luxuriant patterns of the French Gothic are here adapted with Sienese figural mass and controlled narrative. -He uses a blending of elegant shape and radiant color with flowing lines. -Martini had worked for French kings in Sicily and Naples, and had direct familiarity with the French Gothic style. -The scene subordinates the drama of the Biblical event to the etiquette of courtly ritual and the splendor of luxurious surface textures.

Tympanum

The semicircular area enclosed by a lintel and arch above a doorway; in Romanesque architecture, the area above the lintel often filled with sculptural decoration

Which of the following was the most venerated pilgrimage shrine in the West, outside Rome or Jerusalem?

The tomb of Saint James at Santiago de Compostela

Why is the abbey church of Saint-Étienne at Caen, France so significant for the study of art and architectural history?

The use of rib vaulting created a structural skeleton that allowed for larger windows and greatly reduced interior wall surfaces, contributing to an overall effect of lightness unusual for the Romanesque period. -Its revised interior design used compound piers to support innovating sexpartite rib vaults that rise high enough to allow for the opening of clerestory windows. -Its use of the three-story elevation and large arched openings in the clerestory make its nave appear taller than it actually is, foreshadowing the desired effect of later Gothic cathedrals. -The design of its west facade is firmly rooted in the Carolingian and Ottonian architectural tradition.

Who among the following may have conceived the complicated iconographic portal program for Chartres Cathedral?

Thierry of Chartres

What was the most likely purpose of tribune galleries, such as those found at Saint James at Santiago de Compostela and at Saint-Sernin at Toulouse?

To house the overflow crowds as well as to buttress the weight of the vaults

What was the fundamental purpose of the "Schematic plan for a monastery" from Saint Gall in Switzerland?

To separate the monks from the laity who also inhabited the community

Although they spoke Greek instead of Latin, the Byzantine emperors never relinquished their claim as the legitimate successors to the ancient Roman empire.

True

A groin vault can be distinguished from a barrel vault in that it forms from the intersection of two barrel vaults to form an X or cross shape.

true

One of the contributing factors to 8th century iconoclasm was the fact that many worshippers began to identify icons with the figures they represented, and icon worship became confused with idol worship.

true

St. John the Evangelist

Eagle

The development of the High Gothic "Rayonnant" style is most closely associated with Saint Bernard of Clairvaux.

False

Cuirass

A military leather breastplate

Impluvium

A basin located in the middle of a room to collect rainwater

A glassworker

Glazier

Annunciation

When the Archangel Gabriel informs the Virgin Mary that she will miraculously conceive God's son, Jesus

In the Gothic period, the focus of intellectual and religious life shifted from monasteries to

cities.

What is Kufic?

An early form of Islamic calligraphic script characterized by angular, almost geometric letter shapes.

What is a monastery?

An enclosed compound for monks to live in isolation from the secular world

The fifth (5th) century BCE was a golden age in Etruria just like in Greece.

False

Because the color purple was particularly associated with the Roman emperor, Late Antique artists often used it in their depictions of key figures from Biblical narratives.

True

Both Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni were renown carvers of stone church pulpits.

True

The mid-14th century outbreak of plague, called the Black Death, eliminated between 25 and 50 percent of Europe's population in only about five years.

True

Byzantine Figural Tradition: bearded, mature Christ shown as the suffering martyr hanging heavily on the cross

"Gero Crucifix (Crucifix commissioned by Archibishop Gero)," Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany

Pendentives function to transfer the weight of a dome via arches onto supporting piers, allowing the base of the dome to be pierced by windows.

True

One of the first artists to break from the Italo-Byzantine style was Bonaventura Berlinghieri.

False

How do art historians know that Bernardus Gelduinus made the large figural reliefs at Saint-Sernin in Toulouse in the year 1096?

It's a historical fact: an inscription on the altar explicitly provides this information.

Just like their classical predecessors, Byzantine painters and mosaicists believed that the systematic observation of material nature should be the source for their visual representations of eternal subjects

False

The most common subject for Etruscan tomb paintings is mythological narrative.

False

The prohibition against figural art is expressly stated in the Qur'an.

False

The relief depicting the Abbot Durandus from the cloister at Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France can be understood as a true portrait.

False

The sheer swiftness with which Islam spread across the Mediterranean in such a short amount of time can be attributed entirely to the military might of the Muslim armies.

False

The statues of Ekkehard and Uta in Naumburg Cathedral can be considered true portraits because the artist modeled the images after real, living people.

False

The practice of fusing one layer of colored glass to another to produce a greater range of colors

Flashing

The sculptor Nicola Pisano may have been the inventor of the pulpit, a new form of church furniture in late medieval Italy, one of which he carved to masterful effect for Pisa Cathedral.

True

How did Augustus change the style of Roman portrait sculpture?

He introduced a new classical style that emphasized youthful features regardless of his age when the portrait was made.

Triforium

In Gothic cathedrals, the blind arcaded gallery below the clerestory and above the nave arcade

Basilica

In Roman architecture, a public building for legal and other civic proceedings

Nave

In a Christian church or Roman basilica, the main (central) longitudinal space

Romanesque art is characterized by its regional diversity, which is especially evident in architecture.

True

In late medieval Italy, artworks could serve not only for the aesthetic pleasure of their patrons but also as testaments to the patron's piety, wealth, and status

True

In many ways, the "Christ (Beau Dieu)" trumeau figure from Amiens Cathedral exemplifies the Gothic image of Christ that had replaced the Early Christian and Byzantine versions of mankind's eternal judge.

True

In order to eliminate sources of corruption in the clergy, Saint Benedict emphasized on work and study in his "rules" for monastic living, raising manual labor to the dignity of religion as a way to achieve self-sufficiency.

True

In the Greco-Roman world, people admired ivory for its beauty as well as its exotic origin, and only highly skilled artisans were capable of working it.

True

Many Gothic cathedrals were dedicated to "Our Lady" the Virgin Mary (Notre-Dame).

True

One of the most significant aspects about ancient Roman art is that no other government, either before or after, ever used art more effectively as a political tool.

True

One of the most significant aspects of the "Ficoroni Cista" for the study of art history is its inscription identifying the location of the artist's workshop in Rome.

True

One of the most significant aspects of the "Transfiguration of Jesus" mosaic from The Church of the Virgin at the Monastery of Saint Catherine in Mount Sinai, Egypt is the total absence of any landscape or architectural setting as well as the lack of shadow or any clue of three-dimensional substance in the figures.

True

One of the most significant functions of illuminated manuscripts in the early medieval period was their use in the Christianization of the local populations of the British Islands.

True

One result of the urbanization of Paris that had enormous consequences for the later history of Europe was the emergence of cities at the centers of scholarship and teaching, replacing monasteries in this role.

True

Pietro Cavallini was one of the most innovative artists of the 13th century, but has not received the recognition he deserves, in part, because his extant works are few and poorly preserved.

True

Portraits of Soldier Emperors such as Trajan Decius in the third century are among the most moving ever made because of their intense emotional content depicting anxious rulers of an out-of-control world.

True

The Ancient Etruscans were carving out large underground tombs and decorating them with extensive fresco cycles at a time when the ancient Greeks were only using simple graves and statues or vases as commemorative markers.

True

The Late Antique "Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes" mosaic from Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy is significant because it represents a new spiritual approach to figural representation that would become the hallmark of the later Byzantine style.

True

The aesthetic objective of Giotto's distinctive style can be described as an attempt to reconcile the illusion of a weighty three-dimensional body with the illusion the space to contain it.

True

The aspect of Etruscan society that contributed the most to their eventual downfall was their lack of political cohesion.

True

The central concern of Ambrogio Lorenzetti's allegorical paintings in the Palazzo Pubblico at Siena was to give form to Sienese civic concerns about the administration of their city-state.

True

The crusades were mass armed pilgrimages whose purpose was to take control of Christian monuments in the Holy Land.

True

The decorative mosaics on the Great Mosque at Damascus in Syria were probably the work of Byzantine artists.

True

The new aesthetic developed by Late Antique artists that used gold backgrounds and flattened figures instead of naturalistic perspective or fully modeled figures was intended to evoke the spiritual realm of Heaven where these figures exist apart from Earth's reality.

True

The operating principle of Gothic architecture, which distinguishes it most clearly from that of the Romanesque, was the desire to replace sheer structural mass with intricately framed voids.

True

How do art historians know that the intention of Gislebertus' image of the "Last Judgment" in the west tympanum of Saint-Lazare at Autun, France was to terrify the faithful who passed through the portal?

It's a historical fact: an inscription in the mandorla surrounding Christ makes this aesthetic goal explicit.

A manuscript containing many illustrations, particularly Old and New Testament episodes on each page with explanations of their significance or symbolism

Moralized Bible

Crucifixion

The Roman mode of executing Jesus by nailing his hands and feet to a cross set upright in the ground

Plebeian

The Roman social class that included small farmers, merchants, and freed slaves

Which of the following best explains the lifelike verism of Republican Roman portraits of old men?

The Roman tradition of the treasured wax imagines displayed in the atrium of the Roman house

What is the significance of Pompeii and the other cities and villas around Mount Vesuvius for the study of art history?

The houses and villas excavated there provide the most complete record of changing fashions in interior decoration than anywhere else in the ancient world.

From what visual evidence do art historians believe that the inspiration for Bernardus Gelduinus's "Christ in Majesty" relief from Saint-Sernin in Toulouse may have been a Carolingian or Ottonian metal or ivory book cover?

The polished marble has the gloss of metal or ivory and its sharply incised lines are characteristic of pre-Romanesque metalwork.

What was the most prominent significance of the depiction of monstrous beasts and other such forms in Romanesque art?

They served as reminder of the chaos and deformity of a world without God's order.

Why did Late Antique artists begin to depict the sky in gold instead of blue?

They wanted a means to portray the otherworldly, spiritual realm of saints and other holy figures.

Which of the following visual details on the pulpit for the baptistry of Pisa Cathedral is a medieval element?

Trefoil (triple-curved) arches

Which of the following is a new Gothic feature that appeared in Laon Cathedral's nave elevation?

Triforium

Art historians know that the primary audience for the great bronze doors on Saint Michael's at Hildesheim, including the panel of "God Accusing Adam and Eve," were the monks of the monastery because the doors were installed on the entrance to the church from the cloister, rather than the main entrance used by the laity.

True

Benedetto Antelami's sculpture of King David for Fidenza Cathedral in Italy demonstrates a strong indebtedness to the classical tradition of freestanding sculpture even if the figure betrays no trace of the characteristically classical contrapposto weight shift.

True

Bonaventura Berlinghieri's "Saint Francis Altarpiece" from San Francesco in Pescia, Italy is the earliest securely dated representation of this saint.

True

Christian monasteries were centrally important to the revival of learning during Charlemagne's reign.

True

One of the most significant aspects of the ivory diptych leaf "Woman sacrificing at an altar" is that it proves the continuation of the classical artistic style as well as belief in pagan gods even after Theodosius' ban against them.

True

The "Book of Kells" was called "the chief relic of the western world" by a medieval commentator and was, in fact, stored in an elaborate metalwork box like a true holy relic.

True

The chief concerns of Italian humanists were human values and interests as being distinct from religion's otherworldly values.

True

What is a "chimera?"

A Greek mythological creature that is a hybrid mixture of a lion, serpent, and goat, killed by the hero Bellerophon

Shahnama

A Persian national epic poem recounting the history of Iran from creation until the Muslim conquest

Late Antique Style

A style that abandoned three-dimensional illusionism in favor of clear legibility, stiff frontality, and linear patterns, among other abstractions

First Style

A style that sought to imitate expensive marble wall revetment using painted stucco relief

Fleur-de-lis

A three-petaled iris flower; the royal flower of France

Which of the following artworks highlights the increasingly prominent role of religious orders in late medieval Italy?

Bonaventura Berlinghieri, "Saint Francis Altarpiece," from San Francesco, Pescia, Italy

The significance of Durham Cathedral in England for the study of architectural history is its early combination of rib vaults with pointed arches that would be crucial for the later development of the Gothic style.

True

The significance of Gothic Scholasticism for the later history of Europe was its emphasis on the use of reason in the search for truth, and became the foundation for contemporary Catholic teaching.

True

The works of Duccio di Buoninsegna are the supreme examples of 14th-century Sienese art.

True

While elaborate intertwining linear patterns are characteristic of many different period and cultural styles, the particular combination of interlace and animal figures was rare outside the realm of the early medieval warlords.

True

Wiligelmo's marble relief for the facade of Modena Cathedral in Italy represents scenes from Genesis set against an architectural background in a manner similar to Roman and Early Christian sarcophagi.

True

Which of the following objects or images symbolized regeneration in Etruscan iconography?

Egg

Which of the following phrases best applies to the Royal Portal jamb statues from Chartres Cathedral?

Elongated and columnar

The Umayyad Dynasty's most important building project in Córdoba, Spain was the construction of a massive residential palace.

False

The characterization of Mary in the "Röttgen Pietà" sculpture is that of a beautiful young mother holding her young son, without any hint of future grief, stands as an elegant Queen of Heaven.

False

The fresco secco painting technique is just as durable as the buon fresco technique.

False

The juxtaposition of Old and New Testament content to communicate spiritual themes in church decoration was a tradition first established in the Romanesque period

False

The juxtaposition of Old and New Testament content to communicate spiritual themes in church decoration was a tradition first established in the Romanesque period.

False

Encaustic on wood

Figure 9-19) "Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George" from the Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt

Imagines

In ancient Rome, wax mask portraits of ancestors displayed in the atrium of the Roman house

What is punchwork?

