Final Comm 1300

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Scripts

"Application loading" in gray box = java program is downloading -Written with subset of Java computer language -Can change the appearance of buttons as your mouse "rolls over" them and perform other interactive tricks -Common Gateway Interface Scripts (CGI): at e-commerce sites, your credit card and order information is funneled to the web store's computer with this interactive program

During WW2, the British secret service developed an all-electronic digital computer

"Colossus" -Conceived by computer pioneer Alan Turning -Purpose: to crack Nazi secret codes

Poor designs

"Cool" web pages with artistic designs, unreadable text, and slow-loading videos that don't help users complete a well-defined task -Healthcare.gov in 2013 champion of bad designs (slow response time, frequent session crashes)

1980

"Dungeons & Dragons" first multiplayer internet game

1999

"EverQuest" popularizes MMORPGs & The Sega Dreamcast is the first console to connect to the internet

Situation comedies (sitcoms) cost less than drama or variety shows

"I love Lucy" (1951) proved their appeal

First words of internet operator (1969)

"L...O..." trying to tell the other person to log in -System crashed before message was completed

Relationship among the video game industry "players" varies according to the type of game platform involved

-Console game system -Handheld -Personal computer game -Online game -Apps for smartphones and tablets

3 big TV networks

ABC CBS NBC Fox came along a generation later

NES's controller featured a cross shaped pad that made it much more comfortable to navigate

Avid players sometimes developed calluses on their fingertips from using them

Avatar (2009)

Award-winning film -Based on strong performances, innovative use of special effects, and strong directors (James Cameron), who pushed and worked on the film for almost 20 years

Major segments of the game industry include

-Consumer electronics companies that make game gear -Developers who design the games -Publishers who manufacture the game software -Retailers who sell the games to the public

Techniques thought to increase user engagement

-Contest and giveaways -Continual updates of content -Episodic storytelling -Short content -Graphic designers adapt eye-catching colors and attractive layouts from magazines

The genres "The Great Train Robbery" and "Birth of a Nation" relied on are still alive and well today

-Crime action, and suspense -battles, chases, and historical scenes

Another video game concern: possible effects of violent and sexual behaviors on children

-Death Race 2000: first public outcry against video games (1976). Racing game, earning points by running people over

Electronic Arts

-Developed Need for Speed and Madden Football -Distributes games made by 3rd party developers that it does not own (MTV's Rock Band)

Political movements across the world are fueled by social media

-Facebook and Twitter played key roles in the rebellions that swept North Africa in 2011 and Occupy Wall Street Movement in the US -2016: presidential election to attract supporters -2015: murderous attacks perpetrated by terrorists who were radicalized through social media

New media can fatten revenues

-Facebook's 1.5 million users -Netflix in 130 countries Knowing audiences behavior to help online media produce original content with predictable appeal

1888

Edison develops the motion picture camera

The FCC encouraged cable companies to institute the Connect2Compete program that offers low cost computers $9.99/month broadband connections and free computer training to free lunch families

Federal government's broadband stimulus program did not provide the funds needed to keep libraries open longer hours (contributing to homework gap)

1922 studios created the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America

Known as the Hays Office, after the US Postmaster general who was put in charge of it -Created content guidelines

iPad screen is large enough to make a viable video player and game device, and music player, and e-book reader

Many of the apps for smartphones also play on tablets

Alphabet

The holding company behind all Google properties -Current Goliath, dethroning Yahoo! and Microsoft -Most visible as a search engine company but most revenue comes from serving ads on the internet

Sony Computer Entertainment and Microsoft are also top publishers

The top independent publishers: -Activation -Electric Arts

Publishers make copies of games and distributed them through 1 of 3 basic channels

The top selling games of all time are those that came bundled with game consoles -Other console titles and personal computer games are sold through retail outlets

Web 2.0 websites were first popularized in the years after the dot-come bust

asked the audiences to provide much of the content and promote them to friends and family -

TiVo

associated with the cross systems of DVR- computer and VCR

Chase games

asymmetrical contests in which the goal of the player is to avoid capture -Grand Theft Auto

Crowdfund

attracting small donations from game fans through internet sites like Kickstarter

Mattes

background paintings or photographs that are combined with performers in the foreground

Search engines match the words you type into the "search window" to seek information

based on: matches to the keywords supplied by website owners, the content of the website, and the behaviors of the other searchers who have looked for an item in the past

The reinvention of the internet involved

bringing computer technology to the desktop of average users

Less than 10% of homes receive

broadcast networks -CBS, ABC, NBC, and Fox

B to C

business to consumer -E-commerce businesses that make sales directly to consumers

Most homes in the US get their broadband connections from

cable TV companies

Multiple system operators (MSOs)

cable companies that operate systems in two or more communities

50 other "virtual carriers"

called mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) -TracFone Wireless (don't have networks of their own but lease space from major carriers and resell it)

French Lumiere brothers

came up with the idea of projecting movies on a screen

Modems (Modulate-Demodulate)

convert digital data to analog signals and vice versa

Streaming video

converts video to continuous streams of data for transmission over the internet

Modems (modulator-demodulators)

covert digital data to analog signals and vice versa

Nolan Bushneil

created an arcade version of "Spacewar!" called "Computer Space" -First widely available arcade video game -in full world of gaming novices, it was too difficult to play in its time

Homework gap

created by racial and income disparities in home internet connections -Limits the ability of children in minority and low income homes to complete homework assignments that are commonly available in the nation's schools

Comedies became more verbal

jokes and sophisticated banter added to the silent slapstick and sight gag -Several comedy sub genres were created to play with sound -"A Night at the Opera" (1935) by Marx Brothers poked fun at authority -"It Happened One Night" (1934) Screwball comedy, featuring Clark Gable and others in silly story of romance

Guilds

labor unions that actors, directors, and other creative minds belong to -negotiate basic terms of employment with production companies

With new channels and the lure of pay cable revenues

large cable companies that owned multiple cable systems contended for cable franchise rights in the top 100 cities

Facebook

leading name in social networking (est 2004)

Front projection

lets actors be photographed in front of an image so that they appear as part of it -"King Kong" was the first film to use this technique

Major film studios

like Fox or Disney integrate all aspects of production and distribution -From their base in California, several developed strong industrial production capabilities, producing movies almost on an assembly line, leading critics to complain about cultural industries that mass produced culture -Developed their own team of actors, writers, directors, technicians, and equipment that enabled them to produce large number of successful films

Local Area Network (LAN)

link computers within a department, building, or campus -linked computers at the Livermore, CA atomic weapons lab

Local exchange carriers (LECs)

local telephone service -including the 3 remaining regional operating companies (Verizon, AT&T, and CenturyLink) and hundred of local independent phone companies as well as competitive local exchange carriers (Comcast) that offer local and long-distance services over their cable networks

Movie producers try to get ahead of the competition by offering aesthetic experiences that can't be duplicated

look for bigger screens and more sophisticated digital sound systems

Motion capture tehcniques

made possible by computer effects -motion senors are attached to a live actor to create motion for the character -"The Lord of the Rings" character Gollum, but it changed his appearance to something much less human

Compositing

merging several layers of images that were shot separately

Everyday objects (clothing, furniture, pantry products) will have

miniature sensors, identification tags, transmitters, and data processors that will connect them to the internet or send text messages to your cell phone

Mobile app may spawn innovators who could someday push aside social media giants

mobile apps further conceal and fragment information that was once freely available inside walled gardens

Smartphones

mobile phones that can access the internet

Mods

modifications to game play environments made by users and amateur game developers

Retransmission fees

monthly per-subscriber fees that local broadcasters charge cable companies for the right to carry their programs -CBS pays $2 per month per subscriber in retransmission fees

By the late 1960's and 70's the growing negative public reaction to the Vietnam War changed the nature of war films

more critical view -"Apocalypse Now" (1979)

Augmented reality

more practical for mobile applications -superimposes virtual images on the real-world environment (instant face recognition)

In 2015, almost 100 of the 124 feature films shown at the Sundance film festival were picked up for some form of distribution

most in the new digital channels, who outbid studios for some films -Amount of money invested in producing indies is huge, more than invested by studios or Netflix, but most is lost as the large majority never get distributed

Portal content is organized around familiar categories

news, entertainment, travel, computing, health, and personal finance -Interpersonal communication features: e-mail, chat rooms, and discussion groups

Celluloid film is becoming obsolete with the advent of digital cameras that record high-quality images directly in digital formats

no chemical film processing required -Don't even call it "filming" anymore, but "image capture"

NC-17

no one under 17 admittedl generally reserved for films that are openly pornographic, although some mainstream films receive this rating

In the past, the prevailing imperative was to continually make computers more powerful

now there is a countervailing movement to make them simpler and more compact -Tablets and smartphones are popping up in college lecture halls as part of "less is more" scenario -Low cost Chromebooks are designed to provide fast internet and email access -As more apps and data move onto the internet and cloud, the amount of proccessing power and storage capacity needed in personal computers decreases

Vertical integration

occurs when a company with the same owner handles different aspects of a business within the same industry, such as film production and distribution

Concentration of ownership

occurs when several kinds of media or many outlets of the same kind of media are owned by single owners -Concern of government in Hollywood system

Tim Berners-Lee (1991)

of the CERN lab in Switzerland -Wrote HTML and the first web browser to solve the problem of transporting text documents across different computer systems -Birth of WWW

Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs)

offer mobile services by leasing capacity from network owners

Louisiana

offers subsidies and tax credits for productions that locate there

Another approach to breaking the big 3's oligopoly

provide a noncommercial alternative

Common carrier

provide service to all on an equal basis

Steam

provides one stop shopping for games across console, multiplayer, and mobile platforms for independent developers and major game studios -Complete with community and cross-platform management functions for its users

A widening user base of college professors helped

push the internet out of the embrace of the department of defense as connections to major universities were added

"Avatar" (2009)

pushes computer special effects in another dimensions -A number of major characters exist only as computer animations, but seem real

New networks imitated the big 3

pushing the bounds of good taste with offbeat family comedies -"The Simpsons" and sexy youth-oriented shows Broadcast network ratings declined

Shift in progress to mobile games played on smartphones and tablets

rather than consoles or dedicated handheld machines

American racism of the time was reflected in "The Jazz Singer"

rather than featuring an African-American performers, Al Jolson (white) played the jazz singer in blackface