Tooled decorative work in gold leaf

Romanesque pilgrims believed that relics could

heal body and soul.

Iconoclasm was the practice of restoring images after the iconophiles had destroyed them in fear they were violations of God's law.

False

In late medieval Italy, art patrons included wealthy individuals as well as monastic orders, confraternities, and the pope.

True

In contrast to earlier or later periods, the Romanesque style was consistently executed in all regions of Europe

False

In contrast to earlier or later periods, the Romanesque style was consistently executed in all regions of Europe.

False

Apse

In Christian churches, a semicircular recess usually located at the east end of the building

At the Great Mosque at Córdoba in Spain, Muslim architects experimented most notably with

decorative, multi-lobed arches.

Masjid

"Place of prostration"

Iconoclasm

A period in Byzantine history in which an imperial ban on religious images led to their destruction in great numbers

What is a pyxis?

A cylindrical flask covered with a hemispherical lid, usually used to hold personal belonging such as jewelry or makeup.

Psalter

A manuscript containing the 150 Psalms composed by King David in Hebrew and translated into Greek and Latin

High Gothic

Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France

Mosaic

Detail from the Courtyard Arcade, Great Mosque at Damascus, Syria

Which of the following phrases best applies to the statue group of the Crucifixion from Naumberg Cathedral?

Distraught expressions of grief

Why is the conventional name for the "Bayeux Tapestry" inaccurate?

It is not a tapestry but actually an embroidery.

Historians and art historians alike consider the reign of which emperor as Byzantium's first golden age?

Justinian

St. Peter

Keys

Revetment

Material used as a wall covering or facing, usually flat slabs of decorative marble or other stone

The close integration of text and ornamental design displayed by many Islamic Qur'ans has parallels to the art of what other culture?

Medieval manuscripts from Britain and Ireland

Despite many variations in design, decorative detail, and construction techniques in the intervening centuries, the mosque's essential features remain the same today as they did close to Muhammad's time.

True

Importantly, what were the primary occupations of the individuals responsible for designing the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople?

One was a mathematician and the other was a physicist

Early medieval interest in animal-based interlace patterns was so strong that artists imitated the color effects of jewelry designs in the painted decoration of manuscripts.

True

Which phrase best characterizes Classical Etruscan art such as the "Chimera of Arezzo?"

Tension and ferocity

From among the following choices, which material did the ancient Etruscans prefer for their sculpture?

Terracotta

With which of the following monuments is the Emperor Augustus best associated?

The Ara Pacis, an altar dedicated to the peace he established which brought Rome into a new era of prosperity and stability

What historical event is depicted in the narrative imagery of the "Bayeux Tapestry?"

The Battle of Hastings

Which stylistic tradition is represented by the figure of Jesus in the "Gero Crucifix" from Cologne Cathedral in Germany?

The Byzantine tradition of a mature, suffering Christ

Apotheosis

The elevation of an individual to the rank of the gods

What did the humanist "Cult of Fame" emphasize?

The importance of creative individuals

Decursio

The ritual circling around a Roman funerary pyre

How did early medieval Christian monks use illuminated manuscripts to impress the illiterate Christian population?

They made the words as visually beautiful as possible.

In what way does Bonaventura Berlinghieri's "Saint Francis Altarpiece" from San Francesco in Pescia, Italy demonstrate the Italo-Byzantine style?

Use of frontal poses, prominent halos, and lack of modeling for the figures -Use of gold leaf to emphasize the flat, otherworldly, spiritual realm

In contrast to his son, Nicola Pisano worked in a style derived from

classical antiquity.

The narrative portrayed in the spiral frieze running around the Column of Trajan is such a reliable, chronological account of his two wars against the Dacians that ancient historians have been able to fill in missing pieces from the literary sources with information contains in its images.

false

The imagery of the "Triumph of Death" fresco at Pisa served a warning against

lust and greed.

One of the social factors that contributed to the enormous surge in church construction during the Romanesque period was the

outpouring of thanksgiving at the peaceful conclusion of the first millennium.

Qur'an

"The Recitations"

Lux Nova

"New Light," Abbot Suger's term for the light that enters a cathedral through stained glass windows

Tetrarch

"One of Four Rulers," a title used by Diocletian and his co-rulers in the later 3rd century to share power over a vastly expanded Empire

Pantokrator

"Ruler of All;" a depiction of Jesus as ruler and judge of all mankind

An artwork that demonstrates the vigorous motion and gesticulation that is characteristic of Archaic Etruscan art

"Apollo of Veii," from Veii, Italy

The ancient visual prototype for Byzantine representations of the Archangel Michael was probably

classical winged Victory figures.

Mandorla

"Almond;" a distinctive shape surrounding Christ or other sacred figure in art

Mandorla 3

"Almond;" a distinctive shape surrounding Christ or other sacred figure in art

Early Gothic

"Ambulatory and Radiating Chapels," Saint-Denis, France

Iconoclast

"Breaker of Images;" a follower of the Byzantine ban on religious images

Brass inlaid with silver

"Canteen with episodes from the Life of Jesus," from Syria

Hiberno-Saxon

"Chi-Rho-Iota Page," Folio 34 Recto of the "Book of Kells," late 8th or 9th century

Vita Contemplativa

"Contemplative Life," the secluded spiritual life of monks and nuns

Which of the following artworks demonstrates the Middle Byzantine assimilation of classical simplicity, dignity, and grace with Byzantine piety and pathos?

"Crucifixion" mosaic from the Church of the Dormition at Daphni, Greece

Carolingian Classical Tradition: manipulation of scale and choice of attributes and iconography effectively communicate the figure's imperial status

"Equestrian Portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald," from Metz, France

Second Style of Roman Wall Painting

"Garden Room," Villa of Livia at Primaporta, Italy

Ottonian

"God Accusing Adam and Eve," detail from left door at Saint Michael's, Hildesheim, 1015

Carolingian Figural Tradition: energetic gesture and anecdotal detail effectively communicate psychological and emotional content

"God Accusing Adam and Eve," detail from the left door of Saint Michael's at Hildesheim, Germany

Maniera Greca

"Greek Manner;" the Italian name for the Italo-Byzantine style of the 13th century

Furta Sacra

"Holy Theft," a justification used for stealing relics from the Holy Land or from other European churches

Fourth Style of Roman Wall Painting

"Ixion Room," House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy

Chiaroscuro

"Light Dark;" in drawing or painting, the treatment and use of gradations of light and dark to produce the effect of modeling of three-dimensional forms on a flat surface

Iconophile

"Lover of Images;" an opponent of the Byzantine ban on religious images

Augustus

"Majestic" or "Exalted," the title conferred by the Senate upon Octavian in 27 BCE, marking the point from which the Roman Republic became the Roman Empire

Opus Modernum

"Modern Work," the late medieval term for Gothic art and architecture

Muslim

"One who submits"

Pax Vobis

"Peace unto you," a benediction spoken by Christ or other holy figures as a message of blessing upon the faithful

Ivory carving

"Pyxis of al-Mughira" from Medina al-Zahra, near Córdoba, Spain

Pantokrator (4)

"Ruler of All;" a depiction of Jesus as ruler and judge of all mankind

Master Honoré

"Samuel Anointing David" and "Battle of David and Goliath," Folio 7 Verso of the "Breviary of Philippe le Bel"

Theotokos

"She who bore God;" a title for the Virgin Mary, often used for depictions of Mary with the infant Jesus

Islam

"Submission to the one God"

Caliph

"Successor"

Res Gestae Divi Augusti

"The Achievements of the Deified Augustus," a list of the first Roman emperor's self-proclaimed accomplishments in politics, military victories, religious practice, social reform, and artistic innovation

Kaaba

"The Cube," a small shrine in Mecca originally housing the Arab idols but converted and preserved by Muhammad

With which of the following contemporary artworks does the "Saint Matthew" page from the "Ebbo Gospels" most closely resemble?

"Utrecht Psalter"

Maestà

"Virgin Enthroned in Majesty;" an iconographic formula for Christian altarpieces in which Mary sits enthroned with the Christ child, usually surrounded by angels, saints, or other holy figures

Put the following steps of the buon fresco painting technique in their proper order from start to finish.

(1)Artist or assistants apply the arriccio plaster layer (2)Artist or assistants apply the sinopia drawing to the wall (3)Artist or assistants apply the intonaco plaster layer (4)Artist paints a giornata of design

Carolingian Linear Style: The subject is given a sense of frenzied energy through the use of a loose, linear style characterized by numerous thin, writhing lines that seem to have been generated quickly as if the artist were working while in constant motion.

(Figure 11-15) "Saint Matthew," Folio 18 Verso of the "Ebbo Gospels"

Ottonian Syncretic Style: The subject is rendered in a fusion of styles drawing upon Carolingian, Ottonian, Late Antique and Byzantine traditions, demonstrating the stylistic complexity of the art of its time.

(Figure 11-31) "Annunciation to the Shepherds"

Hiberno-Saxon Style: The subject is conceived in terms of line and color, where drapery folds and depicted as a series of sharp, regularly spaced, curving lines filled with areas of flat color without shading or sense of volume.

(Figure 11-8) "Saint Matthew," Folio 25 Verso of the "Lindisfarne Gospels"

High Gothic - Holy Roman Empire

(Figure 13-46) "Death of the Virgin," Left Tympanum, Royal Portal, Strasbourg Cathedral, Strasbourg, France

Classical-Revival Style

(Figure 14-3) Nicola Pisano, "Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds" from the pulpit for the Pisa Baptistery

French Gothic Style

(Figure 14-4) Giovanni Pisano, "Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds" from the pulpit for Pisa Cathedral

Italo-Byzantine Style

(Figure 14-5) Bernardino Berlinghieri, "Saint Francis Altarpiece"

Ivory carving

(Figure 8-16) "Suicide of Judas and Crucifixion of Christ"

Late-Antique Style

(Figure 8-3) "Samuel Anoints David" from the synagogue at Dura-Europos, Syria

Classical Style

(Figure 8-8) "Christ as the Good Shepherd" from the "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia," Ravenna, Italy

Byzantine Style

(Figure 9-16) "Transfiguration of Jesus" from the Church of the Virgin, Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt

Mosaic

(Figure 9-20) "Virgin (Theotokos) and Child Enthroned" from the Hagia Sophia, Constantinople

Macedonian Classical-Revival Style

(Figure 9-30) "Lamentation" from Saint Pantaleimon, Nerezi, Macedonia

Tempera on vellum

(Figure 9-31) "David Composing the Psalms," Folio 1 Verso of the "Paris Psalter"

Tempera and linen on wood

(Figure 9-35) "Annunciation" from the Church of the Virgin Peribleptos, Ohrid, Macedonia

Why is the Naumburg Master's portrayal of the "Crucifixion" for the west choir screen at Naumburg Cathedral so significant for the study of Gothic art history?

-Although located within the church proper, it emulates the French Gothic tradition of trumeau and jamb statues on exterior church portals. -The Gothic understanding of the Virgin Mary as an intermediary acting on behalf of sinners is reflected in her gesture toward the viewer rather than in the direction of her dying son. -All three of the figures demonstrate the intense emotional pathos that was characteristic of German medieval sculpture.

Why are the apse mosaics showing Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora in San Vitale at Ravenna, Italy so significant for the study of art history?

-Although the mosaics appear to represent the Emperor and Empress participating in a procession at San Vitale itself, neither Justinian nor Theodora had ever actually visited the city. -Justinian's position in this procession is ambiguous because he appears to be slightly behind Bishop Maximianus yet the paten he carries overlaps the bishop's right arm, suggesting a balance of power between church and state. -Theodora's garment is decorated with the three magi (wise kings) of the Bible, thereby associating her with their rank as one worthy to bring gifts into the church.

Given the Required Objects for this module, in which of the following artistic techniques were Islamic artists particularly accomplished?

-Architecture -Ceramic tilework -Metalworking -Carpet weaving

Why is the art of calligraphy so important to Islamic culture?

-Because of the general prohibition against figural imagery in religious contexts, ever-more refined and elegant forms of calligraphy were used to decorate Qur'ans and mosque interiors. -The practice of calligraphy is considered a holy task, as reflected in an Arab proverb "Purity of writing is purity of soul." -Calligraphy, or ornamental writing, serves to make the words of God recorded in the Qur'an as beautiful as possible.

In what way is the Romanesque "Bayeux Tapestry" like the ancient Roman "Column of Trajan?"

-Both provide the conqueror's version of historical events and served as proclamations of national pride. -Both make reference to a historical event close to the time that it happened. -Both depict more than just active battle scenes but also include such preparations as felling trees, loading equipment or cooking food.

Given the Required Objects for this module, in which of the following artistic techniques were Islamic artists particularly accomplished?

-Carpet weaving -Metalworking -Ceramic tilework -Architecture

Which of the following statements best explains the stylistic significance of the "Crucifixion" cover of the "Lindau Gospels" (Figure 11-16), shown here, for the study of art history?

-Christ is depicted in the early Christian tradition as a youthful, triumphant figure who does not hang from the cross but seems to be displayed upon it. -The angels and other crouching figures are depicted in a contemporary linear style that conveys a sense of vivacity and nervous energy. -The gold and gems not only functioned to communicate the great expense of the object, but also to glorify the word of God and evoke the heavenly realm of Jerusalem. -It reflects the continued taste for costly, portable objects that had been a hallmark of early medieval warlords and continued into the Carolingian period.

Hypostyle Plan

-Great Mosque at Córdoba, Spain -Great Mosque at Kairouan, Tunisia -Great Mosque at Damascus, Syria

In what ways did Charlemagne promote the revival of the Early Christian Roman Empire?