Digital video

recorded, edited, and often transmitted in digital form as used by computers -George Lucas's "Attack of the Clones" (2002) was the first major production to use it -Increasingly popular for animated films "Tintin" (2011)

If you are temporarily in a location with no satellites, cell phone service, or wifi signals

sensors in your phone can track the direction and speed of your movement -Ultimate goal seems to be to track out movements within inches

Windows

separate film release times for different channels or media

1941: the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC)

set the technical standards that defined the analog TV service in the US and rest of world for next 7 decades

Lumiere brothers originated the movie projected in 1895

shined a light through a strip of picture transparencies and enlarged the picture with an optical lens -If the frames were changed fast enough (20 frames/sec, later increased to 30) the viewer had the sense of continuous motion

App

short for application -software applications for use on smartphones

Wi-Fi

short for wireless fidelity -a standard for wireless data

New genres arose that emphasized the advantages of sound

showed one of the ways that technology and culture interact -A new golden age of movies created extravagantly produced musicals with visuals, dancing, and singing

The first golden age was

silent film (1903-1927)

Increasingly, computer-generated monsters and sets are filling in for scale models

sometimes computer images stand in for real actors in dangerous action sequences -"Tiantic" (1997) people falling off boat. Waves were computer generated, too

Netflix and Amazon have begun to change the system of parallel between international and domestic

sometimes releasing films on streaming at the same time as theatrical release, but theater chains have boycotted some of these attempts

Loews/MGM

sought prestige with new Technicolor musical -Made money with B movies ("Time" and "Movietone" newsreels)

Nonlinear editing

sped up post production and lowered costs -Adapted for TV

Also important:

speed at which the game's central processing units can move the bits in and out ("clock speed") of the processor while implementing instructions from the game software's game engine

Amazon.com

stater in 1995 as an electronic bookstore -Evolved into an online mega-mall

Staples of many special effects sequences today:

stop-action, compositing, mattes, and scale models -"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring" (2001) had extensive set of "making of" documentaries

Feature films

story films usually over one and a half hours

OnLive

stream video games the same way we stream videos from YouTube and get rid of consoles -Outgrowth of the cloud computing trend on the Internet, PlayStation, TwitchTv, and others to get player to get in game without consoles -Stream through a browser plug-in or downloading them for a monthly fee

FCC'a new net neutrality rules forbid the ISPs to block, flow or prioritize traffic for pay and they apply both wireline and mobile provides

the FCC also reclassified ISPs as "common carriers" -Subjecting them to the same rules as telecommunication carriers such as AT&T and Verizon (must offer their services to all on an equal basis and there is the posibility of rate regulations)

2nd generation of digital wireless phones came along in 1995

the FCC decline to select a technical standard -The rest of the world settled on European standard, GSM (Global system for Mobile Communications) -Lower prices, wider availability, and more rapid innovations -Left the US behind in world of telecommunications for first time since invention of telegraph (deregulation may help)

Cable TV must carry regulation extended the audience coverage and economic viability of UHF stations

the FCC increased the number of TV stations one corporation could own from 7 to 12

E-Commerce (electronic commerce)

the ability to buy and sell online -follow the familiar catalog shopping model, but product information and order blanks are online -Retail trade call them "Category killers" specializing in one line of products

Cable TV

transmits TV programs via coastal cable or fiber -Spread as cable operators picked up broadcasts from major market TV stations and relayed their signlas to smaller communities -This threatened independent UHF stations so the FCC ruled that cable systems must carry all nearby broadcast signals and banned cable from the 100 largest major markets

The Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

transmits digital video as well as data and voice at the speed of millions of bits per second over standard telephone lines -Is a broadband connection (transmits data at speeds of over 768 thousand bits per second)

Multicasting

transmitting up to 4 standard definition signals simultaneously within the space formerly occupied by a single conventional analog channel

Newreel

visual news of the world before television news -Going to the movie meant watching this -Serial dramas and cartoons sandwiched before and between the feature films

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

was formed as a nonprofit private corporation to oversee the assignment of internet address (called domain names) and to develop new ones

2006

Nintendo's Wii is introduced

VHF

very high frequency television bad, channels 2-13

85% use the internet in gomes with annual incomes of $100,000 or more

54% of homes with incomes under $25,000

DreamWorks

"New" studio that started by Steven Spielberg in 1995 -animation but struggles in other areas, concerned about survival

After 1961, movies were more common on TV

"Saturday Night at the Movies" (NBC) topped the ratings

Gaming is arguably the oldest form of entertainment media

"Senet" (3000 BCE, Ancient Egypt) -Race to a finish line while overcoming various barriers -Shares key elements to "Mario Brothers"

It was not until the turn of the century that cable started to profuce quality content

"The Sopranos" -Themes and characters that conventional network TV did not offer

Plug-ins

"helper programs" that work with browser software to perform a number of functions -Audio and video (Windows Media Player), activating animations (Flash), or displaying documents (Acrobat) -Some are large programs that must be downloaded and installed before the features will work but more popular ones eventually get built into new versions of web browsers

Many conventional media outlets are adopting the

"if you can't beat them, join them" philosophy -Magazines --> online only formats -Books on e-readers and kindles

Entertainment programs from the Kennedy era also left their mark

-"All in the Family"- focused on the clash between generations and exposed racial bigotry -"Mary Tyler Moore Show" offered positive images of professional women -"Roots" blockbuster miniseries about the passage of African Americans in the Us sparked renewed pride in African origins and interracial dialogue

Sound, dramatic visuals, and action were combined in increasingly complex genre formulas that often addressed concerns of the day

-"Little Caesar" (1930), crime stories reflecting a real-life increased in organized crime growing due to prohibition of alcohol -"The Maltese Falcon" (1941), detective film directed by John Huston, featuring Humphrey Bogart

The computer has taken over in special effects

-"Star Wars" (1977) used computer-driven cameras to construct multilayered space battles -"The Matrix" (1999) used computer controlled still cameras shot in the spectacular slow motion action scenes -"Toy Story" (1995) was the first full-length computer-animated hit film (no drawing like previous animations)

World War 2 became a pivotal experience for many American films based on it and persisted as a genre long after the war was over

-"Valkyrie" (2008)

Top video game genres

-Strategy (38% of sales) -Casual (25%) -Role-playing (20%) -Shooter (6%) -Adventure (5%) -Action (2%) -Driving: Flight, Racing (1%) -Other: sport, arcade, etc. (3%)

New genres created (cont.)

-Suspense and Mystery Stories: "The 39 Steps" (1935), Alfred Hitchcock -Historical Epics: "Gone with the Wind" (1939) -War films: "All Quiet on the Western Front" (1930)

Media related websites 2015 winners

-The New Yorker (magazines) -KCRW (radio/podcasts) -HBO GO (media streaming) -Imgur (social media) -The Tonight Show (TV)

Independent film companies

-Tom Hank's, Playtone -Drew Barrymore, Flower Films Usually produce films for much less than major studios or major independent production companies

Nations are behaving badly online

-Two years after a massive internet surveillance program by US national security agency was exposed, a European Union court ruled in 2015 that agreement governing the flow of data between the European Union and the US was invalid -Demands grew louder to place governance on the networks in international hands

Several minor Hollywood studios of the 1930's and 40's are still major players

-Universal -Columbia -United Artists Struggled back them because they did not control their own distribution and exhibition networks -Made most of their money with B movies

Current Film Genres

-Vampire Movies -Spy Stories -Romantic comedies -Sci-fi -Slasher -Zombie -"Black" -Spanish-language movies -Coming of age -Antiwar -Sword and scandal -Disaster

Pay entertainment services are beginning to dominate

-Youtube subscription service -Like iTunes, programs that require a payment for the purchase of music and video for the user to "own" -Netflix, base of paying subscribers that exceed that of popular pay cable channels and produces own original content -xfinititytv.com: videos are "free" if the user subscribers to the level of cable TV service on which the channel is carried -App model" user pays a fee for using a downloadable app with limited shelf-life -Pandora & Spotify: promise of free services but charge for commercial-free premium

The same technologies that we find on our computers are migrating to entertainment media and mobile devices

-iPod, iPad, and iPhone are computer hard drives or flash memory devices with a small computer display and data connection -TiVo and other DVRs are computer hard drives with connections for your TV and new smart TVs have built-in hard drives and computer operating systems -LCD displays and other "flat-screen" technologies for TV were originally developed for laptop computers

4 competitors with national cell phone networks:

1. AT&T 2. Verizone (2 largest with over 100m customers each) 3. T-Mobile 4. Sprint

1952: FCC rules, the Sixth Report and Order

1. Expanded the VHF television band (channels 2-13) 2. Opened 70 new UHF channels 3. Set aside channels for educational broadcasting

By 1930's, a fairly stable pattern of studio organization emerged

5 major studios: -Paramount -Loews/MGM -Warner Brothers -Fox -RKO They owned their own distribution chains of movie theaters and extensive production facilities -Relied on team of stars and directors who made movies together for them -Developed both feature films and B movies

Telephone companies can be divided into 3 categories based on the scope of the calls they carry:

1. international 2. long distance 3. local

Advertisers are excited about:

1. location based advertising 2. Smartphones that can scan bar codes from billboards and in-store displays

Story of telecommunication in the US is intertwined with history of AT&T

1876: Alexander Graham Bell called to his assistant through an apparatus on his table that replayed the words over wires into the next room -1880: he invented an early ancestor of the wireless phone (photophone), transmitted voice wirelessly through air over beams of light

2.1 billion mobile broadband subscriptions

195 million tablets sold in 2013

Greedy sponsors rigged popular quiz TV shows to improve their ratings, causing a national scandal

1961, FF chairman, Newton Minow called American TV a "vast wasteland" of mediocre, uninformative programs

Today's social media trace back to the first bulletin board system (BBS)

1978 to exchange e-mail, post opinions online, and share information

1975: first home videocassette recorders (VCRs) appeared

1980's: they spread like wildfire -Feared that home video would lure people away from cable, but many viewers just added rented videos to their existing entertainment options

Movie theaters are still growing in number

1980: fewer than 18,000 screens for film in the US 2014: over 40,000 (84% multiplexes) -38,000 of them have digital projection (2/5 are 3-D)

First reports of financial and family ruin related to excessive online gambling began to emerge

1993, a virtual "rape" was committed in an online role-playing game -Drawing attention to online gaming community

Yahoo!

1994 -created from students at Stanford -an online search engine (before Google) and evolving into an advertising-supported portal

Ebay

1995 -made its mark as a marketplace for oddball collectibles

Game industry was praised for its efforts to police itself for a while

1999: content restrictions were renewed after Columbine -Student shooters were obsessed with "Doom"

Third Generation of home consoles

2 years after great crash of 1983 -Continued rounds of technological "one upmanship" among console manufacturers to improve speed and graphical richness of play

The first land-based mobile radio through which voices were heard in the US were

2-way radios installed in Detroit police cars in the early 1920's -Mobile radios advanced rapidly during WW2 as they became commonplace in tanks and airplanes

Most top-grossing films are PG or PG 13

2013: 15 of top 25 films were PG13 and 6 were PG or G

From 1968-2008, 58% of films have been rated R

2013: down to 52%

International audiences became more important to the Hollywood bottom line

2013: internaitonal film distribution was 70% of total receipts ($25b, international; $10.9, US/Canada) and growing

The first generation cell phones, Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), used analog transmission and are not extinct in the US

2nd generation digital phones introduced the world to text messaging -Are also on their way out

Internet use in the US has started to decline

3/4 of Americans age 3 or older used the internet at its peak -Today, number fallen Perhaps due to criminal behavior, corporations, and governments having an impact (cyber-bullying, trolling, partisan screeching, oversharing online driving others away; hacker attacks, privacy invasion, incessant advertising, cost of internet)

50 million fewer wireline phones than in 2000

39% cell phone only homes

Other network trend is wireless

3G and 4G cell phones make it possible to check your email and surf web pages with your phone faster than current networks and run two-way video conferences and watch HD TV on your cellphone

Gear wars that have played out over the past 40 years were largely defined by the number of computer bits that the central processing units of the game consoles could process simultaneously

3rd generation NES was an 8-bit machine, whereas 6th generation products like Xbox upped to 128 -Latest consoles use multiple parallel processors that work in tandem

"The Kelley Gang"

60-minute film produced in Australia -One of the number of films that claim the title of being the first feature film -There were at least 4 feature films made in the US in 1912

62 million tablets sold in 2013

62 million mobile broadband subscriptions

In 1975, the FCC pressured the networks to institute a family viewing hour from:

8-9pm -Policy collided with the First Amendments rights of broadcasters and was soon struck down by the courts -dooming even modest efforts to improve commercial TV programming through government action

303 million US cell phone subscriptions

95 per 100 inhabitants

6.8 billion world cellphone subscriptions

96 per 100 inhabitants

Indies usually produce films for much less than the major studios or major independent production companies

A classic pattern is that new filmmakers eke out a hodgepodge of financing for their first film -Once they have their first feature film, they can try to get it shown a a variety of festivals

Semantic Web

A development designed to attach useful indexing labels to the content of the web -Could identify the location and nature of the story and indicate that the headline is about a hurricane hitting the Central American country of Belize -Then it would become easier to organize information about Belize, Hurricanes, and incorporate that in compiling databases about Central American countries or global climate change even if the specific terms were not used

Apple could claim to have developed the first modern tablet computer

A pen-based handheld computer called the "Apple Newton" (1993) -Was a flop due to flawed handwriting recognition system -Microsoft's Tablet PC preceded the iPad by a decade, but was aimed at business users rather than consumers

1972: birth of the internet

ARPANET had it's first public demonstration, email was first introduced, and the network acquired its name and essential character

The first successful talkie was "The Jazz Singer" (1927)

AT&T Bell Labs scientists synchronized a record with the film -A way was found to record the sound on an optical track right on the film -Photoreceptor picked up variations in the light shining through the sound track and reproduced them as weak electric currents that were fed into an amplifier and then movie theater speakers

1984

AT&T forced to sell local phone companies

"Going viral"

Advertising and public relations were picked up by social media using this idea -pitches were picked up by users and spread through internet -Affordable and easy to use technology lowered the barriers to entry (anyone with computer or camera would be a media star)

Sponsors wished for more upbeat lead-ins to their snappy commercial jingles

Advertising practices change so that sponsors could purchase short "spots" rather than entire programs -Focused attention on "buying" audiences by thousands and programs that appealed to refined, but uncommon, tastes had prohibitively high costs on that basis

As WW2 veterans started families and moved away from downtown movie theaters, film attendance declined

After 1948, TV quickly cut into Hollywood's theatrical box office receipts -Film industry suffered a severe, concurrent blow to its theater-based revenues

TV networks use movies strategically to compete with one another

Airing movies became an important way for UHF independent stations, PBS stations, and basic cable channels to compete with network TV programs

1876

Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone

Another growing home video option is video-on-demand services offered by cable companies

Allow viewers to start and stop the movie as they please -Copy protection embedded in them make it impossible to copy movies during the first 90 days after their release -Opens a new "window" during which first-run films are distributed directly to the home early than the current 90-day window for DVD sales

The first commercially available personal computer

Altair -inspired a young computer hacker, William Gates, to write a programming language for it and founded Microsoft Corporation -Also inspired Steve Jobs to build the first Apple 2 in 1977

Over 1.5 million applications at the Apple app store have existed

Amazon, Google, Blackberry, and Microsoft have app stores of their own -Facebook is most popular app (found on 3/4 of all Apple and Android phones) -Messaging apps were all represented in the top 10

Old media is not dead

Analog vinyl record and books printed on paper making a comeback as niche products -online can be consumed anywhere at anytime

Portable video game players like the Nintendo 3DS gameboy do away with the glasses by putting thin layers of lenses over the screen that direct images as viewed from slightly different angles to each eye, creating 3-D effect

Another approach is to project images taken from slightly different angles into your left and right eyes through a head-mounted display

Another consumer option is to purchase digital copies of films placed in a cloud locker

Another approach is to wrap film and TV delivery into the cable industry strategy for "TV everywhere" -HBO Go to view popular films and series on other devices, when authorized by their cable subscription

Since genres reflect a negotiation between producers and audience

Another way to categorize genres is to ask what types of games are most popular -Strategy, casual, and role-playing games account for nearly all the most popular titles

Mobile media are making big media money and drawing in large audiences

App sales are a big business ($50m gross/year) -More than the annual global movie box office Mobile ads ($12b/year in ad revenues) -Growing bast, surpassing advertising on conventional PC in 2016

Indies develop informal games that they distribute as freeware over the internet or sell on eBay

App stores run by Apple, Google, Amazon, and others are revolutionizing how games are distributed and sold

Wearable computers

Apple watch and Fitbit -Part of new trend that will soon include "smart" belts, shoes, and underwear

!984: Apple's Macintosh introduced high resolution graphics and multimedia to personal computers

Apple's HyperCard software popularized the hypertext concept, the "linking" function that connects to the web

At first, goal was to expand the number of TV channels available over the air

As TV sets became available to the public after the end of WW2, demand for TV channels grew so fast that the FCC put a "temporary freeze" on new stations in 1948, while it came up with a plan to expand viewing choices

Paid downloads (iTunes and Amazon) continued to grow

As did electronic sell-through or digital HD and video on demand

The transmitter in each cell are relatively weak so it is possible to reuse their frequencies in nearby cells without causing interference

As the user moves, the call is handed off to the next cell in the network and automatically reassigned to a new channel

The internet is made up of high speed digital lines that are leased by the regional networks from long distance telephone companies

At the local level, the ISPs lease or own high-speed lines that connect their local users to the internet -The larger ISPs maintain their own high-speed networks, interconnecting with the rest of the Internet only at regional access points (NAPs)

1946

At the peak of the film box office, 90 million people attend the movies weekly

1977

Atari 2600 console popularizes video games in the home

Creating film is a group effort

Audiences tend to think of movies in terms fo which actors star in them -Filmmaking is probably more driven by directors, music directors, and designers, film editors, special effects people, and casting directors -As well as script readers, development executives, market researchers, focus group services that examine ideas, plots, studio finance

Espon

Augmented reality device -Projects images onto glasses, like the discontinued Google Glass headset -Current projects use smartphones to power the graphics

2010

Avatar is the highest-grossing film of all time, breaking 3-D into the mainstream

Motion sensing technology is what defines the virtual reality experience

Basic VR devices rely on limited motion sensors that come with cell phone, but give many users motion sickness when motions do not make internal sensations

Audiences and revenues for cable channels in the 1990's were so large that made for cable movies also became increasingly common on channels like HBO and TNT

Basic cable networks scheduled over 100 original films in 2009 -In 2011, Hallmark's two channels alone produced 32 original cable films

POTS (plain old telephone service)

Basic local telephone service -Functions: dial tone, transmission, and switching (unchanged since 1890's) -1970's: computerized switching added options like touch-tone dialing, call waiting, speed dialing, conference calling, call forwarding, caller ID, voice mail, automatic redialing -Wireline phone companies are beginning to imitate cell phone features, too

GeoCities

Began in 1970's -Hosted personal web pages in the mid 1990's, resembling social networks of today -Sixdegrees.com was another profile site with friend lists

1880

Bell's photophone anticipates fiber optics and smarpthones

Social impacts of mobile phones

Benefits: can convey a sense of security in emergency situations Downfalls: using them while driving is a safety hazard; constant texting and taking is annoying in public; can distract people (murdered in Florida); can be a way of withdrawing from face-to-face interaction; add to the stress of staying connected in a gadget-saturated environment; addictive qualities; health hazards from electromagnetic radiation

Modern special effects are traced back to "King Kong" (1933)

Big ape was actually an 18" furry dill with movable limbs, moved one frame at a time

On the internet, a download movie battle rivals over music downloads

BitTorrent scatters fragments of large, often illegal video files across multiple computers making it faster to share -Pay services (Netflix, Amazon, iTunes) provide legal aternatives

More first-run films were increasingly targeted to the 15-24 year olds who still went out to film theaters

Blockbuster movies ("Lord of the Rings" & "Forrest Gump") could ensure a studio's financial health for years by reach wide audiences, even if they were expensive

3G phones were the first to cross a telephone and a handheld computer, with a built-in Web browser and an email service

Boast broadband transmission speed of 1-3million bits per second -Enough to send full-color motion pictures through your cell phone, download your favorite music and video files, and surf the Web on handheld computers

Google is outdoing both cable and telephone companies with fiber-optic networks

Boasting speeds of 1 billion bits per second -So far only in 15 locations -For rural residents out of the reach of cable TV and other high speed networks, HughesNet and Exede beam web pages via satellite