-He "most zealously cultivated the liberal arts [and] held those who taught them in great esteem." -He transferred an equestrian portrait of Theodoric from Ravenna to his palace complex at Aachen as a reminder of ancient Rome's glory and his own aspirations as a medieval successor to Rome's Christian emperors. -He invited the best minds and finest artisans from western Europe and Byzantium to his court at Aachen. -He promoted the development of a new, more compact, more easily written and legible version of Latin as part of his efforts to restore and copy the most important surviving classical texts.

In what ways did Charlemagne promote the revival of the Early Christian Roman Empire?

-He invited the best minds and finest artisans from western Europe and Byzantium to his court at Aachen. -He "most zealously cultivated the liberal arts [and] held those who taught them in great esteem." -He promoted the development of a new, more compact, more easily written and legible version of Latin as part of his efforts to restore and copy the most important surviving classical texts. -He transferred an equestrian portrait of Theodoric from Ravenna to his palace complex at Aachen as a reminder of ancient Rome's glory and his own aspirations as a medieval successor to Rome's Christian emperors.

Why are the bronze doors made for St. Michael's at Hildesheim, Germany, including the panel of "God Accusing Adam and Eve," so important for the study of art history?

-In the scene depicting "God Accusing Adam and Eve," the artist demonstrates a brilliant ability to clearly communicate psychological and emotional intensity using a relatively simple combination of high relief figures and a comparatively flat background. -The iconography combined Old and New Testament scenes in order to present a unified theme of original sin and redemption through Christ. -The composition on many of the relief panels derive from Carolingian manuscript illumination and its energetic and expressive figural style. -The doors are technological marvels because the metalworkers cast each one in a single piece with its figural sculpture, in great contrast to the more typical, small-scale Carolingian sculpture types.

Why is the church of Saint-Sernin at Toulouse so significant for the study of art and architectural history?

-It contains one of the earliest precisely dated series of large Romanesque figural reliefs. -Its crisply rational and geometrically precise design is based on the modular unit formed by its crossing square, the measurements of which inform the size of all of its spaces. -It was built on a grand scale, including an extended nave, double side aisles, a transept, ambulatory, and radiating chapels off both the apse and transept, intended to accommodate large crowds of pilgrims. -The design of its compound piers and barrel vault were carefully coordinated to give the nave the impression of having numerous identical vertical volumes of space running in orderly procession toward the apse. -Its design incorporated a tribune level above the inner side aisle and opening onto the nave that could house overflow crowds on special occasions.

In what way was pilgrimage a conspicuous feature of public devotion in the Romanesque period?

-It demonstrated the pilgrim's willingness to brave dangerous roads and routes out of piety. -It proclaimed the pilgrim's faith in the power of the saints and the hope for their special favor. -The arduous nature of a pilgrimage was often seen as an act of repentance for sins, with greater distances or difficulties used as measures of the pilgrim's sincerity.

Why is the monastery church of Cluny III so important for the study of art and architectural history?

-It exemplified the grandiose scale of the new stone-vaulted Romanesque style and became a symbol of the power and prestige of the Cluniac order. -With a nave more than 500 feet long and more than 100 feet high, it was the largest church in Europe for nearly 500 years. -Its bold and influential design combined the ground plan of Saint-Sernin with an innovative three-story elevation and vaults with slightly pointed arches.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the "Cross-Inscribed Carpet Page," Folio 26 Verso of the "Lindisfarne Gospels?"

-It exemplifies the Hiberno-Saxon blending Christian symbolism with the early medieval animal-interlace style. -It demonstrates the artist's Hiberno-Saxon preference for small, infinitely complex and painstaking designs.

Which of the following statements is true about Santa Costanza, in Rome, Italy?

-It is a central-plan building that adapted the form of similar Roman buildings by adding an ambulatory around the central domed spaced. -Its extensive interior decoration includes iconography common to Roman funerary art, as befitting its traditional identification as a mausoleum for Constantine's daughter. -Its mosaic decorations include pagan iconography that lent themselves easily to Christian interpretation, such as putti harvesting grades and making wine which a Christian could read as referring to the blood of Christ and the wine of the Eucharist.

Why is Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel at Aachen so important for the study of art and architectural history?

-It is the earliest vaulted medieval structure north of the Alps and set a precedent for later architecture in this geographical area. -Its architect transformed the complexity and lightness of its likely model, San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy, into a simple, massive form that communicated geometric clarity and robust strength. -Its innovative design included two cylindrical towers that foreshadow later medieval dual-tower church facades. -Charlemagne was renown in his own time for the extravagant interior decoration and other gifts he bestowed upon the structure and its clergy, which served as examples of his great piety.

Which of the following statements explains how Constantine chose the site for his construction of Old St. Peter's basilica?

-It was the site of a 2nd c. memorial to St. Peter, founder of the Christian community in Rome. -t was where many believed Saint Peter, founder of the Christian community in Rome, had been buried. -It had already been the location of an ancient Roman cemetery.

Why was the Roman invention of concrete so significant?

-It was very versatile: because it could be poured over a wooden framework of any shape, concrete allowed for the construction of previously impossible designs such as unsupported domes and vaults. -It was very durable: because it hardened into a seamless sheet of "artificial stone," concrete could be pierced by windows at any point to allow light to enter the interior space. -It was very cheap: it cost much less to build large monuments in concrete faced in small amounts of stucco or marble revetment than to build the entire structure of expensive imported materials.

Why is the "Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus" (Figure 8-1), shown here, so significant for the study of art history?

-Its decoration combines Roman aesthetic traditions with new religious content based on Jewish and Christian biblical narratives. -It demonstrates the early Christian tendency to avoid explicit depictions of the crucifixion, preferring instead to allude to it using other suggestive imagery. -It demonstrates the early Christian tendency to avoid explicit depictions of the crucifixion, preferring instead to allude to it using other suggestive imagery. -The dedicatory inscription explicitly records the patron's conversion to Christianity and baptism just before his death in the year 359 CE.

Why is the "Schematic plan for a monastery" from Saint Gall in Switzerland so significant?

-Its inclusion of a transept was a rare feature at the time but would become crucial for the subsequent development of western European church architecture in the Romanesque and Gothic periods. -It demonstrates the adoption of the Early Christian basilica type for the main church that was crucial for the subsequent development of western European church architecture in the Romanesque and Gothic periods. -It demonstrates the importance of the cloister to monastic life, placed at the center near the oratory, to serve as a kind of early paradise where monks could enjoy the peace and quiet necessary for religious contemplation. -It demonstrates a modular design in which a standard unit of measure is used in the calculation of every component in the plan, from the dimensions of large architectural spaces down to the sizes of each monk's bed.

Why is the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople so significant for the study of art and architectural history?

-Its interior was filled with vast quantities of expensive, imported stone. -In scale, it was able to surpass all earlier architectural wonders of Rome, including the Pantheon. -It is the first structure to use the innovative new pendentive form to support a round dome over a square-plan base. -Its immense dome sits atop a ring of clerestory windows that give the impression that it floats on pure light, which overwhelmed contemporary viewers and writers.

Why is the "Suicide of Judas and Crucifixion of Christ" relief plaque so important for the study of art history?

-Its mode of depicting Christ as having superhuman indifference to pain is sharply contrasted with the depiction of a limp Judas hanging from a tree. -It is the earliest known depiction of Christ's crucifixion. -It dates to a period when artists were beginning to establish the iconographic types that would become standard in medieval narratives of Christ's life.

Which of the following statements is true about Santa Costanza, in Rome, Italy?

-Its mosaic decorations include pagan iconography that lent themselves easily to Christian interpretation, such as putti harvesting grades and making wine which a Christian could read as referring to the blood of Christ and the wine of the Eucharist. -It is a central-plan building that adapted the form of similar Roman buildings by adding an ambulatory around the central domed spaced. -Its extensive interior decoration includes iconography common to Roman funerary art, as befitting its traditional identification as a mausoleum for Constantine's daughter.

Which of the following statements explains the artistic or socio-political significance of this manuscript page illustrating the "Court of Gayumars" by Sultan-Muhammad for the 'Shahnama' of Shah Tahmasp, from Tabriz, Iran (Figure 10-34)?

-Its patron eventually gave the manuscript containing it as a political gift to the Ottoman Emperor Selim II. -It comes from an illustrated manuscript of a Persian national epic poem that recounts the history of Iran from creation until Muslim conquest. -The narrative on this page shows the legendary first Iranian king Gayumars, who governed from a mountaintop when humans first learned to cook food, surrounded by figures, animals, and landscape elements rendered in delicate, naturalistic detail. - It demonstrates that Islamic art does not forbid figural representation in absolutely all contexts.

Why is the Pantheon so significant for the study of art history?

-Its revolutionary combination of a cylindrical drum to support a hemispherical dome created a vast, open interior space that was shaped by the use of concrete, rather than limited by it, revolutionized architecture for centuries to come -Its innovative use of concrete allowed its engineers to construct the largest dome in the world, a feat not to be surpassed for nearly another 1400 years. -The perfect circle enclosed by the structure can be understood as symbolic both of the orb of the earth as well as the vault of heaven, an effect enhanced by the effect of sunlight from the oculus traveling across the interior surfaces during the day. -So much of the marble flooring and wall revetment survives that modern visitors can truly appreciate the original magnificence of ancient Roman architecture.

Why is the "Vatican Vergil" manuscript so important for the study of art history?

-Its style is reminiscent of Pompeian wall painting and offers important evidence about Roman artistic approaches to space and atmosphere in landscape painting. -It is a precious example of the continuation of traditional Roman iconography and classical style after Theodosius banned the worship of the pagan gods in the later 4th century. -It is the oldest preserved painted Greek or Latin manuscript.

Why is the Great Mosque at Córdoba, Spain, so important for the study of art history?

-Its two-story interior hypostyle system was an innovative solution to the problem of having only short (reused) columns to raise the roof to an acceptable height above the congregation's heads. -It was built on the site of a Visigothic Church and marked the triumph of Islam in Spain. -Its maqsura is a prime example of Islamic experimentation with highly decorative multilobed arches to create rich and varied abstract patterns. -The use of horseshoe-shaped arches not only gave the interior a light and airy effect, but also became closely associated with Muslim architecture in the West.

Which of the following statements offers an accurate comparison between the relief sculptures of Nicola Pisano's "Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds" (Figure 14-3) and Giovanni Pisano's version (Figure 14-4), shown here, for the pulpits of the Baptistry and Cathedral at Pisa, respectively?

-Nicola's earlier version demonstrates a similarity to Roman sarcophagi with its densely-packed and large-scale bulky figures. -Giovanni's later version depicts figures with nervous and quietly passionate attitudes, breaking away from the classical calmness of Nicola's version -Giovanni's later version demonstrates a similarity to the French Gothic style in its loose arrangement of figures dynamically presented across the relief field.

Which of the following statements offers an accurate comparison between the relief sculptures of Nicola Pisano's "Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds" (Figure 14-3) and Giovanni Pisano's version (Figure 14-4), shown here, for the pulpits of the Baptistry and Cathedral at Pisa, respectively?

-Nicola's earlier version demonstrates a similarity to Roman sarcophagi with its densely-packed and large-scale bulky figures. -Giovanni's later version depicts figures with nervous and quietly passionate attitudes, breaking away from the classical calmness of Nicola's version. -Giovanni's later version demonstrates a similarity to the French Gothic style in its loose arrangement of figures dynamically presented across the relief field.

How does the iconography of the manuscript illumination "Otto III Enthroned," Folio 24 of the "Gospel Book of Otto III" communicate Otto's imperial authority?

-Otto III is shown flanked by clergy and barons to symbolize his authority over both Church and State affairs. -Otto III is shown enthroned in a frontal pose and wearing a purple robe in the Christian imperial manner that began with Constantine. -Otto III is shown wearing a crown and holding a scepter and cross-inscribed orb, all of which signified his universal authority.

How do the sculptures of the South Transept Portal of Chartres Cathedral, such as "Saint Theodore" from the "Porch of the Martyrs" (Figure 11-19), shown here, reflect the High Gothic style?

-Overall, this portal projects more forcefully from the church's facade than the earlier West Portal, contributing to more dramatic sculptural contours. -The sculptures exhibit greater naturalism via the use of contrapposto, demonstrated by a slight torsion and sway in the body. -The sculptures demonstrate more independence from the architectural framework than the earlier West Portal.

By what visual evidence can art historians surmise that the artist of the "Saint Matthew" page from the "Lindisfarne Gospels" had access to a classically-inspired model, perhaps imported from Italy?

-Saint Matthew sits in a manner similar to classical representations of seated philosophers or poets shown writing or reading. -Saint Matthew's seat is shown at an angle in a manner common for Mediterranean forms of perspective. -The artist used a peculiar combination of Greek and Latin forms in the inscription naming the saint.

In what ways does the Mosque of Selim II at Edirne, Turkey express the architect Sinan the Great's perfection of the Ottoman architectural style?

-Sinan designed a dome that surpassed the height of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, previously the world's tallest dome. -Sinan designed a mihrab niche deep enough to allow windows to illuminate the interior space, allowing the elaborate tile decoration to sparkle as if from within. -The typical Ottoman mosque of the time was an assemblage of multiple domed spaces, but Sinan created a single, unified yet cavernous interior space. -The plan of the mosque is an ingenious fusion of an octagon with a dome-covered square, allowing for the creation of a vast yet unified interior space with a simple, effective and perfect overall ratio of 1:2.