Escapism of 1930's

Brilliant examples: -"Shirley Temple" -"The Wizard of Oz" (1939) -"The Three Stooges"

Growth in cable TV subscriptions exceeds rate of inflation in US

Broadband internet connection more expensive than in most advanced countries

1998

Broadcast networks fall behind cable

Biggest category of e-commerce

Business to business (b to b) -sites that sell products to firms -Online shopping malls for business supplies and services

Computer games became one of the main reasons for buying home computers

By end of 1980's, personal computers had colorful displays and sound, graphics options were available to make them viable game machines

2014: Netflix's revenues surpassed HBO's for the first time in the battle for pay TV surpremacy

Even as HBO started its own streaming services

The FCC soon launched an antitrust investivagation

Dragged on for almost 50 years -Ended in the Modified Final Judgement (MFJ) in 1984, forcing AT&T to sell off, or divest, its local phone companies -The local exchanges were parceled into 7 regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs)

1941

Commercial TV begins in the US

1983

Cell phones debut in the US

Some developers specialize in making assets that are assembled in games developed by others

Characters or the settings in which the characters move

Online publications are crowing out the printed output of organizations

Corporate sites run by large companies publish information about themselves, their products, and their services that was once distributed in paper brochures, annual reports, and press guides -Many offer useful information to consumers and professionals in their fields of interest

HTML5

Combine semantic web features with multimedia players -Plays videos, video games, and music files without having to download and launch plug-ins, making media consumption on the web as convenient as tuning a stereo or TV set with a remote control -New types of interactions with Web pages are possible (ability to drop and drag elements within a page, to draw objects on a page, to work offline with interactive apps, and interact with forms in new ways- using slider bar) -Also for smartphones with built in geo-location capabilities -Chrome and Opera have best support -New version designed from the start to minimize conflicts with older HTML implementations so all websites should work even if browser is outdated

2011: Comcast bought NBCUniversal

Comcast was the largest cable TV operator in the country

Integration of video games with personal computers was a turning point for both

Commodore 64 personal computer featured color graphics and the same game controller as popular Atari game console -Inspired Trip Hawkins (Apple) to found Electronic Arts in 1982 --> became largest video game publisher

1934

Communications Act establishes the FCC

Apple no longer has an exclusive lock on combining voice recognition with AI

Competitors: -Google Now -Cortana (Microsoft) -Alexa (Amazon) -Hello Barbie (talking doll) Digital assistants are also examples of "cloud computing" in that requests are automatically relayed from a smartphone to a remote computer that processes the request and replies with synthesized voice

2014: for the first time, sales of games in physical formats were outpaced by digital sales (subscriptions to online games, digital downloads, mobile game apps, and social network gaming)

Computer chip makers are planning to introduce higher powered technology for personal computers that could make consoles obsolete

Virtual reality

Computer-generated environment that immerses that user in a make-believe world -introduced in 2016, required high end computers to play

1993

Congressional hearings held over violence in video games

C to C

Consumer to consumer -Ebay

Where is internet headed?

Corporate domination -Trade hegemony of Big Media conglomerates (Disney and Viacom) who want to rule the second (computer) and third (smartphone) screens -Government regulators are trying to keep a level playing field -Proposed merger between Comcast and Time-Warner cable was shot down over concentration of ownership concerns

Metcalfe's Law

Credited to Bob Metcalfe -The value of network is proportional to the square number of user -Drives continual internet technology growth and explains explosive popularity with internet apps like Vine -Value of internet rises are it becomes more universal (people who use it and number of applications those users take advantage of)

"Dark Web"

Criminal behavior is a threat here -Silk Road: illegal drug exchanges and stolen files of credit card numbers are exchanges -Websites hosted on hidden servers with content protected by encryption and their web addresses are only circulated among the cirminals

Number of bits is important because it determines the resolution of the graphics and the speed with which new images can be projected on the player's screen

Current game machines create HD images and so need to be especially powerful since both the size and the vertical resolution of the images have increased dramatically over early games designed for old fashion analog TV sets

Video games were originally distributed to users through coin-operated arcade machines and toy stores

Currently, console game retailing resembles the home video market with specialized outlets (Gamestop) competing with "big box" retailers (Walmart) and game rental operations (GameFly) -Many players also buy used games from Gamestop, eBay, or Amazon

Old movie projectors are being replaced by new digital light processors (DLP) that show digitized movies stored on compact discs

DLPs have microchips with millions of tiny mirrors on the surfaces -Mirrors are adjusted thousands of times per second to reflect tiny dots or pixels of red, green, and blue light onto movie screens

1997

DVDs are introduced

Movie theaters may never die, but movies are increasingly viewed at home with digital technologies

DVDs, digital video recorders (DVRs), and digital streaming -Sony's Blu-ray HD DVDs are the current home standard -But, regular DVDs are not fully displaced -Overall DVD player penetration has declined in US households

Most cities had only 3 VHF channels available

David Sarnoff (NBC) and William Paley (CBS) put the talent and sponsors developed by their commercial radio networks at the disposal of early TV producers -Leaving competing networks and independent stations at a disadvantage

DVD sales have declined significantly, although most prefer to watch movies at home

Declining DVD sales worry studios, since that has been their largest source of revenue -Hope to replace it with new forms of digital sales

Studios of the 1930's provide parallel to our current system

Deregulation in 1980's and 90's has permitted extensive vertical integration to emerge again between film studios, TV and cable channels (Disney)

Revenue from theatrical distribution films has recovered and stabilized after the Great Recession

Despite some spectacular box office flops (The Lone Ranger, 2013)

Standard Definition TV (SDTV)

Digital video that matches NTSC's quality and aspect ratio

Auteurs

Directors who also see themselves as artists. They want to control all aspects of their production, often writing, sometimes shooting or editing, their films -Woody Allen

TV units associated with major film studios began to profit from syndication

Early evenings filled with cheap to produce first run syndication shows -"Wheel of Fortune"

Another approach to defining genres is to focus on the types of interactions that users engage in while playing

Early games were often built around a single type of interaction, but complexity of games today involves several types -Shooting, driving, fighting, capturing

Much early speculation of the telephone centered on multichannel mass media functions like conveying news and music to the home

Early phones often had party lines shared by multiple users who occasionally joined in on the conversation -Forerunner of today's chatrooms

Mobile telephones for personal use have been around since 1947

Early systems only had 23 channels -Years-long waiting lists for new customers and busy signals for subscribers

Reoccurring theme of game critics: the lack of games for girls and sexual stereotypes that portray females as either victims or sex objects

Early video games were almost exclusively a male domain, raising concerns that girls would lag behind in an increasingly computer-oriented society -1996: "Barbie Fashion Designer" most successful game, demonstrating that there was a female market (Stereotypical female pursuit featured in game) raised concerns about the effects on the life aspirations of young girls

Smartphone apps that use their built-in cameras to scan bar codes make this an efficient shopping strategy

Electronic wallets that will let us pay for our fast-food meal by clicking our cell phones at the cash register are starting to appear in the US -Text-payment services will let you transfer cash to those who do not accept credit cards

The quality of dramas and penetrating public affairs programs of TV's early years raised hopes that new medium would

Elevate culture and public debate, help educate the young and inform the citizenry -Similar to the hopes of the internet 50 years late -Instead, it was ordinary, commercialized, uninspiring, and even harmful

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Established the basic rules or protocols for communication between networks

Netflix is bringing more movies into living rooms

Even as some movies are being pulled back from its collection -Studios think they are not making enough money from new low-cost distribution like Netflix and Red box films -Pushes Netflix towards increasing distribution of TV shows and its own productions (may be counterproductive for film industry)

Many popular video games are so abstract that they have no plot or narrative structure

Even games that use the settings, symbols, and themes found in popular film genres usually lack a plot in the conventional sense

The rising costs of movie making and distribution have tended to keep Hollywood Central

Even to the financing of major film projects in other countries -However, now Holly studios themselves are looking for financial partners

Studios and movie houses were initially reluctant to invest in sound technology because it was new and expensive

Eventually, Warner Brothers made the commitment to develop sound technology -"The Jazz Singer" (1927) was created -It included 2 sections of recorded music and singing synchronized with the film so the singer's lips moved when they were supposed to -Some recorded dialogue, fascinating audiences

Talkies requires an influx of new talent

Ex: Fred Astaire (from vaudeville and Broadway) -Talked, sang, and danced

The current Digital Theater Sound (DTS) systems date back to the old AT&T system

Except, digital CDs hold the sound and are synchronized with the images via digital codes printed on the films -yielding a multi channel digital surround sound (surround sound systems have proliferated in home theaters to stimulate the sound of the theater experience)

1970: Time Warner

Experimented with "Qube" and failed -Interactive cable system

152

FCC Sixth Report and Order defines TV service

1961

FCC chair calls TV a "vast wasteland"

1972

FCC lifts ban on urban cable TV systems; HBO pioneers pay TV

Increasingly, filmmakers rely on social media to help them create buzz

Facebook likes and Twitter retweets quickly get the word out about new releases faster than conventional word of mouth

Many videos on the internet are produced by ordinary users

Facebook videos, peer-to-peer video shared in Vine, Skype, and live video game feeds

By the 1960's independent producers gained more of a role in producing movies for studios to distribute

Film studios began to spend much of their ow time producing TV series -Studio system died due to changes in technology and the new industry competition that built on it

Film content has become more diverse in part because film audiences have become more diverse

Films are often still made to maximize the box office earnings of the initial theatrical distribution -Studios still tend to make movies for people who go out to the movies (for younger people, more tolerant of sex and violence)

All the windows are compressing to reduce effects of piracy

Films now tend to be released almost simultaneously in the US and abroad to limit piracy

The indie world depends on economic and technological ups and downs

Financing initially dried up after the 2008 economic recession -Studios picked up fewer indies for theatrical distribution -Expansion of digital distribution and production by Netflix, Amazon, and others has created new possibilities

Nokia

Finnish phone manufacturer -Came out with a line of cell phones that added email and address book function in 1996 -Could also be first smartphone

1948

First TV news on NBC

"Odyssey"

First home video game console -Went on sale the same year "Pong" hit the arcades "Pong" imitations and introduction of 2nd generation consoles led to the first great crash in the video game market in 1977

"Flying Down to Rio" (1933)

First of a series of films by Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire -Put music and motion together

Challenges of film

First: capturing motion on film Second: to find a useful way of recording and showing events in motion

For all ages; no sex or nudity, minimal

Atari

Founded by Bushnell -To manufacture and distribute coin operated version of "Pong" -Company became a dominant force in the first golden age of video games -Coin operated games like "Space Invaders," "Asteroids," and "Pac-Man" popped up in bars and shopping malls over the next decade

1987

Fox Network foes on the air

Cable TV expanded the wasteland by amplifying old program formulas to entire channels and further recycling old reruns of the big 3

Free of the indecency rules, cable programming featured steamy music videos, nudity, and profanity that raised new concerns about the effects of TV on children

Some think the industry is wearing thin, but industry is putting more money into potential block busters while making fewer mid-size films

Funding or distributing fewer low-cost indies -Shifting to electronic channels like Netflix

Call of Duty series registered more series in is first week than most blockbuster Hollywood films do in their entire run

Game development budgets are soaring into the tens of millions and top game designers are being treated like Hollywood producers -Blockbuster mentality dominates the console side of the business (fewer and more expensive games than in the past --> producing reliable sequels of popular games rather than risky original productions)

Personal computers can be made into game machines as well

Game fans start with the most advanced personal computer on the market or upgrade standard computers with high-end components (central processing unit, graphics, and sound cards) -If they add a custom controller, Blu-Ray drive, headphones, and big screen HDTV can perform up to the latest video game consoles (expensive) -Console manufacturers sell their products for a few hundred dollars to make money on the software --> gamers content with bargains from Microsoft, Sony, and Nintendo

Video game vs digital game

Game played on a TV screen -"First" would be Chase, developed by Ralph Baer (1967) Game played on a visual display created by digital computer -"First" would be Noughts and Crosses made by A.S. Douglas (1952) -Or, Spacewar! created by Steve Russell (1962)

Future VR enhancements will detect the emotional responses of players by analyzing their facial expressions and physiological responses

Games could pick up the pace as you play if they detect you're getting bored or turn down the action if you look overwrought -Sensor filled wearable harnesses and full bodysuits may track fine tuned movements -The full VR experience will extend beyond sight and sound to give us tactile sensations

Microsoft dominates personal computer operating system software and many application categories

Google chrome is the new leading internet browser

The web has had a disruptive influence on conventional media

Google is a new king of the media -Surpassing TV and cable networks, newspaper chains, and magazines as the #1 advertising platform

Specialized search engines for academic publications that can help college students with

Google scholar (term papers), google images (still images, and youtube (moving images) -Lexis-Nexis, Web of SCience, and ProQuest for search engine to cite term papers without going to the library

1921

Graham Act calls for universal telephone service

Middleware

Growing segment -packages a variety of tools needed for game development -Dozens of engines can be used for free (OGRE- rendering engine found in several adventure and online role playing games)

1972, pay TV network, HBO, pioneered

HBO's carriage of the Ali-Frazier boxing match was the first program distributed via satellite and through local cable systems to home viewers (1975)

Samuel F.B. Morse's telegraph was an early forerunner of the internet in 1844

He tapped out the first words "what hath God wrought?"

Motion Picture Code

Hays Code (1903), a self-regulation of sex on screen by the motion picture industry

Daniel Czitrom (1982)

Historian that called the telegraph wires "lightning lines" -Both for their speed of transmission and for transforming effects -Together with the railroads, the telegraph made national economic and a national culture possible

One reasons so many productions have fled to other countries is to get around guild rules and labor costs

Hollywood has responded by offshoring many jobs

By the late 1970's and 1980's the film industry took increasing advantage of cable TV and rented videotapes as new distribution channels

Home Box Office (HBO) launched in 1975, relying almost exclusively on feature films for content -Cable channels (WTBS) and independent TV stations (UHF) concentrated on old films Helped the film industry to regain some of the revenue lost to TV in 1950's and 1960's

The cost of producing major films sky rocketed during Great Recession as producers raced to outdo each other with spectacular computer generated special effects

Hopes of spreading those costs over large audiences -Began to internalize both its ownership and audiences Movie making at the major studios began to gravitate more towards genres that could translate and export well across cultures (science fiction, action-adventure)

Web 2.0

Internet applications in which users can provide content as well as consume it -Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, Wikipedia, etc

1951

I Love Lucy debuts

Game characters may respond to your actions or spoken words with improvised actions of their own with AI

If the characters learn from your behaviors and make decisions that are not simply preprogrammed paths through the game, then they would achieve the status of "true" AI

Access to the internet and contents is another issue

Instead of curing poverty, ignorance, and isolation, the internet perpetuated them -Gaps opened in access by minority, low-income, and rural families -Developing countries in Africa, Asian, and South America were left further behind the development of a global information economy for lack of access

TV news shaped the public agenda, beginning with the first regularly scheduled TV news program on NBC in 1948

In one of TV's finest moments, Edward R. Murrow (CBS) exposed Wisconsin Senator Eugene McCarthy's anticommunist "crusade" of the early 1950's as a campaign on innuendo and half truths

Content restrictions became an issue as internet collided with the cultures of diverse nations

In the US, a portion of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was written to ban indecency -Banned: naked female breast, sexually explicit materials, etc

Dependent design firms and web developers also blend the creative talents of graphic design professionals with technical skills of webmasters and computer programmers

Interactive ad agencies are another source of web creation expertise -Traditional graphic design, advertising, and public relations firms have entered the market -Web hosting companies: provide server space and domain names for clients and will design and maintain the sign itself for an additional fee -Free lancers and independent contractors: Web-savy college students -Other content providers: National Weather Service, school lunch menu, homepages on the web, or even Facebook profiles

Second generation

Included Atari 2600 console that accepted cartridges that stored games -Enabled consoles to play many different games and players could ass new titles as they pleased -Same basic model continues with consoles today -Encouraged independent software developers (Activision) to begin making cartridges for the best-selling consoles -Popular home games built on arcade hits and introduced titles like "Mario Brothers"

With smartphones and tablets expanding popular game platforms, the market for relatively simple game "apps" has radically expanded the market for game creators and lowered their barriers to entry

Independent developers also have a new way to finance their creations without selling out major publishers -Can crowdfund new games

Wireless telecommunications as we know them today are an outgrowth of WW2 radar detection systems

Initially, wireless communications were microwave systems found at the center of the telecommunications networks, rather than at the periphery to carry bulk quantities of calls between cities

John Vincent Atanasoff (Iowa State University)

Invented the electric computer in 1939 on the eve of WW2

Space games

Involve aligning game pieces in a particular pattern -Tetris

Demand for mobile communications still mounted, prompting the FCC to reallocate TV channels 70-83 for a new type of mobile telephone service that gave cell phones their name, "Cellular radio"

It became available in the US in 1983

Digital telecommunication began in 1962 with the introduction of a digital carrier system (TI)

It converted voices to digital pulses and back again -Reconstructed a simulated voice for the listener on the other end -By taking turns transmitting short digital voice samples from multiple calls, 24 simultaneous conversations were combined on a single copper wire circuit -When used for data instead of phone calls, TI lines carry 1.5 million bits per second

12th Century Britain & Chess

It was so popular, it was considered a moral hazard that undermined the development of youth -Similar concern emerged 1980's as marathon games starting during school hours led to a local ban on arcade play during school hours

Western became another means for exlporing the American myth and character

John Ford created many classic westerns -Gradually changed from the optimistic, positive view of cowboys and cavalry soldiers "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" (1949) to films such "Cheyenne Autumn" (1964) --> began to consider the perspective of Native Americans as "good guys" with a different slant on the American conquest of the West

1953

KUHT, the first PBS station, goes on the air

Telecom carriers around the world are adopting

LTE (long-term evolution) standard

TV networks began to order most of their programs from companies that were already geared up to create it than creating new studios

Later, TV networks were forced to buy most of their programs from studios because of government rules that limited how much networking programming the network itself could create or own

Quake

Launches in 1996 (as internet became social phenomenon) -Soon topped by Ever Quest (1999) and quickly came to define the category known as massively multiplayer online role-playing games

Movie producers continually pushed the limits of what was acceptable

Led to new calls from concerned parents that raise the specter of government censorship -Industry again opted for self-regulation in the form of content ratings administered by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)

Playbacks from DVRs and videos streamed from Netflix, Amazon, and Hulu into iPads, smartphones, and internet connected flat screen TVs have replaced the big box in the living room

Less than 10% of the US homes receive TV the old-fashion way (off the air, through an antenna)

Epic

Licenses its engines to developers -Collects fees for its use -Game developers also license tools that assist with specific game and graphics features (music, lighting, and textures)

Google maps

Location-based service -In top 10 list Others: Foursquare, Tinder

Ratings are one-half of the formula for economic success in TV

Low production costs are the other half

There are many more film distribution options now than in the heyday of studio control

Many films not seen as worth the promotional costs for theatrical release go straight to video for distribution in store, cable, or streaming on Netflix

Most films are not being produced outside the studios (77%)

Many independent films are being produced but fewer distributed -600 films released in North America in 2014 -Many directly to video distribution or never released at all

1968

MPAA movie ratings are introduced

Gear makers also include third party manufacturers of custom controllers

Mad Catz Interactive and high-end game desktops like Dell Gaming's Alienware -Speeds up personal computer games -Also count App and Samsung since mobile gaming is stealing customers from consoles

"The Great Train Robbery"

Made by Edwin S. Porter (1903) -First story film -Very popular -Audiences ducked when the train robber's gun fired into the camera

Audiences liked talkies

Made even more money for the producers of movies -In a few years, nearly all films had sound

Hardware sector

Makers of: -Computers (subdivided into sub computers, mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, and personal computers) -Computer Storage Devices (disk drives) -peripherals (printers and scanners)

2015-2016, there were over 400 scripted TV series under production across broadcast, cable, and internet

Many explore novel and challenging subject matter outside mainstream conventional network TV

Leading portal sites include Yahoo! and those of ISPs

Many portals scrape the news from traditional news sites without paying for the information -Social network sites now compete with conventional portals by offering news and sports updates of their own -Facebook dominates by being the only destination that many internet users visit in the course of their days

1896

Marconi invents the wireless telegraph

Online games

Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) are elaborate multiuser communities inhabited by players who adopt roles in an online virtual environment -World of Warcraft: 12 million players and 10's of thousands playing online at one time