How does the "Annunciation" side of an icon from the Church of the Virgin Peribleptos at Ohrid, Macedonia exemplify the diversity of stylistic sources that characterize Byzantine art?

-The angel Gabriel and the Virgin are depicted as strongly modeled, sturdy three-dimensional forms in continuation of the classical manner. -The sky is depicted as a solid expanse of gold to suggest the otherworldly realm of heaven in the Byzantine manner. -The artists attempted to suggest three-dimensional space by turning the Virgin's throne at an angle as in the classical manner, but applied the perspective inconsistently.

How does the manuscript illumination "Annunciation to the Shepherds," folio in the "Lectionary of Henry II" from Richenau, Germany exemplify the diversity of styles in Ottonian art?

-The angel is depicted with fluttering wings and wind-rippled drapery in the linear manner of Carolingian art. -The shepherds exhibit startled gestures in the Carolingian-Ottonian tradition of using anecdotal detail to communicate information. -The sheep and shepherds are scattered across a simplified landscape in the Late Antique manner. -The background is painted in solid gold to suggest the otherworldly realm of heaven in the Byzantine manner.

By what visual evidence can art historians surmise that the artist of the "Saint Matthew" page from the "Lindisfarne Gospels" had access to a classically-inspired model, perhaps imported from Italy?

-The artist used a peculiar combination of Greek and Latin forms in the inscription naming the saint. -Saint Matthew's seat is shown at an angle in a manner common for Mediterranean forms of perspective. -Saint Matthew sits in a manner similar to classical representations of seated philosophers or poets shown writing or reading.

What political and religious messages are communicated by the "Barberini Ivory" (Figure 9-4) shown here?

-The bottom register depicts barbarians offering tribute from Africa and Asia, which were sites of Justinianic military conquests. -A triumphant Justinian rides a rearing horse, echoing pagan Roman depictions of conquering emperors. -The top register depicts Christ carrying a cross and offering a blessing gesture, indicating his divine approval and support of the emperor shown below. -The relief includes personifications of the bountiful Earth and palm-bearing Victory that symbolized the emperor's virtues.

Why is the dome in the Hall of the Abencerrajes at the Palace of the Lions at Alhambra in Granada, Spain, (Figure 10-22), shown here, so significant for the study of art history?

-The elaborate stucco decoration was visually appealing with its ability to catch and reflect the sunlight in addition to its own beautiful abstract patterns. -The flickering effect of sunlight from the clerestory windows supported the intended symbolism as the Dome of Heaven communicated by a poetic inscription referring to "the heavenly spheres whose orbits revolve." - The form of the dome resting on an octagonal drum supported by squinches is obscured by the elaborate stucco decoration, comprised of several thousand muqarnas.

In what ways does the "Crucifixion" mosaic from the Church of the Dormition at Daphni, Greece demonstrate the post-iconoclastic Middle Byzantine tradition of blending Late Antique naturalism with Byzantine abstraction?

-The figures demonstrate classical modeling and organic structure. -The mosaic demonstrates a Byzantine preference for a simple gold background and minimalistic landscape.

In what ways does the painting "Samuel Anoints David" from the synagogue at Dura-Europos, Syria, (Figure 8-3), shown here, exemplify the Late Antique style?

-The figures do not appear to naturalistically stand on their own feet, but appear weightless as if "floating" in space. -The artist borrowed the purple toga iconography usually associated with the Roman emperor to indicate David's royal status. -The artist borrowed the purple toga iconography usually associated with the Roman emperor to indicate David's royal status. -All of the figures stand frontally to the viewer in a single row across the foreground of the pictorial frame. -The artist depicted Samuel as larger than the other figures in order to draw the viewer's attention to him.

Why is the dome in the Hall of the Abencerrajes at the Palace of the Lions at Alhambra in Granada, Spain, (Figure 10-22), shown here, so significant for the study of art history?

-The flickering effect of sunlight from the clerestory windows supported the intended symbolism as the Dome of Heaven communicated by a poetic inscription referring to "the heavenly spheres whose orbits revolve." -The elaborate stucco decoration was visually appealing with its ability to catch and reflect the sunlight in addition to its own beautiful abstract patterns. -The form of the dome resting on an octagonal drum supported by squinches is obscured by the elaborate stucco decoration, comprised of several thousand muqarnas.

Why is the remodeled east end of Saint Denis so significant for the study of Gothic architectural history?

-The lightness of the vaults allowed the builders to open the outer walls and insert stained glass windows that admitted "wonderful and uninterrupted light." -Its vaults spring from slender columns in the ambulatory and thin masonry walls in the chapels instead of massive piers, giving a sense of incredible openness and lightness to the design. -Its combination of pointed-arch vaulting and stained-glass windows became hallmarks of the French Gothic architectural style. -Unlike prior practice, it innovated the use of exceptionally lightweight rib vaults resting on pointed arches.

What is the significance of the "Canteen with Episodes from the Life of Jesus" from Syria (Figure 10-36), shown here, for the study of art history?

-The narrative of Jesus' life unfolds in a counter-clockwise sequence that may relate to the Arabic custom of reading from right to left. -Although the calligraphic inscriptions are in Arabic, the patron must have been Christian because of the content and iconography. -Scholars believe that the Muslim artist used Syrian Christian manuscripts as the source for some of the Christian iconography with which they would not have been more directly familiar. -Although the figural scenes contain Christian iconography, the decorative details are common in contemporary Islamic metalwork and would have been easily executed by the Muslim artist. -The scenes on the flask may have been chosen by the patron who had visited holy sites such as Bethlehem and Jerusalem while on pilgrimage in the Holy Land during the time of the Crusades.

What is the significance of the "Canteen with Episodes from the Life of Jesus" from Syria (Figure 10-36), shown here, for the study of art history?

-The narrative of Jesus' life unfolds in a counter-clockwise sequence that may relate to the Arabic custom of reading from right to left. -Although the calligraphic inscriptions are in Arabic, the patron must have been Christian because of the content and iconography. -The scenes on the flask may have been chosen by the patron who had visited holy sites such as Bethlehem and Jerusalem while on pilgrimage in the Holy Land during the time of the Crusades. -Although the figural scenes contain Christian iconography, the decorative details are common in contemporary Islamic metalwork and would have been easily executed by the Muslim artist. -Scholars believe that the Muslim artist used Syrian Christian manuscripts as the source for some of the Christian iconography with which they would not have been more directly familiar.

Which of the following statements explains the artistic or socio-political significance of this manuscript page illustrating the "Court of Gayumars" by Sultan-Muhammad for the 'Shahnama' of Shah Tahmasp, from Tabriz, Iran

-The narrative on this page shows the legendary first Iranian king Gayumars, who governed from a mountaintop when humans first learned to cook food, surrounded by figures, animals, and landscape elements rendered in delicate, naturalistic detail. -Its patron eventually gave the manuscript containing it as a political gift to the Ottoman Emperor Selim II. -It comes from an illustrated manuscript of a Persian national epic poem that recounts the history of Iran from creation until Muslim conquest. -It demonstrates that Islamic art does not forbid figural representation in absolutely all contexts.

How does the interior of Amiens Cathedral (Figures 13-20 and 13-21), shown here, exemplify the High Gothic architectural style?

-The rectangular bay system with its quadripartite rib vaults worked with the exterior buttressing to create a self-sustaining skeletal system that allowed the interior walls to dissolve almost completely away. -Viewed from below, the choir vaults resemble a canopy suspended from bundled masts, giving the interior an exceptional sense of buoyant lightness. -It demonstrates the French Gothic's obsession with achieving ever-greater heights in cathedral architecture, with a vault height surpassing that of previous Gothic structures by more than 20 feet. -The vaulting system was designed in coordination with the decorative system in the lower layers so that the vault ribs appear to speed toward the ground via the thin colonnettes of the compound piers. -Its unprecedented quantity of glass windows reflected the designer's confidence in the new Gothic structure as well as the desire to flood the interior with miraculous light.

By what evidence do art historians determine that the ancient Etruscans of the Archaic and Classical periods wanted to emphasize the joys of good living, rather than sadness or fear of death, in their funerary art?

-The scenes painted in the Tomb of Leopards show couples banqueting in the open air. -Figures demonstrate lively facial expressions and emphatic, communicative gestures that are unique in ancient art. -Many of their tumulus tombs replicate the furnishings and decorations that must have been typical of their domestic space, creating houses within a "city for the dead."

Why is the decoration on the pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius in Rome, Italy, so significant for the study of art history?

-The stylistic shift evidence on its relief decoration represents a major turning point in the history of Roman art, and foreshadows the prevalent style of the Late Antique period. -The style of the relief sculpture on its four sides do not match with each other: the side depicting the emperor's apotheosis uses a classical style whereas the decursio scene breaks away from that tradition with its stocky figures and refusal to place all of its figures on a single ground line.

By what visual techniques does Giotto di Bondone create sculptural solidity and weight in his "Madonna Enthroned (Ognissanti Madonna)?"

-The throne is deep enough to contain her figure within it. -The subtle blending of light and shade across her chest and extended knee give the figure a sense of solid bulk. -The throne is depicted in foreshortened view to appear as though it breaks away from the flat background toward the viewer's space. -The figure projects into the light and gives the illusion of casting a shadow.

Which of the following is the best reason why movable furniture common in the West (such as beds, tables, and chairs) do not define Islamic architectural spaces, but carpets and cushions do?

-Wood is scarce in most of the Islamic world, but silk and wool were easily traded or acquired

Ambulatory

A covered walkway; in church architecture, usually the passageway around a central space such as an apse or choir

Book of Hours

A manuscript containing the prayers to be read at specific times of day

Breviary

A manuscript containing the texts needed for a monk's daily recitations

Groin Vault

A masonry roof constructed as if formed by the intersection of two semicircular vaults crossing at right angles

Rib Vault

A masonry roof constructed using a framework of intersecting arches to support the thrust of the ceiling where two semicircular vaults intersect

Monasticism 2

A religious practice in which the devoted choose to live together in isolation from secular communities and be bound to a set of common rules

Cubiculum

A room, sometimes located off the main reception space, that often served as a bedroom

Maqsura

A screened area within a mosque reserved for the rule

Arcade

A series of arches supported by piers or columns; in church architecture, usually located as the lowermost level of a nave elevation

Martyrium

A shrine dedicated to one who chose death rather than to deny his or her religious belief

Macedonian Classical-Revival Style

A style that consciously emulated earlier approaches toward the naturalistic depiction of forms in three-dimensional space via the use of natural settings, fully-modeled forms, and anecdotal detail

Byzantine Style

A style that expanded upon earlier rejections of three-dimensionality and attempted to depict the spiritual realm via use of gold background, flattened frontal figures, and spatial ambiguities

Classical Style

A style that used hyper-realistic features of old age and other distinctive physical characteristics to communicate messages of authority, experience, and individuality

Classical Style

A style that used perpetually youthful features and idealized representations to communicate messages of peace, prosperity, and stability

Which of the following best describes the mosaic decoration in the main apse at San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy?

A youthful Christ sitting atop the orb of the world and flanked by figures who include Bishop Ecclesius, who presents to him a small model of the church itself

Which of the following characteristics developed by the High Gothic "court style" became typical for Late Gothic sculpture?

An S-shaped curve in the body

Head Cluster

An abbreviated way of representing a crowd without concern for reconciling the number of body parts visible in the image

Which of the following features in the east end of Saint-Étienne at Vignory was innovative for the Romanesque period?

An ambulatory and three radiating chapels

Transverse Arch

An arch separating one vaulted bay from the next

Historiated Capital

An architectural feature at the top of a column or pier bearing carved figural ornamentation

Halo

An aureole appearing around the head of a figure to signify authority or divinity

Kufic

An early form of Islamic calligraphic script characterized by angular, almost geometric letter shapes

Buttress

An exterior masonry structure that opposes the lateral thrust of an arch or vault

Flying Buttress

An exterior masonry structure that opposes the lateral thrust of an arch or vault, typically consisting of a free-standing arch or series of arches supported by solid vertical forms below

Which of the following social changes of the Romanesque period most directly contributed to the growth of towns and cities across Europe?

An increase in trade

Compound Pier

An upright architectural support with a group or cluster of attached shafts or other vertical elements

What is the role of Christ when depicted as "Pantokrator?"

As the "Last Judge of Humankind"

Judas

Bag of coins

A form of ornamental stonework holding stained glass in place in which the glass fills nearly the entire opening and the stone is unobtrusive

Bar Tracery

Repoussé

Beat a thin metal plate from behind in order to generate a decorative pattern in relief on the front side.

What was the importance of Late Antique and Byzantine Ravenna, Italy for the study of art history?

Because it served as the seat of Byzantine power in the west and enjoyed great prosperity under the reign of Justinian, its vast collection of Byzantine art most clearly reveals the transition from the Early Christian to Byzantine style.

Which of the following terms best applies to books created for the private devotions of the laity, which were based on versions used by monks and which contained prayers to be read at specific times of day?

Books of Hours

In what way is the Romanesque "Bayeux Tapestry" like the ancient Roman "Column of Trajan?"

Both make reference to a historical event close to the time that it happened. -Both provide the conqueror's version of historical events and served as proclamations of national pride. -Both depict more than just active battle scenes but also include such preparations as felling trees, loading equipment or cooking food.

Why is Pietro Cavallini's "Last Judgment" fresco, painted in the nave of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome, so significant for the study of art history?