1976

Mattel introduced handheld games

Smartphones and tablets are making inroads on online purchases

Mobile purchases are over $53b/year -Top rated apps (Facebook) draw in on $100m visitors/month Mobile ad revenue are gaining on those from conventional personal computer platforms -The 3rd screen on smartphones and tablets may surpass the 1st and second at the center of commerce and culture in society

More sophisticated systems track head motions precisely through external sensors

Microsoft is pairing with Oculus Rift to integrate Kinect system to VR game play -Can gain illusion of moving around in the virtual world -Xbox 1 version of Kinect can read lips, recognize spoken commands, and tells if your afraid my monitoring heartbeat (uses infrared light to track you and detects subtle changes in motions and muscles)

4th generation consoles

Mid 1980's -Featured built-in CD players to add video action to games

Sometimes scripts emerge as films with remarkably little change

More often, scripts go through revisions -Including the addition of other writers and are often changed substantially by directors on the scene of production or in the final editing

Game software is a $15 billion industry in the US

More than either the domestic network TV or film industries -About 2/5 of US residents play video games 3 or more hours a week -Average age of gamers is now 35 -44% of the gamers are female

Director

Most often, the controlling hand on film production and storytelling -but, sometimes hired to oversee a process envisioned by a producer, who typically lines up the financing, story developers, scriptwriters, director, and sometimes major stars

Flash

Most popular Plug-in -Turns computer into a multimedia machine that can display HD streaming videos in the same wie-screen format as HDTV -It was banned from Apple because Steve Jobs did not like it -HTML5 is replacing Flash on desktop and mobile hardware

The Huffington Post Blog

Most popular blog, with political chatter and original stories organized by Arianna Huffington

"Birth of a Nation" (1915), directed by D.W Griffith

Most popular film in the US for more than 20 years -Well-produced out door battle scenes, close-ups, and cuts between different simultaneous sequences of action (Threat to an imperiled heroine, rescuers riding to save her) -Set in the Civil War, featuring KKK members as its heroes and used by them for recruitment -Racist in content and boycotted by the NAACP in its initial release -Several states banned it out of fear of riots/violence (first instance of censorship --> 1920's industry started self-regulation)

Paramount

Most profitable and powerful studio -Over 1,000 theaters -Employed proving directors (Cecil B. DeMille, "The 10 Commandments", 1923) -Major stars: Bing Crosby and Bob Hope

MPAA

Motion Picture Association of America -A trade organization that represents the major film studios -Members only produce about 1/5 of US feature films now

Hollywood tried to compete with TV by:

Mounting lavish, big-budgeted spectacles -"Ben Hur" (1959) Capitalizing on controversial materials -"Gold Finger" (1964) sex scenes -"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" (1967) social issues, such as racism -"La Dolce Vita" (1960)

Made for TV movies by the 1970's also became common

Movies could be turned into TV or cable TV series if they were popular (M*A*S*H) -They did surprisingly well against other movies and series

1975, the CB radio service opened up to general use and quickly became the first wireless communication craze

Movies like "Smokey and the Bandit" and hit songs on the radio popularized the new medium -CB airwaves were clogged with "good buddies" imitating the slang of long-distance truck driver -Many people enjoyed sharing information about the activities of traffic police and doings at the local truck stop (popularizing this early form of social media)

Motion picture industry confronts significant challenges in the digital age

Mushrooming costs, competition from video games, the internet, digital TV -Studios battling with stars, directors, and writers over proceed from digital rights to their production

Wi-Fi hotspots that are popping up everywhere are known as IEEE802.11

Named after the standard from the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers that defines service

Indie film festivals

National: Sundance Festival Regional festivals: South by Southwest Organization run festivals with special focuses: LGBTQIA, Jewish, and Asian content

2007

Netflix streams films over the internet to an increasing number of devices

2014

Netflix surpasses HBO

4G phones were introduced in 2010 and covered about 4/5 of the US as of 2015

Network coverage and average speeds lag other advanced countries (South Korea, Japan)

Hardware manufacturers continue to have a central role in software manufacturing by retaining their own in-house game publishers

Nintendo acts as its own publisher for its most popular titles -Wii Sports and New Super Mario Brothers -Leading game publishers overall

Wi-Fi sends the Internets TCP/IP packets through the air to wireless receivers at speeds of over 1b bits/second (broadband system)

New Wi-Fi varieties are entering the market -Some with ability to move from one hotspot to another without losing the connection -Cellphones that use WiFi networks allow you to make "free" telephone calls through your home connection or anywhere you happen to find WiFi

"Jaws" (1975) and "Star Wars" (1977) are usually regarded as the turning points to spectacular, big-budgeted films

New golden age started -Steven Spielberg and George Lucas rediscovered that film has a visual intensity beyond TV -Action sequences, striking landscapes, and special effects became competitive advantages for movies

Online games are purchased over the internet from publisher or through retail stores

Newer distribution channels have upended the console game market structure -Includes games that can be streamed over the internet, game apps downloaded to phone/tablet, "free" casual games, and digital downloads of multiplayer games

The market for mobile video is also promising

Nielsen Media Research estimates 133 million smartphone owners watch videos on their phones each month -Almost half of the number who watch "regular" TV -Smartphone viewing still pales in comparison -2016: FCC auctioned off some of the spectrum occupied by broadcast TV to make more space available for mobiles

All-time number-one game console maker

Nintendo

You can make your body the controller

Nintendo Wii -Significant innovation, sensing the natural gestures of the player and converting them to actions inside the game -Infrared transmitters, similar to those in TV remote control, track the positions of the controller and another sensor keeps track of how fast the controller is changing its speed -Bluetooth connection relay signals from the handheld "nunchuck" to the game console

ICANN

Non-profit corporation in CA that operates under contract with the US department of Commerce -Decides who gets the rights to domain names -Charges annual fee to the domain owner -ICANN authorizes other domain name registries around the globe

Improved graphics in 3rd generation machines led to more graphic violence

Notably, "Mortal Kombat"

PBS added some new viewing choices

Notably, programs like "Sesame Street" and British imports like "Upstairs, downstairs" -These alternative failed to attract audiences on the scale of violent cartoons and popular crime shows offered by the big 3 due to their wholesomeness

Marketers can track the success of brands and celebrities by counting the number of FB friends, Twitter followers, and Youtube views they receive by monitoring the words that are used in Twitter

Now there is a counter movement away from social media -Invaded by snooping parents and advertisers -Snapchat is popular because it deletes posts -Everyme users define themselves different for the different social groups in their lives rather than one profile that everyone sees

"Golden Age" of TV tribute to quality dramas such as "Twilight Zone" series

Now, second "Golden Age" with hundreds of scripted series available across broadcast, cable, and streaming TV outlets

Before, editing included unspooling miles of raw film footage and manually cutting and splicing to make master copies

Now, the filmed sequences are transferred to computer media where they can be accessed at random and spliced with the click of a mouse

Over 38,000 digital screens in North America in 2014

Number is increasing rapidly -With under 2,000 nondigital screen remaining -Rest of the world is 51% digital, many converting to 3-D

About 400 independent feature films are made each year

Often start as film school projects (sometimes funded through relative's) -Circulate at film festivals around the world

Studios rely more on blockbusters and "franchise films" (Iron Man) to draw audiences into theaters

Particularly true during summer seasons -Summer 2015, sequels to "Batman", "The Avengers", and others were scheduled -All were expensive and less than half made a lot of money -Late 2015/early 2016: "The Force Awakens" latest installment of Star Wars franchise topped box office records in the US

Telephone companies and Google are installing fiber-optic system connections directly to the home

Offering a data transmission speeds of up to 1 billion bits per second to home users -Cable TV companies are also installing fiber optics in their networks but they usually make the final connection to subscribers with a copper-based medium

8 major film producers

Old time studios: 1. Columbia 2. Fox 3. MGM 4. Paramount 5. Universal 6. Warner Brothers and 7. Buena Vista 8. TriStar

Many young people during the 1930-40's went to the movies weekly if their family could afford it

One movie got you into the movie house and you could stay and watch movies all day -watching the double feature films as many times as you'd like

The Big 3's primacy was an unintended consequence of the FCC's early actions

Only VHF stations prospered because those signals are stronger and because the FCC did not require UHF tuners in all new TV sets until 12 years later -that UHF stations had a weaker appeal to advertisers

1998: for the first time, the big 3 attracted less of the daily viewing audience than ad-supported cable networks

Only profits from the networks owned and operated (O & O) kept them afloat

Digital film making lowers costs

Opening the film industry to student filmmakers and diverse artistic visions

Game consoles generally stayed a step ahead of personal computers by incorporating advanced graphics and processor components

PCs remained viable game machines with the addition of improved audio and CD-ROMs -"Doom" PC game first popularized first person shooter -By mid 1990's, computers were able to keep up with game consoles and with the addition of sound and graphic enhancement and suitable controllers

Blogs are an older but still influential form of social media

Organized around special themes such as technology and celebrity gossip -HOpes of attracting like minded contributors -Upstaged more recently by FB discussion groups ("Blogsphere" has growing impact on public discourse) -Many are written by professional journalists in their off hours

American movies went international

Other audiences were intrigued by the modern US life they saw on screen -Studios had joined together as the Motion Picture Export Association of America (MPEAA) in the 1930's and had taken control of much of the international film distribution business

Portal sites borrow their basic "everything you need to start your day" strategy from newspapers

Other inducements to stick to e-commerce sites are drawn from retail promotion -coupons, sales, and celebrity appearances

The AT&T of today was reassembled over the decades through a series of acquisitions and mergers that gave it control over local wireline services in the Midwest, far west, deep south, and southwest

Other remaining holding companies: -Verizon: covering the eastern seaboard from Virginia to NY -CenturyLink: spanning western states from the Pacific Northwest to Minnesota and south to Arizona and New Mexico The wireless revolution has made those territorial rights to provide wireline service increasingly irrelevant

Magazine websites post tidbits from their latest issue and interactive features for free and offer paid subscriptions online

Others are using the web to extend their brand names in hopes of inciting apps of themselves for tablet computer that enhance the conventional print experience with video and personalized content -"Walled gardens" that are not freely accessible through the Web and search engines -Online magazines are not limited to Big Media companies -Thousands of amateur magazines, many covering aspects of pop culture ("zines" --> "blogs")

PG-13

Parents strongly cautioned to give guidance to children under 13; some material may be inappropate for young children

Disney moved into the studio ranks with animated films and its Buena Vista production and distribution company

Produced family fare epitomized by "Mary Poppins" (1964)