Cavallini depicted the apostles sitting in deep thrones seen in perspective as if turned in three-dimensional space. -In a radical departure from the "maniera greca," Cavallini used light effectively to create volume and mass, especially in the deep folds of the drapery. -It demonstrates his stature as an innovative, if under-recognized, 13th-century artist. -Cavallini unified the composition by turning the apostles and their thrones inward toward the figure of Christ from either side.

What was the religious significance of the vast amounts of light allowed by the design of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople?

Christians understood light as the "visual image of God," and its permeation through the Hagia Sophia gave the structure a transformative mystical or spiritual vision and energy.

Which of the following statements offers an accurate comparison between the two "Madonna Enthroned (Maestà)" altarpieces by Cimabue (Figure 14-6) and Giotto (Figure 14-8), shown here?

Cimabue's earlier version demonstrates a strong relationship to the Byzantine tradition -Whereas Cimabue had stacked his angels atop each other to suggest a crowd, Giotto depicted them as if standing on common ground, leaving a larger area of negative space above their heads. -Giotto replaced Cimabue's slender, fragile Madonna with a weighty, stable figure who appears to truly sit within her throne. -Giotto's later version demonstrates continuation with the Byzantine tradition in its use of a solid gold background.

By what visual means does the "Lamentation" fresco from the Saint Panteleimon at Nerezi, Macedonia present an emotionally-charged version of its narrative theme?

Dramatic gestures, facial expressions, and naturalistic setting

Which phrase best characterizes Archaic Etruscan art such as the "Apollo of Veii?"

Energy and excitement

Which of the following phrases best applies to the "Virgin and Child (Virgin of Paris)" statue from Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris?

Exaggerated elegance

All late medieval Italian painting was made for religious contexts.

False

Ambrogio Lorenzetti's painting of the "Effects of Good Government on the Country" can be understood as a snapshot representation of a specific day in the Tuscan countryside because of the identifying inscriptions recorded in the fresco.

False

Ancient Roman houses served no other purpose than to shelter the owner and his family members.

False

Because they all date to the early medieval period, all manuscript illuminations depicting Saint Michael from this period share the same stylistic characteristics.

False

Duccio di Buoninsegna demonstrated his interest in the new naturalistic style by infusing his altarpiece of the "Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints" for Siena Cathedral with as many innovations as he could masterfully execute.

False

Early Christian art always emphasized Christ's crucifixion and suffering at the hands of the Romans.

False

Gothic cathedral naves evolved from a three-story elevation (without tribunes) to a four-story elevation that included a triforium between the tribune and the clerestory.

False

In the mosaic of "Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and Attendants," at San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy, the Emperor Justinian is the only figure labeled with his name.

False

Islamic art is mostly concentrated in the Middle East and North Africa, and never enjoyed extensive patronage in continental Europe.

False

Ivory diptychs were generally used by middle-class patrons because it was an inexpensive material and could be carved easily by any artist.

False

Just like modern artists today, medieval Italian artists could make work as they saw fit and later sell it to collectors.

False

Just like monastic churches, urban Gothic cathedrals could be constructed in a relatively limited amount of time.

False

One result of the urbanization of Paris that had enormous consequences for history was its emergence as the new religious center of Europe.

False

One significant aspect of Giotto di Bondone's decorative program in the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel in Padua is that it is one of the most impressive and complete Christian pictorial cycles ever made.

False

Pilgrims most often journeyed to church to view elaborate reliquaries, which were the material remains of holy figures.

False

Polytheism is the worship of a single all-powerful deity whereas monotheism is the belief in many gods.

False

Romanesque architecture is characterized by the total replacement of timber roofs in all regions in favor of the new stone vaulting techniques.

False

The aspect of Etruscan society that contributed the most to their eventual downfall was their lack of mineral wealth.

False

The characterization of Mary in the "Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux" sculpture is that of an anguished mother holding the distorted body of her dead son, clearly expressing her horrified sorrow.

False

The chief difference between Gothic and Romanesque rib vaults is the thickness of the vault webbing.

False

The composition and style of Bernardus Gelduinus's "Christ in Majesty" at Saint-Sernin at Toulouse was most likely influenced by the style of Byzantine mosaics.

False

The development of the High Gothic "Rayonnant" style is most closely associated with Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis.

False

The earliest images of Christ in Late Antiquity portray several physical features that would remain constant across the next several centuries, including a mature, bearded face and imperial attributes such as the purple robe and halo.

False

The furnishings of Islamic mosques and palaces reflect a love of simplicity and easy legibility.

False

The heraldic composition of a man standing between two beasts on the Sutton Hoo purse cover is unique in art history, and cannot be connected to any artworks from the ancient world.

False

The main way in which the "Saint Apollinaris Amid Sheep" mosaic is similar to the "Christ as a Good Shepherd" mosaic, both in Ravenna, is that they both demonstrate the classical aesthetic preference to depict fully-modeled three-dimensional figures set naturalistic within a landscape setting.

False

The most characteristic feature of the earliest mosque designs is their dome-covered central plan.

False

The people living in 11th and 12th-century Europe called themselves "Romanesque" because they were proud of their revival of Roman-like forms of architecture.

False

The rebuilt cathedral of Notre-Dame at Chartres, France is considered a masterpiece of the High Gothic "Rayonnant" style.

False

The term "Roman-like" was adopted to describe the architecture of the Romanesque period because it relied on elements of Roman architecture such as the groin vault.

False

Which of the following was introduced to French Gothic architecture on the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris?

Flying buttresses

Which of the following characteristics suggest Duccio took inspiration from the Byzantine artistic tradition in depicting the figures of his "Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Maestà)" for Siena Cathedral?

Formality and symmetry

Which of the following sets of adjectives best describe the figures in the "Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and Attendants" mosaic from San Vitale at Ravenna, Italy?

Frontal, weightless, and vertical

Which of the following artworks marks the end of medieval painting in Italy and the beginning of a new naturalistic approach to art?

Giotto di Bondone, "Ognissanti Madonna," from the All Saints' Church, Florence, Italy

Why did Bernard of Clairvaux criticize the profusion of sculptural decoration in Romanesque churches?

He believed that it distracted the viewers (e.g. monks) from their primary purposes of reading and prayer.

Why did Abbot Suger remodel the church at Saint Denis, thereby changing the history of architecture forever?

He believed the existing basilica was of insufficient grandeur to serve as the official church of the French monarchy and therefore had to be rebuilt on a much grander and more beautiful scale.

Which of the following statements best explains Constantine's construction of elaborate new Christian churches, memorials and mausolea?

He claimed that the Christian God had guided his victory over his rival Maxentius, and therefore wanted to protect and advance Christianity throughout the Roman world.

How does Italy's place as a distribution center for the great silk trade relate to Duccio's "Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Maestà)" from Siena Cathedral?

He created the glistening and shimmering effects of textiles, adapting exotic motifs and designs.

By what evidence can art historians assert that color functions as a unifying agent for the entire decorative scheme developed by Giotto di Bondone for the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel in Padua, Italy?

He used the same kind of blue from the vault for the backgrounds of the narrative panels on each wall.

From among the following statements, which is the best explanation why Constantine located the earliest Christian churches on the outskirts, rather than in the center, of Rome?

He wanted to avoid confrontations between pagans and Christians.

What effect did Al-Hakam II desire the richly varied abstract patterning of the marble and mosaic decoration in the Great Mosque at Córdoba to have?

He wanted to emulate the great mosaic-filled monuments of his Umayyad predecessors in Jerusalem and Damascus.

Which of the following is the most likely reason why Emperor Leo III initiated iconoclasm?

He was shocked at the fact that nearly two-thirds of Byzantine territory had been lost to invading (iconoclastic) Arab and Saracen armies.

To which earlier cultural period can the use of ornamental initials, such as the Initial "R" from the "Moralia in Job" manuscript illumination, be traced?

Hiberno-Saxon

Which term refers to art of medieval monasteries in Ireland?

Hiberno-Saxon

What is the significance of Abbot Suger of Saint Denis for the study of Gothic art history?

His writings provide unique insight into his motivations as a religious patron and the aesthetic objectives of the new stained glass windows at Saint Denis. -He wrote three treatises about his activities as abbot that furnish a uniquely rich and detailed description of his role as a patron of art and architecture. -He was responsible for the earliest example of true Gothic architecture in the new ambulatory and radiating chapel design for Saint Denis.

A code of civil conduct and theory of education concerned with human values and interests; the exploration of individual potential and a desire to excel

Humanism

Stigmata

In Christian art, the wounds Christ received at his crucifixion that miraculously appear on the body of a saint

What is the best definition for "Prefiguration?"

In Early Christian Art, the depiction of Old Testament people or events as prophetic forerunners of Christ and New Testament events.

Radiating Chapel

In Medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly into the ambulatory or the transept

Ambulatory

In a Christian central-plan church, a covered passageway around the main central space

Mihrab

In a mosque, a semicircular niche, often ornately decorated, that marks the direction of prayer toward Mecca

Pax Romana

In ancient Rome, a general state of peace enjoyed by the territories controlled by Rome, during which the emperors commissioned great public works, imperial statues, and other decorative artworks

Felicior Augusto, Melior Traiano

In ancient Rome, a phrase used as a measure of success for later emperors, who strove to be "luckier than Augustus, better than Trajan"

Trumeau

In church architecture, the pillar or center post supporting the lintel in the middle of a doorway

Cloister

In monastic architecture, a central courtyard where monks could enjoy quiet, spiritual seclusion and a foretaste of Paradise

What was the significance of "indulgences" for the construction of Gothic cathedrals?

In order to help finance the enormous cost of a building a Gothic cathedral, the clergy offered pardons for sins committed in exchange for donations.

Sinopia

In the buon fresco method, a rough layer of thick plaster applied to the wall, onto which the design will be transferred -In the buon fresco method, a drawing executed with a burnt-orange pigment upon a wall in preparation for painting -"A day;" in the buon fresco method, the section of fine plaster prepared for one session's worth of painting

Which of the following social changes of the Romanesque period most directly contributed to the modification of church design such as longer and wider naves and aisles and the introduction of additional chapels?

Increasingly large crowds of pilgrims who traveled to pay homage to saints' relics housed in the church

Which of the following was not something that could typically be stipulated in the contract between an artist and patron?

Insistence that the patron be allowed to participate directly in the creation or execution of the commission

Which of the following was not a significant contribution or effect made by the Islamic world to Western European culture?

Invading Muslim armies always made sure to destroy any pagan or Christian monument they encountered in their new territories, destroying much earlier art that cannot now be studied.

What is the significance of the triforium in Gothic architecture?

It broke up the continuous Romanesque wall surface with a new horizontal zone and created the characteristic Early Gothic four-story elevation.

Which two stylistic traditions are represented on the cover from the "Lindau Gospels," reflecting the stylistic diversity of much early medieval art?

It combines the early Christian pictorial tradition with the linear style of the "Utrecht Psalter."

Why is the "Betrayal of Judas" scene from the back side of Duccio di Buoninsegna's altarpiece for Siena Cathedral so significant for the study of art history?

It combines the traditional golden background of the Italo-Byzantine tradition with a new interest in the style of the figures themselves. -The figures are imbued with a sense of mass through the use of tonal ranges from light to dark as well as the way the draperies wrap convincingly around them. -The figures appear to react emotionally to the central event of the panel in individualized ways.

How did the study of Cicero and the Augustan age shape humanist values in 14th-century Italy?

It contributed to the humanist emphasis on the importance of creative individuals and their role in contributing to the renown of their city-state and of Italy. -The conscientious study of Latin classics lead to the preservation and promotion of ancient writing. -It lead to the emulation of "Roman" values of civic virtue such self-sacrificing service to the state and participation in government. -It provided a model for living through the use of reason and logic rather than based in the authoritative and traditional dogmas of religion.

How did the study of Cicero and the Augustan age shape humanist values in 14th-century Italy?

It contributed to the humanist emphasis on the importance of creative individuals and their role in contributing to the renown of their city-state and of Italy. -The conscientious study of Latin classics lead to the preservation and promotion of ancient writing. -It provided a model for living through the use of reason and logic rather than based in the authoritative and traditional dogmas of religion. -It lead to the emulation of "Roman" values of civic virtue such self-sacrificing service to the state and participation in government.

Why is the decorative program designed and executed by Giotto di Bondone in the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (Figure 14-1), shown here, so significant for the study of art history?

It demonstrates Giotto's ability to reconcile both problems of illusionistic painting: not only to convey "real" weighty bodies but also to create a "space" sufficient to contain them. -In correlation with its patron's identity as a banker and moneylender, it demonstrates the patron's intention that the chapel help him atone for his sin of usury (lending money at unreasonably high interest rates). -It represents a turning point in the history of art from the medieval focus on depicting the spiritual world back toward emphasis on the visible world. -It demonstrates Giotto's goal of emulating the appearance of the natural world, in contrast to the common artistic practice of his time.

Which of the following statements about the "Death of the Virgin" relief from Strasbourg Cathedral is true?

It demonstrates the regional Gothic style of the Holy Roman Empire. -The sculptor's objective was to imbue the sacred figures with human emotions and to stir an emotional response in the viewer. -Its treatment of the figures is similar to that of the "Visitation Group" on Reims Cathedral. -Its treatment of the drapery and volumetric bodies reflects Classical influences.

How does the "Lamentation" scene from the "Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel" in Padua, Italy demonstrate the revolutionary nature of Giotto's style?

It demonstrates the use of all design components toward creating a unified and rhythmic order to the composition. -It demonstrates his ability to provide a stage-like setting for his figures to inhabit, here bound by the rock ledge below and slope behind. -It demonstrates his ability to depict a broad spectrum of emotions through facial expression and gesture, from fierce despair to passionate outburst to philosophical resignation. -It demonstrates his bold use of foreshortening: the angels darting about in hysterical grief are shown flying directly toward or away from the viewer.

Which of the following statements supports the claim that the "Bayeux Tapestry" is unique in Romanesque art?

It depicted an actual event in full detail shortly after it occurred.

How does the subject and style of the "Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux" statue symbolize the Gothic period?

It depicts the Virgin Mary, one of the most influential religious figures of the Gothic period. -It depicts the Virgin Mary with a gentle sway in the body and naturalistic sweep in the drapery that is more humanizing than earlier, more rigid styles. -It depicts the Virgin Mary in her role as loving mother, emphasizing both her compassionate nature and her role as a mediator that were so appealing to the faithful of the Gothic period.

In what way does Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Effects of Good Government on the Country" and its detail "Peaceful Country" reflect contemporary Italian society?

It emphasizes the importance of good government that was prized by Italian Republics such as Siena. -Lorenzetti suggests the peaceful nature of the scene using gentle movement throughout the landscape. -It demonstrates the Italian interest in naturalism and the emotive power of images.

Which of the following is the most significant way in which the three-aisled basilica plan for the Monastery of Saint gall differed from all of its early Christian prototypes?

It had a second apse on the west end.

What was the significance of stained glass for Gothic architecture and society?

It introduced a new form of narrative iconography into churches attended by illiterate worshippers. -It literally transformed previously-dark church interiors into brilliant visions of color and illumination. -It allowed for the transmission of "Lux Nova" ("new light"), understood as the presence of God himself, into the church. -It replaced the walls with a fragile medium in a manner that appeared miraculous to contemporary audiences.

What is the historical significance of Kairouan's Great Mosque in Tunisia?

It is an early example of the hypostyle mosque type that most closely resembles the layout of Muhammad's house in Medina.

What is the significance of the groin vault for monumental stone construction?

It is much more effective and versatile than the barrel vault because it concentrates the pressure of the weight above it into its four supporting points, allowing the space in between to be opened with windows if so desired.

Why is Bonaventura Berlinghieri's "Saint Francis Altarpiece" from San Francesco in Pescia, Italy so significant for the study of art history?

It is the earliest securely dated representation of this saint. -It demonstrates the contemporary "maniera greca" style of painting heavily influenced by Byzantine prototypes. -It depicts the saint demonstrating the stigmata wounds that miraculously appeared on his hands and feet. -It demonstrates the increasingly prominent role of religious orders in late medieval Italy.

Why was the fall of Constantinople in 1204 an important event for the development of 14th-century Italian art?

It precipitated the migration of Byzantine artists to Italy.

Of the various theories proposed to explain the sudden proliferation of stone vaulting in the Romanesque period, which of the following is the most likely?

It satisfied the Romanesque desire to provide a suitably majestic setting for the display of relics as well as enhancing the acoustics for the Christian liturgy.

What was the significance of the 14th-century outbreak of Bubonic Plague (Black Death) in Europe for the study of art history?

It stimulated a surge in the commission of devotional images by patrons who sought divine intervention.

How is the mosaic of the "Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes" from Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy different from most other examples of Late Antique art?

It uses a golden background and halo around Jesus' head to emphasize the spiritual aspects of these figures and event.

What is the significance of the "Rebeca and Eliezer at the Well" page from the "Vienna Genesis" manuscript for the study of art history?

It uses continuous narrative and anecdotal detail, ancient manners of pictorial storytelling, to depict this Biblical tale.

By what evidence can art historians surmise that the manuscript illumination of "Abraham and the Three Angels," Folio 7 Verso of the "Psalter of Saint Louis" from Paris, France (Figure 13-33), shown here, was made by artists in close contact with those responsible for the stained glass decoration in Louis IX's Sainte-Chapelle?

It was not unusual at the time for masters in some urban workshops to produce both glass and illuminated books. -The painted architecture in the background of this scene demonstrates the same pierced screenlike lightness and transparency that is evident in the design of Sainte-Chapelle. -The elegant proportions, facial expressions, theatrical gestures and swaying poses of the figures are characteristic of the Parisian court style.

What is the significance of the plan of Chartres Cathedral, as rebuilt after its devastating fire in 1194, for the study of art and architectural history?

Its combination of a square aisle flanking a rectangular nave bay, each topped with a four-part vault, became the standard for High Gothic church architecture. -Its clerestory boasted large windows that were nearly as tall as the nave arcade and contained double lancets with a crowning oculus. -It was the first church to use the characterically-Gothic three-part nave elevation consisting of triforium level between the nave arcade and clerestory. -It was the first church planned from its inception to have flying buttresses to support the vault.

What was a major advantage of the Gothic ribbed vault design over earlier forms?

Its form: the pointed arches lead the eye upward and made the vaults appear taller than they actually were, adding to the aesthetic pleasure of the interior. -Its strength: it channeled the weight of the vault more directly downward so that it required less buttressing to hold the vaults in place. -Its flexibility: it enabled the vaulting of compartments of multiple shapes beyond simple squares and rectangles.

In what way does the "Triumph of Death" by either Traini or Buffalmacco reflect contemporary Italian society?

Its location on a wall surrounding a burial ground in Pisa's "Holy Field" reflects its content depicting the horrors of death and the contemporary Italian fascination with images of death. -It served as a warning against greed and lust that matched the commitment to a life of poverty held by the mendicant Dominicans who may have commissioned it. -Its emphasis on death imagery can be connected to a general trend in 14th-century Italian art that was exacerbated by the outbreak of Black Death in the 1340s.

Why is Durham Cathedral in England so significant for the study of art and architectural history?

Its ribbed groin vaults are among the earliest to be used over a three-story nave elevation in Romanesque architecture. -It replaced groin vaults in the tribune with quadrant arches that serves as buttresses for the nave vaults, foreshadowing the use of flying buttresses in the Gothic period. -It brings together for the first time the particular combination of rib vaulting and slightly pointed arches that would be the hallmark of later Gothic architecture. -Unlike other contemporary structures, it was designed to be a vaulted structure from the beginning, and so the pattern of its ribs and vaults correspond perfectly to the design of the arcade below.

Which of the following did not support Paris's claim to be the new intellectual center of Gothic Europe?

Its service as the principal center of commerce in Europe

Which of the following is one of the exceptional features of the interior of Saint-Étienne at Vignory in comparison to other Romanesque churches?

Its use of rib vaulting

The practice of joining colored glass pieces together using cames

Leading

St. Matthew

Man or winged man

Wool and silk

Maqsud of Kashan, carpet from the funerary mosque of Shaykh Safi al-Din, Arbadil, Iran

From among the following choices, which material did the Roman emperors prefer for their sculpture?

Marble

In contrast to other monastic orders, which of the following lived and preached in urban environments?

Mendicant

In medieval Europe, "beggar friars" who denounced all worldly goods and devoted themselves to preaching, teaching, and doing good works while supported by contributions of laypersons

Mendicant

Ancient Etruscan artists were most renowned for their skill in which of the following artistic media?

Metalworking

From which of the following periods does the earliest datable Christian art originate?

Mid-Third century

Tempera

Mix pigment with a binding agent such as egg yolk or milk casein and work quickly to paint an image onto a prepared, hard surface such as wood panel.

Encaustic

Mix pigment with melted wax and work quickly to paint an image onto a prepared, hard surface such as wood panel.

The mihrab, a semicircular niche set into a mosque's qibla wall, probably honors the place where

Muhammad stood when leading communal worship.

The beginning of Islam is marked by an event called the Hijra, otherwise known as

Muhammad's "emigration" to Medina.

What did Pietro Lorenzetti's "Birth of the Virgin" contribute to the development of pictorial realism in the 14th-century Italy?

One of the figures is cut off by a piece of painted architecture as if blocked from view by it, strengthening the pictorial illusion. -He painted timber architecture dividing the altarpiece into three sections as though extending back into painted space. -He set his figures within a realistic domestic interior space instead of in front of a solid color background. -He painted the altarpiece as if viewers were looking into a boxlike stage where the event is taking place.

What is the significance of the decision to combine Old Testament scenes from the story of Genesis, such as "God Accusing Adam and Eve," with New Testament scenes of the Life of Christ on the doors of Saint Michael's church at Hildesheim, Germany?

Ottonian clergy interpreted Hebrew scripture as prefiguring the New Testament, so together, the doors can be understood to tell the story of original sin and ultimate redemption through Christ.

Saint Faith (Sainte-Foy) at Conques, Saint James at Santiago de Compostela, and Saint-Sernin at Toulouse are all examples of what kind of Romanesque church?

Pilgrimage church

A form of ornamental stonework holding stained glass in place in which the glass occupies "punched holes" within the heavy stone framework

Plate Tracery

What prior experience probably made the most profound contribution toward developing Pietro Cavallini's classical-revival style?

Pope Nicholas III had commissioned him to restore the Early Christian frescoes in the church of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome.

How does Flavian portraiture, including portraits of the Emperor Vespasian, compare to Augustan and Julio-Claudian portraiture?

Portraits of the Emperor Vespasian rejected Augustan classicism and revived verism to emphasize the new emperor's Republican values in contrast to the hated last Julio-Claudian emperor Nero.

In the "Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux" sculpture, Mary is shown not only as the mother of Christ but also as the

Queen of Heaven.

What was the rule developed in the 6th century for governing the daily life of monks living in the monastery?

Regula Sancti Benedicti

Which is the best translation of the phrase "Renovatio Imperii Romani" from Charlemagne's official seal?

Renewal of the Roman Empire

Abbot Suger

Saint-Denis, France

High Gothic "Rayonnant Style"

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France

Which church's plan provided the model for Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen?

San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy

Which of the following artists was instrumental in creating the International Gothic Style?

Simone Martini

Which of the following phrases best applies to the statue group of Ekkehard and Uta from Naumberg Cathedral?

Solemnity and quiet exactitude

In contrast to the Cluniacs, which order eventually prohibited full-page illustrations in their manuscripts?

The Cistercians

Which stylistic tradition is represented by the figure of Jesus in the "Crucifixion" on the book cover of the "Lindau Gospels" from Saint Gall in Switzerland?

The Early Christian tradition of a youthful, triumphant Christ

Which of the following historical events had the most significant impact on the fortunes of Byzantium and the art of the Late Byzantine period?

The Fourth Crusade sack of Constantinople and the subsequent breaking of the Byzantine Empire into three smaller territories

Which Carolingian architectural plan demonstrated the beginnings of the modular system that would later become so important?

The Monastery of Saint Gall

With which of the following monuments is the Emperor Hadrian best associated?

The Pantheon, a temple to all the gods that solved the problem of constructing the largest dome ever made by using concrete of varying composition to intersect two circles and place a dome atop a drum

Who was the patron that commissioned Ambrogio Lorenzetti's fresco cycle depicting "Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country?"

The Siena city government

The frieze from the façade of Modena reminded the faithful of original sin and the path to salvation through Christ via the use of what subject matter for its imagery?

The Temptation of Adam and Eve

What was the historical cause for the prominent rise of monastic orders in 14th-century Italy and their subsequent impact on art?

The absence of a pope in Rome after the transfer of the papacy to Avignon, France in 1305

Pilgrimage

The act of undertaking a journey, often of great distance and personal danger, to visit the relics of holy figures in the hope of a cure or the remission of sins

What were the images of Old Testament kings and queens used on French cathedral portals to represent?

The ancestors of Christ

By what visual means does the "Virgin (Theotokos) and Child Enthroned" mosaic from the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople relate more closely to the classical aesthetic than its Early Byzantine prototypes?

The angular placement of the throne and the Virgin's foot placement soften the strict frontality of older representations of this theme.

In what way was Master Honoré's illumination of "Samuel Anointing David" and "Battle of David and Goliath" from the "Breviary of Philippe le Bel" different from typical Parisian painting of the time?

The artist was much more interested in giving his figures sculpture-like volume through the play of light across their bodies.

By what visual evidence is the initial "R" from the "Moralia in Job" manuscript page typical of the French Romanesque style?

The banding in the torso and the partitioning of the folds of the costumes

Monotheism

The belief in a single, all-powerful god

Polytheism

The belief in multiple gods who often have specialized roles or areas of influence

Which of the following statements is true about the Roman "Sarcophagus of a Philosopher" from the later third century CE?

The central composition of a frontal central figure flanked by two subordinate figures is typical of the Late Antique style

Which of the following is the most likely reason why Romanesque church portals were so often richly decorated with didactic (instructive) figural sculpture?

The clergy considered the church doorway as the beginning of the path to salvation through Christ.

Sunnah

The collection of the Prophet Muhammad's moral sayings and descriptions of his deeds

Which feature at Saint-Sernin served as the module for the proportions of the entire church?

The crossing square

How does Nicola Pisano's relief of the "Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds" from the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistry (Figure 14-3), shown here, demonstrate the influence of the antique classical style?

The densely packed, large-scale figures -The facial types and styles of the beards and hairstyles -The dignified posture and bulky drapery of the reclining figure of Mary

For what reason have some scholars suggested that Giotto di Bondone may have been the architect as well as the painter for Enrico Scrovegni's "Arena Chapel" in Padua, Italy?

The design of its interior perfectly suits the interior decoration.

Why is the design of Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany so significant for the study of art and architectural history?

The design of the interior, with its strict compartmentalization and provision of a vault for each nave bay, gives a more convincing impression of a sequence of vertical spacial blocks than other structures in France and Spain. -The use of large masonry groin vaults for the nave is one of the most daring and successful engineering experiments of the Romanesque period. -Its insertion of large clerestory windows to provide light inside the building demonstrates a different aesthetic objective for architecture in the Holy Roman Empire than Romanesque France.