Over 3 billion people worldwide use the internet

Personal communication is the most common activity -The time we spend each day on the internet is quickly catching up to the amount of time spent on TV (due to social networking sites but now streaming audio and videos) -Most webpages are viewed for less than a minute

1927

Philo Farnsworth develops electronic TV

Handheld games evolved over the years

Pioneered by Mattel in 1976 -Portable games like "Simon" was big seller -Category took off with Nintendo Game Boy (1989) causing sensation with Tetris (sold 100m units)

Obama Administration made closing the gap a priority

Pledgind millions of follars to put broadband in 90% of US homes by 2020 -$7b was allocated through American REcovery and Reinvestment ACt 2009 to upgrade broadband internet networks and community computing facilities in schools and libraries

"Donkey Kong"

Popular arcade game -Marked debut of Nintendo in the American home -Created Mario character for game (originally called "Jumpman")

Joysticks

Popular controllers for 1st and 2nd generation games -Players hold the base in one hand and push the joystick in the other (felt unnatural)

Sharing of music files introduced millions of people to the concept of getting their entertainment through the internet for free

Practice has spread to: print, video, and video games -Two important differences: content is increasingly "shared" by commercial enterprises and much of it is no longer free

Silent films established classic genre formulas for telling stories with images and motion that are still followed today

Producers of silent films had to rely on visual -Only brief written dialogue added in still frames -Oriented towards action, dramatic visuals, and lavish sets

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Provide connections to the internet -AT&T and Charter Cable are industry leaders (account for more than 50% of the us internet subscriptions) -Some ISP, such as AOL, create original content and combine roles of ISP and content provider -Earthlink is purely ISP (providing access but little i the way of content, aside from portal pages that welcome their users with the news of the hour when they log on) -Usually lease high-speed connections to the internet backbone from telecommunications carriers or local phone companies or are affiliated with companies that provide network connections of their own -More than 400 ISPs in the US with national coverage and many more that cover local communities -Giant telephone and cable companies dominate

Social Network Games

Significant presence in the game sphere -Top social game publishers like King and Supercell tend to come and go with each new hit game -Are converging with mobile games as publishers of popular social titles (King) make app versions to follow social media users on their phone

One possibility is to adopt the genres of 2-D board games

Race, space, chase, displace, and theme games

Practical wireless telecommunications dates back to Marconi's wireless telegraph of 1896

Radio was primarily a 2-way communications medium for the first 25 years of its existence, before radio broadcasting dominated the airwaves -All of the messages were text, transmitted in the Morse Code that wireline telegraphs used and such bulky equipment was required that only large oceangoing vessels (Titanic) had mobile radios

Cell phone technology has evolved through a series of generations

Signified by the capital G that mobile providers use in their ads

First films

Simply showed short black and white silent depictions of actual events in motion -Ex: Horse races

US broadband service is considered slow and expensive

Ranks 16th among 34 leading developed countries

Concerns about the impact of violence on children led to congressional hearings in 1993

Rating system for video games that later evolved into the Electronic Software Review Board

First turning point for video games

Release of a second arcade game by Bushnell (1972) -Electronic version of table tennis called "Pong" -Triggered many video game booms

Studios had become skilled in the use of sound effects and music

Some actresses and actors did not have the vocal quality or more subtle acting skills to survive -"Singin' in the Rain" (1952)

Social media has come synonymous with Facebook and other social networking sites

Replaced published albums of pictures with interactive online profiles -No longer fits definition that specifies content generated through social interaction -Facebook has evolved into a general-purpose platform to deliver news, entertainment, and advertising to its users -Friending tagging, wall posting, and participating in social games and discussion groups = social media -New ways of social sharing are emerging (Facebook Live) -Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Reddit account for 3/4 visits to social media sites in the US

Reformatting content produced for the old media side of business

Requires dozens of employees with web design skills (New York Times) -Many newspapers or other old media firms create new or extended content for the Web and provide ways for readers to contribute both stories and commentary

Home video had become a driving force

Revenues from rentals and direct sales of videos and DVDs -Income dropped as new forms of digital distribution emerged and consumers tightened their discretionary purchases during the Great Recession

Studios also increasingly rely on the revenue generated by higher priced ticket sales for 3-D and IMAX ("Avatar," 2009)

Reworked some existing new films to screen in 3-D ("Beauty and the Beast," 2012) By 2013, both revenue and attendance for 3-D films were down and so was overall film attendance

Both rentals and sales of DVDs are declining while films on broadcast or cable remain popular

Rising trend towards streaming films on platforms (Netflix or Amazon) -More specialized streaming services like Sundance Doc Club create new venues for more specific tastes like documentary films

Dungeons & Dragons

Role playing game -Initially played on paper with miniature figurines -Inspired multiplayer game "MUDs" (Multiuser dungeon) -Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle credited with developing the first one -A version placed on ARPANET (forerunner of today's internet) in 1980, giving claim to be the first multiplayer game on the internet

1987: made it feasible for Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch to create the Fox network built around a collection of major markets UHF stations

Rules prohibiting networks from producing and syndicating their own entertainment programs were lifted -Encouraged more new networks and vertical integration of networks with movie studios (Murdoch's 20th Century Fox Warner --> WB network and Viacom built UPN around stations it owned --> merged to CW in 2006_

Other sits depart from the catalog shopping model

SErvices as well are products are sold online, with the internet taking the place of the travel agent (expedia.com), taxi driver (uber), hotel clerk (hotels.com), auctioneers (ebay)

Early audiences were easy to food with simple stop-action effects

Showed a scene then stopped the camera long enough to change the scene and restart it with a new scene, audiences think it is magic (climbing into box, close lid, think he escaped, but he walked out of scene)

Cell phone manufacturers are part of the wireless picture

Samsung and Apple are the world leaders in terms of market share

1844

Samuel Morse invents the telegraph

The same queries posed to other search engines may have varying results because of the different ways in which the engines search for keywords

Search engines also differ in how they look for key words in various locations -Title of the Web page, how high it appears on the page, or the frequency in which the keyword appears -Also depends on how often the search engine's software or "bot" searches the internet

First generation games had their programs hardwired into the consoles

Second generation was cartridge machines so that consoles could play a wider variety of games -Games were hardwired inside cartridges and therefore relatively expensive to produce -Cartridges were not interchangeable between consoles -Graphics were limited to crude shapes and narrow range of colors (sound effects were mainly buzzes and beeps)

Viewing habits are changing rapidly

Shows like "The Walking Dead" draw up to 2/5 of their audience from DVR players in the week following their original airing

With computer being involved in all aspects of movie making, "desktop" film making is fast becoming a reality

Small groups of talented people can shoot films in digital video and can edit them on personal computers with off-the-shelf software -Without Hollywood actors, directors, camera, sets, or key grips

"Dumb" cell phones have their features programmed on the computer chips built into the hardware

Smartphones require software and supplying that software is becoming and important part of the wireless industry -Smartphones have operating systems like computers -Google and Microsoft have competing system's but Google's Android is dominant

Console killers

Smartphones, tablet computers, and internet connected TV -games downloaded as apps rather than sold as game software in a box

Familiar apps like Facebook and Twitter lose some of their appeal as parents, college admissions deans, and prospective employers learn how to use them to monitor younger users

Social media offering features such as photo albums, video, disappearing messages, and anonymous chatter, become attractive as the 2nd and 3rd hourly social media check-ins

Films turned inward to focus on American culture in 1960/70's

Sold very well abroad -Exports continued to help keep Hollywood profitable throughout 1950/60's

E-commerce, like Amazon, intimidate shopping malls by carrying many different types of products

Some are pure e-tailers that exist online only -Walmart and others are online offshoots of brick and mortar retailers called "Clicks and mortar" operataions

Revival of independent film making outside the major studios

Some directors (John Cassavetes) survived in indies for years -Computer technology for editing and high-quality, low-cost digital cameras drove down the costs of producing "small" or indie films and created renaissance in filmmaking different from expensive blockbusters

Silent movies were even controversial

Some movies had sexual themes, partial nudity, and depiction of a fast urban life -"The Jazz Age" (1929) men and women partied hard

Visits to "app stores" were the starting point in an effort to define app genres

Some of the app categories at Apple fit neatly into the functions of the mass media -Surveillance (news and weather apps) -Values transmission (education) -Entertainment (music and games) -No obvious category marches the interpretation function, but social networking and book apps might fill that niche

Web pages are often made by in-house design departments

Some of the largest are the multimedia design departments at old media titans (Disney) -New media companies (Google and Amazon) have in-house staff, as do other large and small companies not directly connected to media business

Portals compete with one new customer services

Some will keep track of appointments or remind you of anniversaries -They fill the surveillance function, once the province of newspaper headlines and TV news broadcasts, with a new personal twist -Advertisers see them as the web's equivalent to the electronic mass media

"Mega Wars I"

Something of a hit in the pre-internet era -Hosted by an early online service called CompuServe

Netflix and other streaming sites are beginning to move into financing roles

Sometimes other kinds of investors are drawn into film projects, but the risk of expensive failure for any given film tends to scare away those who are not committed to the business for long term

Bell Telephone Company established in 1877

Soon after, it acquired Western Electric -An electrical equipment-manufacturing firm -3rd cornerstone of a vertically integrated monopoly that included its local and long-distance networks -Company used its patent rights to undercut competitors and refused to interconnect competitors with its long-distance network

Digital production techniques are migrating from

Specialized studio equipment to personal computers so that once required a professional editing suite can migrate to ordinary desktop

The push towards 3-D has increased revenues by an average of about $3 per film

Split between theaters and distributors -Both production costs and theaters equipment costs have gone up with 3-D

1962

The first digital telephone network is introduced & The first communications satellite Telstar is launched

Videocassette records (VCR) and DVDs diffused quickly to become the primary means of watching movies at home

Spread of video rentals contributed to the blockbuster phenomenon and to audience segmentation -Many people rented latest hits, other niche interests, old films, etc -Many B movies or indie films now go straight to Netflix or Amazon Prime

1977

Star Wars highlights focus on big-budget blockbusters

2015

Star Wars: The Force Awakens shows the continuing power of film franchises Netflix revives indie film market

5th generation machines

Still faster, but overpriced -Hardware were slow to catch on, but 3-D graphics revived play -Nintendo scored hit with "The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time" (one of the best video games of all time)

Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)