How does Nicola Pisano's relief of the "Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds" from the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistry (Figure 14-3), shown here, demonstrate the influence of the antique classical style?

The dignified posture and bulky drapery of the reclining figure of Mary -The densely packed, large-scale figures -The facial types and styles of the beards and hairstyles

By what evidence can art historians surmise that the manuscript illumination of "Abraham and the Three Angels," Folio 7 Verso of the "Psalter of Saint Louis" from Paris, France (Figure 13-33), shown here, was made by artists in close contact with those responsible for the stained glass decoration in Louis IX's Sainte-Chapelle?

The elegant proportions, facial expressions, theatrical gestures and swaying poses of the figures are characteristic of the Parisian court style. -It was not unusual at the time for masters in some urban workshops to produce both glass and illuminated books. -The painted architectural frame around the figures features rose windows with bar tracery, which was a common feature in much Rayonnant architecture such as Sainte-Chapelle. -The intensity of some of the colors and the heavy lines of the fabric borders emulate the brilliant effects and physical characteristics of stained glass panels. -The painted architecture in the background of this scene demonstrates the same pierced screenlike lightness and transparency that is evident in the design of Sainte-Chapelle.

Clerestory

The fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of other parts; in church architecture, usually located as the uppermost level of a nave elevation

How did Duccio di Buoninsegna deviate from the Byzantine style in his depiction of "Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Maestà)," from Siena Cathedral, Italy (Figure 14-10), shown here?

The four saints across the foreground have individualized faces. -The drapery falls loosely and in curving folds. -The figures turn to each other in quiet conversation.

Why do art historians believe that the mosaic decoration on the Great Mosque at Damascus, Syria was probably the work of Byzantine artists?

The gold background is a typically Byzantine design element.

Why is the manuscript illumination of "God as Creator of the World," Folio 1 Verso of a moralized Bible from Paris, France so significant for the study of art history?

The image does not follow the Biblical account of creation because it shows the Earth being made after the Sun and Moon, instead of first -The use of a solid gold background has no parallel in contemporary stained glass, but may relate to the Byzantine aesthetic objective of attempting to evoke an "otherworldly" realm of the cosmos. -An inscription across the top of the page identifying the scene is written in French instead of Latin. -God is shown using a Gothic builder's compass to create perfectly circular forms, suggesting the symbolic importance of geometric shapes such as the triangle and circle in Gothic theology as well as architectural design.

Why are the 14th-century German sculptures of Ekkehard and Uta at Naumburg Cathedral so significant for the study of art history?

The individualized facial features and contemporary costumes give the impression that the subjects poses for their portraits, even though they did not live in the same era. -They follow the tradition of French jamb figures in being attached to the columns and standing beneath an architectural canopy, but depart strongly from it in their forceful projection away from their background and their free movement. -They retain much of their original polychromy paint, providing insight into the original appearance of such sculptures. -They portray convincing images of historical individuals who exhibit naturalistic, anecdotal behaviors.

How does Giovanni Pisano's relief of the "Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds" from the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistry (Figure 14-4), shown here, demonstrate the influence of the French Gothic style?

The loose and dynamic figural arrangement -The slender and sinuous figures demonstrating "nervous agitation" -The twisting and bending postures of excited animation

Springing

The lowest point of a stone arch before its vertical support, where the lateral thrust of the ceiling above exerts the most pressure

Atrium

The main reception space that was partly open to the sky, where clients of the owner could gather for the morning salutation ritual

How can the fact that the manuscript illumination of an "Initial R with a Knight Fighting Dragons" was produced at the Cistercian abbey of Cîtaux be reconciled with the Cistercian ban against monastic figural imagery?

The manuscript was completed nearly two decades before the ban took effect.

In what way is the sculptural program for the west facade at Chartres Cathedral distinctly different from its earlier Romanesque counterparts?

The prominence of Mary in the portal program

Continuous Narrative

The repeated depiction of a figure within a single scene in order to convey the passage of time or different moments in a story

Which feature of Laon Cathedral soon became standard for French Gothic cathedral facades?

The rose window

How do art historians know that the "Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux" sculpture is meant to depict Mary as "Queen of Heaven?"

The sculpture originally wore a crown and the fleur-de-lis scepter is a symbol of the French monarchy.

Why is Nicola Pisano's design for the pulpit of the baptistery at Pisa, Italy (Figure 14-3), shown here, so significant for the study of art history?

The style of the relief panels imitates ancient Roman modes of depiction. -It blends together design elements from the medieval tradition as well as from classical antiquity. -It represents a new kind of church furniture that he may have invented.

Which of the following is not a distinctive characteristic of Giotto di Bondone's artistic style?

The use gold linear highlights to suggest the effects of light falling upon three-dimensional forms

Hadith

The words and exemplary deeds of the Prophet Muhammad

Why must the mosaic decoration insides the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy be considered one of the greatest achievements of Byzantine art?

They form a unified composition whose theme is the holy ratification of Justinian's God-given right to rule.

In Gislebertus's image of the "Last Judgment" on the portal of Saint-Lazare at Autun, what is the significance of the figures depicted carrying bags adorned with a shell and a cross, counted among those who would be judged favorably?

This iconography identifies them as pilgrims to Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela.

By what visual means did the artists of the murals in the Dura-Europos synagogue communicate the important moments of the biblical narratives they wanted to portray?

Through stylized gestures

Which of the following statements best supports the art historical speculation that 7th c. BCE Etruscans of the Orientalizing period were enjoying newly acquired wealth?

Tombs such as the Regolini-Galassi Tomb demonstrate a remarkable quantity of high-quality and expensive grave goods such as gold jewelry, bronze cauldrons, and painted pottery imported from Greece.

"Maniera Greca" means "Greek Style," and refers to the Byzantine-influenced style of 13th century Italy.

True

Although Constantine had been Christianity's first imperial sponsor and Theodosius I had established Christianity as the Empire's official religion, it was not until Justinian that Christianity and its Orthodox doctrine was declared the Empire's only lawful religion.

True

Although demonstrating some continuity with the classical aesthetic tradition, the artist of the "Saint Michael" ivory diptych panel did not share the classical goal of representing the three-dimensional world in a convincing or consistent manner.

True

Although freestanding images of Christ were uncommon in Late Antiquity, several statuettes of the Good Shepherd exist, and were probably made for recent Christian converts.

True

Although he was critical of the Bedouin and Arab polytheistic religion and had all the old idols destroyed, Muhammad preserved the Kaaba shrine in Mecca.

True

Although the names of very few medieval architects are known today, the identities of quite a few builders from the Gothic age have been recorded for posterity, including the names of those who worked on Reims Cathedral

True

Although the phenomenon of damnatio memoriae was not unique to ancient Rome, the Roman government deployed it as a political tool more frequently and more systematically than any other civilization.

True

Although they did so in opposite ways, the "Virgin and Child (Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière)" stained glass lancet window from Chartres Cathedral and similar compositions of the enthroned Madonna and Child in Byzantine mosaics shared the aesthetic objective of transforming the material world into a spiritual one via the the transmission or reflection of light.

True

Ancient (pagan) Roman architects did not use pendentives because they had not yet been invented.

True

Arguably the most famous work of Romanesque English art is the Bayeux Tapestry, in large part because it records an actual historical event.

True

Art historians better understand the marvelous effect that early medieval manuscripts had on their viewers from contemporary sources like descriptions written by travelers who remark about the "colors so fresh and vivid that you might say that all this was the work of an angel."

True

Art historians know about the Anglo-Saxon cultural practice of burying great heroes with prestige items such as rings and brooches as a testament to their greatness because of passages in the contemporary epic of "Beowulf."

True

Art historians know that the artist responsible for the design of the great carpets found in the funerary mosque of Saykh Safi al-Din at Arbadil, Iran was called Maqsud of Kashan because his name is integrated into the design of the carpet itself.

True

Byzantine icons were heirs to the Roman tradition of portrait painting on wood panels, but innovated the Christian subject matter and function as devotional objects.

True

Early Christian art almost always depicted Christ in the guise of a Good Shepherd or as a teacher, rather than focusing on his death.

True

Early medieval European art is characterized, in part, by the great variety of aesthetic styles that could draw upon any combination of classical, Late Antique, Byzantine, or native northern traditions.

True

Early medieval manuscripts produced at northern monasteries were designed to dazzle the recently converted members of the congregation with their sheer beauty as precious objects.

True

Eastern Christians considered the icon as a personal, intimate, and indispensable medium for spiritual transaction with holy figures.

True

Giotto's individual artist's style is characterized by his use of solid volumes resting firmly on the flat and horizontal surface of the earth.

True

In contrast to modern artists, medieval Italian artists only worked on commission and did not have the freedom to choose the subject or display contexts of their art.

True

No matter what their location or design, all mosques must face toward Mecca and the Kaaba shrine.

True

Of all the Ottonian rulers, Otto III was the most fervent in his desire to revive the power of ancient Rome in a new Christian Empire.

True

Of all the architectural innovations of the Gothic period, flying buttresses were the most significant because they allowed for the creation of increasingly tall and thin cathedral structures.

True

One of Sinan the Great's motivations for his design of the Great Mosque of Selim II in Edirne, Turkey was to surpass the achievement of Byzantine architects responsible for the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

True

One of the first artists to break from the Italo-Byzantine style was Cenni di Pepo, better known as Cimabue.

True

One of the first great Islamic buildings is the Dome of The Rock, built in Jerusalem soon after the Muslim capture of that city from the Byzantines in the 7th century.

True

One of the most notable developments of the Carolingian period is the construction and expansion of many monasteries, which were responsible for the preservation and dissemination of ancient knowledge via the manuscripts produced in their scriptoria.

True

One of the most obvious differences between Cistercian churches and those built by other Romanesque monastic orders is the near-total absence of sculptural decoration at Cistercian sites.

True

One of the most remarkable features of the 5th century ivory plaque depicting "Suicide of Judas and Crucifixion of Christ" is that Jesus is depicted nearly nude and in an upright pose as if displayed upon the cross, triumphant over death.

True

One of the most significant aspects of the Great Mosque at Damascus in Syria is that it synthesizes elements from other cultures into a novel architectural unity that included new, distinctively Islamic mosque elements.

True

One of the most significant characteristics of Romanesque pilgrimage churches such as Saint-Sernin at Toulouse and Saint James at Santiago de Compostela is the use of cut-stone barrel vaults to cover the naves.

True

Pilgrims most often journeyed to church to view relics, which were the material remains of holy figures.

True

Rather than emulate the classical emphasis on volume and shading, the Hiberno-Saxon artist responsible for the "Saint Matthew" figure from the "Lindisfarne Gospels" conceived the subject exclusively in terms of line and color, using sharp, regularly spaced lines filled with areas of flat color to denote the saint's body parts and posture.

True

The "Bayeux Tapestry" has been called the "most Roman-like" work of Romanesque art because of its many parallels to the Column of Trajan in Rome.

True

The "Carolingian Renaissance" was a remarkable historical phenomenon in which the art, culture, and political ideas of Early Christian Rome were energetically and brilliantly emulated.

True

The "Royal Portal" in the west facade of the Gothic cathedral at Chartres, France is so called because of the figures of Old Testament kings and queen depicted in its jamb statuary.

True

The "Röttgen Pietà" powerfully demonstrates the increasing Gothic interest in depicting the suffering of Jesus and the grief of his mother and followers.

True

The Edict of Milan issued by Constantine in 313 established Christianity as a legal religion with equal or superior standing to the traditional Roman cults.

True

The Fourth Style of Roman Wall Painting can be described as a summation of the three earlier styles because it presents a combination of designs that either reinforce or dissolve the flat surface of the wall.

True

The Islamic artistic practice of calligraphy was considered a holy task because "purity of writing is purity of soul," according to an Arab proverb.

True

The Romanesque church of Cluny III was the largest in Europe until the new Saint Peter's basilica was constructed in Rome several hundred years later.

True

The characterization of Mary in the "Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux" sculpture is that of a beautiful young mother holding her young son, without any hint of future grief, stands as an elegant Queen of Heaven.

True

The composition and style of Bernardus Gelduinus's "Christ in Majesty" at Saint-Sernin at Toulouse was most likely influenced by the style of Carolingian or Ottonian metalwork and/or ivory carvings .

True

The earliest Christian churches adapted the form of the ancient Roman basilica because they needed a large interior space for their congregations and did not want to associate themselves with the temples of the pagan gods.

True

The earliest churches in Rome were associated with the graves of Christian martyrs.

True

The essential core value of Romanesque artists, whether their names were recorded or they remained anonymous, was that their works existed for the sole purpose of glorifying God.

True

The figural sculpture on the west façade of Chartres Cathedral constitutes the most complete surviving ensemble of Early Gothic sculpture.

True

The furnishings of Islamic mosques and palaces reflect a love of sumptuous materials and rich decorative patterns.

True

The intense color and elegant figures of the "Psalter of Saint Louis" imitates the appearance of contemporary stained glass.

True

The intertwining forms on the "Initial L and Saint Matthew" illumination from the "Codex Colbertinus" demonstrates the long life of the Hiberno-Saxon animal interlace style.

True

The juxtaposition of Old and New Testament content to communicate spiritual themes in church decoration was a tradition established in the Early Christian period that continued into the Romanesque.

True

The main distinction between Romanesque and Gothic cathedral sculpture is that in the Gothic period they were made as free-standing sculptures nearly detached from the church walls.

True

The main distinction between Romanesque and Gothic cathedral sculpture is that in the Romanesque period they were made as free-standing sculptures nearly detached from the church walls.

True

The main reason why many Christians were deeply suspicious of icons and icon painting was because of the Second Commandment prohibition against making "any graven image or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, [in the earth beneath, or in the water under the earth.]"

True

The marble frieze on the facade of Modena Cathedral in Italy is one of the first examples of fully developed narrative relief scupture in Romanesque art.

True

The masterful nature of the mosaic tilework on the Mihrab of the Madrasa Imami at Isfahan, Iran is evident in the fact that every single piece had to be cut to fits its specific location in the niche.

True

The mosaic decoration in the Great Mosque of Damascus in Syria was meant to convey an image of Paradise full of palaces, gardens, groves and streams awaiting the faithful.

True

The positions of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora in the apse mosaics at San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy were carefully calculated to convey formulas of precedence and rank, with the Emperor standing in the center of his composition and Theodora at the head of her procession.

True

The revised plan established at Chartres Cathedral after its devastating fire, which featured a single square in each aisle flanking a rectangular nave bay topped with a four-part vault, became the standard for High Gothic church architecture.

True

The sculptural program of the west façade at Chartres Cathedral proclaims the power and majesty of Jesus Christ through the coordinated use of scenes from the life of Jesus and Mary in the capitals of all three doorways.

True

The setting for Pietro Lorenzetti's "Birth of the Virgin" is a detailed, upper-class domestic interior, and represented an important advance in the depiction of worldly realism in art.

True

The term "Roman-like" was adopted to describe the architecture of the Romanesque period because it relied on elements of Roman architecture such as the groin vault.

True

The tympanum of the right portal in the west facade at Chartres Cathedral depicts the Virgin and Child in a manner that recalls Romanesque "Throne of Wisdom" themes as well as Byzantine depictions of Mary as the Theotokos.

True

The typical High Gothic nave bay, as developed in the remodeled cathedral at Chartres, featured a four-part (quadripartite) ribbed vault.

True

The unification of calligraphic and abstract geometric elements in the Mihrab of the Madrasa Imami at Isfahan, Iran is so complete that only a practiced eye can usually distinguish between areas of script and areas of pure pattern.

True

Transfiguration

When Jesus scales a mountain and transforms into radiant light in the presence of Peter, James, and John the Evangelist

Lamentation

When the Virgin Mary, Joseph of Arimathea, Nicodemus, John the Evangelist and Mary Magdalene mourn of the body of the already-deceased Jesus

Anastasis

When the already-deceased Jesus descends into Limbo to free the souls of the righteous, including Adam, Eve, Moses, David, Solomon, and John the Baptist

Which of the following statements offers an accurate comparison between the two "Madonna Enthroned (Maestà)" altarpieces by Cimabue (Figure 14-6) and Giotto (Figure 14-8), shown here?

Whereas Cimabue had stacked his angels atop each other to suggest a crowd, Giotto depicted them as if standing on common ground, leaving a larger area of negative space above their heads. -Cimabue's earlier version demonstrates a strong relationship to the Byzantine tradition. -Giotto's later version demonstrates continuation with the Byzantine tradition in its use of a solid gold background. -Giotto replaced Cimabue's slender, fragile Madonna with a weighty, stable figure who appears to truly sit within her throne.

Which of the following statements provides the best comparison between the "Triumph of Titus" relief from the Arch of Titus in Rome, Italy and the "Chariot Procession of Septimius Severus" relief from the Arch of Septimius Severus from Lepcis Magna, Libya?

Whereas the "Triumph of Titus" convincingly uses the classical style to convey forward movement through three-dimensional space, the "Chariot Procession of Septimius Severus" demonstrates a new non-naturalistic aesthetic emphasizing frontality and "floating" figures to convey stately stillness.

What was the significance of the cult of the Virgin for Gothic society?

Worshippers believed that the Virgin stood between the sinner and Christ and could act as their intermediary and benefactor. -Many of the great Gothic cathedrals were dedicated to her. -It helped to shift focus away from the severity of the Romanesque period toward a more gentle and compassionate theme for redemption.

The most devastating natural disaster in Europe that broke out in the 1340s was

the Bubonic Plague.

Contrary to ancient Greek practice, pedimental sculpture is extremely rare in Etruscan temple architecture because they only placed statuary on or in ___

the peaks of the temple roof

The primary motivation for undertaking a pilgrimage, which was extremely dangerous and could often last a year or more, was

to seek salvation or a cure.

An "attribute" is the distinctive identifying aspect of a person (an object or other iconographic symbol), such as the means by which a saint was martyred.

true

One of the most distinctive characteristics of ancient Roman art is their creation of 'historical reliefs' that often contain very little factual, historical content.

true

One of the most significant aspects of the Column of Trajan is its innovative spiral frieze decoration, which was frequently copied in later centuries.

true

The "Saint Apollinaris Amid Sheep" apse mosaic from Sant'Apollinare in Classe in Ravenna, Italy places its figures in hierarchical order with the hand of God at the very top above a large Cross, symbolic of Christ, and the Saint and his flock below, allowing even illiterate members of the congregation to "read" the significance of the iconography.

true

The Roman Emperor who most greatly admired ancient Greek art and culture was Hadrian, who even inspired a new fashion trend by being the first Roman emperor to wear a beard.

true

Which of the following is the best explanation for the particular depiction of the four embracing and identically-dressed Tetrarchs in their porphyry portrait sculpture from Constantinople?

It typifies their habit to appear in art as a unified group in order to convey their harmonious partnership as co-rulers of the vast Roman Empire.

Porphyry

Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs, from Constantinople, ca. 300 CE

An artwork that demonstrates the assimilation of the Etruscans into Roman culture by the first century BCE

"Aule Metele (L'Arringatore/ The Orator)," from Cortona, Italy

Hollow-Cast Bronze

"Chimera of Arezzo," from Arezzo, Italy, early 4th c. BCE

Late-Antique Style

"Distribution of Largess," from the "Arch of Constantine," Rome, Italy "Decursio," from the "Column of Antoninus Pius," Rome, Italy

Classical Style

"Female Personification (Tellus?)," from the "Ara Pacis Augustae," Rome, Italy "Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina," from the "Column of Antoninus Pius," Rome, Italy

Princeps

"First citizen," a title used by the first Roman emperor and his successors to distinguish themselves from Hellenistic monarchs

Terracotta

"Sarcophagus of a Reclining Couple," from Cerveteri, Italy, ca. 520 BCE

Which of the following statements best explained why the relief decoration on the Arch of Titus in Rome is so significant for the study of art history?

-Instead of continuing the low-relief technique previously used on Augustus' "Are Pacis," the sculptor chose to carve the figures more deeply to generate more dramatic contrasts of highlights and shadows to emphasize the sense of movement. -The "Spoils of Jerusalem" relief presents a convincing illusion of movement in its representation of the triumphal parade through the streets of Rome. -The "Triumph of Titus" relief is the first known instance of the commingling of divine beings and human figures on official Roman historical relief.

Which of the following statements best explains the significance of the Roman statue "Portrait of a general from the Sanctuary of Hercules at Tivoli, Italy"

-It demonstrates a desire to emphasize different aspects of the sitter, such as his heroic character as well as his determination and experience. -It demonstrates a willingness to combine different styles through the use of a Roman veristic portrait head on an idealized body in the Greek manner.

Which of the following statements best describes ancient Etruscan art?

-It demonstrates the growing interaction with the rising power of Rome in the fourth through first centuries BCE. - It demonstrates a combination of motion and vitality. -It demonstrates the relative independence and equality that women enjoyed in Etruscan society.

Why is the Ara Pacis Augustae in Rome so significant for the study of art history?

-Its decorative program was designed to present Augustus' rule as a new Golden Age to rival that of Periclean Athens. -Its decorative program features mythological subjects carefully selected to promote Augustus' political ideology, such as a personification of a woman who may represent the prosperity of the new Augustan Peace. -Its decorative program features a specific historical event with recognizable figures that include children who truly behave as children, who had never before been included in any Greek or Roman state monument. -Its decorative program features historical figures, including members of the Imperial family, participating in a procession in imitation of the Parthenon's Panathenaic frieze.

Why is the Arch of Constantine in Rome, Italy so significant for the study of art history?

-Its newly-executed reliefs demonstrate the Late Antique preference for squat figures and linear patterning to emphasize clear communication of the ideas contained therein. -Its particular combination of classical and late antique styles demonstrates a simultaneous respect for the past and rejection of many of the norms of the earlier style to pave the way for later iconic art. -It combines reused decorative elements from the monuments of earlier, "good" Roman emperors in order to associate Constantine with their memory and virtues.

Why is the Emperor Constantine so significant?

-Many scholars regard his transfer of Roman power from the city of Rome to Constantinople as the official end of the period of "antiquity" and the beginning of the "Middle Ages." -Although he was not baptized until his deathbed, he is credited as being Rome's first Christian Emperor. -He was the patron of traditional forms of Roman imperial architecture such as arches as well as innovative forms, including the first Christian churches.

By what evidence can art historians interpret the Arch of Titus as celebrating the deified Titus' imperial virtues, rather than simply serving as a record of his military successes?

-One of the relief panels inside the passageway includes the allegorical figures of Victory, Honor, and Valor. -Personified Victory figures occupy the spandrels.

Why is the Portrait Statue of Augustus as a General from the Villa of Livia at Primaporta, Italy, so significant for the study of art history?

-The Cupid and dolphin portrayed at his feet allude to his divine ancestry through Julius Caesar who traced his family ancestry back to the goddess Venus. -The reliefs on his cuirass breastplate carry images of an important diplomatic victory to evoke his success as a political leader. -His stance and head emulate Polykleitos's Doryphoros and evoke idealized, youthful beauty.

Why are the origins of the Etruscans debated?

-The ancient historian Dionysius of Halikarnassos claimed that the Etruscans were native Italians. -Although their language is written in a Greek-derived script, it is unrelated to other Indo-European languages and remains largely undeciphered. -The ancient historian Herodotus claimed that the Etruscans were immigrants from Asia Minor.

By what evidence can art historians determine that the imagery on the "Ficoroni Cista" was an adaptation of a lost Greek panel painting?

-The figures are placed on multiple ground lines in the manner innovated by the Greek artist Polygnotos. -It depicts the Greek myth of the Argonauts. -Some of its figure are depicted in three-quarter view or entirely from behind.

Cista

A cylindrical container made of sheet bronze used for women's toiletry articles

Peristyle

A garden space usually located toward the back of the domus, characterized by a colonnade and often containing statuary, paintings, pools, or other decorative features

With which of the following monuments is the Emperor Constantine best associated?

A monumental arch with three bays that combines spolia that associate him with the virtues of the "good" emperors as well as new relief decoration to clearly communicate his good works

Triclinium

A secondary reception space, usually located away from the main reception space, that served as a dining room

Second Style

A style that sought to dissolve the flat surface of the wall and create the illusion of a three-dimensional world that exists beyond the confines of the room

Fourth Style

A style that sought to emphasize eclectic illusionism through the combined use of architectural vistas, irrational fantasies, imitative stone paneling and illusionistic framed panel paintings

What is the most common theme for Etruscan tomb painting?

Celebration of the good life

Which of the following statements best describes Etruscan art?

It combined motion and vitality.

Atmospheric perspective is a method of depicting illusionistic three-dimensional space on a flat surface by plotting its objects along measured orthogonal lines that meet at a single vanishing point.

False

An artwork that represents the taste for ostentatious display that is frequently associated with newly acquired wealth

Fibula from the Regolini-Galassi Tomb, Cerveteri, Italy

Gold with repoussé and granulation

Fibula from the Regolini-Galassi Tomb, Cerveteri, Italy, ca. 650 BCE

An artwork that demonstrates the growing power of Rome as a cultural center in Italy in the 4th c. BCE

Novios Plautios, "Ficoroni Cista," from Palestrina, Italy

Which Imperial dynasty succeeded (came after) the Julio-Claudians to rule the Roman Empire?

The Flavian Dynasty

Atmospheric perspective is a method of depicting illusionistic three-dimensional space on a flat surface by increasingly blurring the appearance of objects in the far distance.

True

Many art historians believe that the models for many of the mythological scenes painted on Third and Fourth Style walls in Roman houses were inspired by lost Greek panel paintings.

True

Mythological figures are rare in Etruscan tomb paintings.

True

One of the most outrageous behaviors exhibited by Etruscan women that horrified ancient Greek men was the fact that they banqueted alongside their husbands on the same dining couch

True

One of the most significant aspects of the Regolini-Galassi Fibula found at Cerveteri, Italy, is that it is an object of Italic function and Etruscan manufacture but Eastern stylistic influence.

True

The "Garden Room" at the Villa of Livia at Primaporta can be called the ultimate example of the Second Style of Roman Wall Painting because all four walls have dematerialized to present an illusionistic view of a lush exterior space populated by trees and birds.

True

The ancient Roman house played an important role in Roman social rituals, such as supporting the patron-client relationship when clients came to call on their patrons at their home.

True

The most common subject for Etruscan tomb paintings is the banquet.

True

The most likely reason why the equestrian portrait of Marcus Aurelius survived the Middle Ages without being melted down was because he had been mistaken for the first Christian emperor Constantine.

True

Whereas Archaic Etruscan artists explored some of the same artistic experiments as Greek artists, including the use of foreshortening, in their tomb decoration, the subject matter of Etruscan funerary art was entirely different from that of ancient Greece.

True