Stood out with innovative control pad in place of joysticks and a new business model -sold the game system at a loss but made prodits on the software

Helical scanning

Stored video tracks on a slant so the length of the rape would shrink to manageable portions

Chess

Strategy and role-playing game -Dates back over 1000 years

Fights are looming between theaters, which want to keep a privileged first window

Studios and others who want to get the movies out into other channels or windows as soon as possible

Second crash in video game market (1983)

Surplus of consoles, a price war among console makers, competition from personal computers and independent developers, hastily designed and unoriginal games -Forced all console makers to sell out or go bankrupt -Worst game ever: "E.T the Extraterrestrial"

To keep up with all the music and digital video files that broadband users download, the connections in the internet backbone are also being upgraded to fiber-optic cables that carry billions of bits per second

Telephone companies connect individual homes to fiber in some parts of the country that transmit hundreds of millions bits per second

1948

Television competes; major studios have to divest their theater chains

2016

TV spectrum auction

Hollywood responded to TV by pushing long-overlooked technological innovations

Technicolor was invented in silent era, but spread slowly with films ("Gone with the Wind" and Disney cartoons) -Early 1960's: all films were in color Wide-screen film -Cinema-Scope was developed in 1920's (took hold only under Fox's encouragement in early 1950's) -Studios outfitted theaters with new wide-screen films which was expensive and time consuming for theaters

Sony is the current champion of the console sales game

Thanks to the introduction of the popular new version of it's PlayStation 4 console -Along with older PS3 and Portable

FCC is redirecting universal service funds that formerly subsidized telephone connections in low-income households to $9.25 monthly subsidies (Connect America Fund)

That broadband connections often costs over $50/month subsidy that may not make it affordable to low income families still

According to Moore's Law, processing capacity in computer chips has doubled about every 18 months since late 1960's

That is why new personal computers are so obsolete as soon as they come out of the box

Hays soothed public complaints but imposed tough internal censorship that bridled creativity of industry writers, directors, and actors

The Catholic Church, B'nai Brith, and National Education Association all pushed for production code that forbade scenes of "Crime, wrongdoing, evil, or sin"

The airwaves that carry conventional TV broadcasts are under attack from competing mobile technolgies

The FCC organized a spectrum auction in 2016 with the aim of consolidating UHF channels and opening up new spectrum space for smartphones and other mobile devices

As profits went up and movies became a successful business, a merger wave took place

The Great Depression killed off many small producers and nearly 5,000 independent movie theaters -This strengthened the economics in the hands of very few studio executives (the studio system)

Rebellion against the strict morality that had inspired the Hays Office was part of the change American society underwent in the 1960's

The Hays office itself closed down in 1945 -the code technically remained in force until 1966 Local censors were muzzled by free speech rulings from the US supreme court

1927

The Jazz Singer is the first "talkie"

1906

The Kelley Gang (60 minutes, produced in Australia) is the first feature film

1967

The Public Broadcasting Act is passed by Congress

The production companies may profit from the syndication rights by selling them in off-network sydnications

The Simpsons is worth about $4m in syndication fees when rerun on local stations

1996

The Telecommunications Act relaxes media ownership rules

Intellectual property became an issue too

The US has strict copyright protections, but other countries have more lenient rules -Haven for file-sharing services that supported massive copyright piracy -Thousands of college students in the US were threatened with lawsuits from the recording industry as a result

The story of the infrastructure is the story of how diverse cultures create the means to communicate distance

The ancient Greeks and Romans had fire towers to carry messages from distant outposts of their civilization -Yoruba's of eastern African had a network of drummers -Anasazi people of the American Southwest "broadcast" fire signals from atop high plateausin in the 12th century -France had mechanical semaphore signal towers that sent dispatchers across during Napolean's day -Are all now "wireless"

New genres proliferate in search of audiences

The basic ones are the kinds of genre categories you find in video stores or on Netflix -Comedy, drama, action, horror, science fiction, classics, family, western, animation, documentary, foreign -Continue to dominate, as filmmakers blend to reach a very broad audience in the US and abroad

The first Golden Age died as audiences expanded and ratings ruled

The broader audience didn't appreciate the highbrow drama anthropologies as much as the well-educated, urban, East Coast early adopters

TV's power to offend audiences and degrade culture, as well as entertain and enlighten became evident

The children of the early 1950's suffered and epidemic of broken limbs as they jumped from roofs, imitating TV's superman -Led to the first congressional hearings about the effects of TV on children

Films have traditionally been distributed in a series of windows of time linked to specific channels

The classic distribution for a major film used to be: -Theatrical distribution -International theatrical distribution -Pay-per-view -Pay cable -DVD rentals and sales -Paid downloads through iTunes or Amazon -Streaming through Netflix, Amazon, or Hulu -Network exhibitions -Basic cable networks -Syndication

2010

The iPad popularizes tablet computing & 4G cellphones are introduced in the US

The Very-high-speed backbone network service (vBNS)

The internet backbone that connects ISPs, Web servers, and individual computers around the world -Not for profit enterprise of major regional networks (MERIT)

Games continue to be populated by female sex objects and victims and designed mainly by males

The long-running "gamerate" controversy highlights antagonism toward women in the gaming community and unwillingness to let criticism of sex roles in games "spoil the fun"

M-commerce is starting to catch on in the US although it has been common in Europe and Far East for years now

The many shoppers who bring their cell phones into stores to search the web for deals at other retailers or not order out of stock sale items online represent on aspect of this trend

The analogy to computer software extend to many apps that are being developed for smartphones

The markers of the operating systems make their own apps, but the app craze has also created industry of more than 100,000 independent developers

Each new release in Grand Theft Auto series provokes criticism for increasingly graphic displays of violent crimes and other antisocial behavior

The media seemed to reflexively assign blame to games for every outbreak of violence -Direct link is hard to establish -Adam Lanza would play "School Shooting" on his computer, but would also go to shooting ranges with his mother (could have fed his violent fantasies)

The most memorable films usually reflect the artistic vision of a director who selects and directs the people who actually act, shoot the film, create the special effects, and so on

The most strongly creative directors often write or co-write the scripts or story concepts for their film

Significant sources of revenue for game publishers

The placement of ads inside games and sale of virtual goods and premium features

Governments began calling for international oversight and an end to US control

The ruling bodies of the internet (Internet Architecture Board and the Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF) gradually expanded to include international representatives

Producers enlist their starts to tweet about new releases and post on their Facebook pages as well as create Facebook pages for their movies users can like and refer friends to

These social media strategies build on the enthusiasm of teens and younger adults for social media

Independent producers started to use bootleg equipment and moved their operations far away from the dominant companies in NY

They chose Hollywood, California for its weather and space for studios -After 1915, the industry became centered in Hollywood -Earlier companies lost their control

Hollywood has had several "Booms" or "Golden ages" of prosperity, artistic success, and widespread cultural impact

They have been later followed by "busts" when industry lost parts of its audience to newer media technologies

The 4G phones treat both voice and data streams as packets of data like those on the internet

They have theoretical download speeds of up to 100 million bits per second in a speeding car and up to 1 billion bits per second standing still -Actual speeds average only about 10 million bits per second in the US (enough to support HD TV streams and video conferencing)

In the US personal computer market, HP and Dell are the leaders

They started the personal computer trend -Apple and IBM are now lesser players -IBM's personal computer operation was sold to Lenovo -Personal computer sales are decreasing as users switch to tablets and smartphones -HP and Dell are the leading manufacturers of internet servers and sales rise as cloud computing replaces conventional computer networks

Filmmakers took advantage of the latest special effects

This increased costs -"Star system" also increased costs with actors that could get over $20m for a film (Tom Cruise)

The original mobile phone service operated from a single central antenna in each city and only handled 46 simultaneous conversations at any time

This meant that the 47th caller did not receive a dial tone -Happened often as the subscriber base grew and multiple users contended for the limited number of channels

The amount of time one spend on a site should not be criterion for a "good" site

This reflects old media thinking -The key from the Webby awards perspective is lots of empty white space with small print, intriguing video clops and large graphic design space

Cheapest were quiz shows that eliminated scripts and professional actors

Today, called reality shows -Shot to the top of ratings in the mid 1950's

Many of the latest TV trends have a "back to the future" ring to them

Today, we will social media with buzz about TV shows -Early TV was a "social medium" as TV owners invited their family and friends over to watch and engage in conversations the next day

Advertisers sponsored entire shows that they named after themselves and filled with plugs for their brand (The Kraft TV Theater)

Today, when a sponsor's products appear during the scripted portion of the show, we call those product placements

Gear VR provides a cradle for your smartphone in its headset

Top gear connects to your personal computer (Oculus Rift) or game consoles (Sony's PS VR) to support fast-changing graphics as you turn your head

1995

Toy story is first major-release computer-generated film

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Traces evolution of computers -where all the actual data processing takes place -Today's personal computers are 4th gen computers with very-large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits with millions of components each

Game apps, downloads, and social media games are inspiring new directions in gaming

Trend toward simple "casual" games" -Candy Crush: can be played to conclusion in short periods of time

1982

Trip Hawkins founds game maker Electronic Arts

Government information is growing in importance

US government web pages among the most popular -All levels of government have a trend towards e-government so that citizens can find public information about everything -Applications and transactions with government agencies can be completed online

Over 60% of the North American population went to the movies in 2014

US moviegoers attend the movies an average 4x per year -Movie going has shifted to audiences under 40 -Particularly affected by word of mouth and electronic discussion

Online casino and poker games that allow real-world bets to be made were once the rage

US players were cut off when law enforcement cracked down on credit card payments to poker website -US DOJ ruled that online poker is legal if kept within state boarders, so online poker is returning -Some states are cracking down on fantasy sports (FanDuel) arguing it is gambling

UHF

Ultra High Frequency, channels 14-69

Regional or local providers who own their own networks

US Cellular, nTelos, and more

2009

US digital TV transition goes into effect

Efforts to reign in AT&T's monopolistic behavior established the framework of government regulation that still oversees telecommunications and internet today

Under threat of an antitrust suit, AT&T promised to provide quality service for all -The principle of the universal service, codified in the Graham Act of 1921

Universal was acquired by MCA and went into TV production

United Artists capitalized on distributing movies for talented independent producers -"The African Queen" (1951)

Great interest in the media industry in apps that deliver versions of print publications to the device

Unlike web publications open to anyone, apps create "walled gardens" that discourage users from surfing away as they read and make it difficult to hotlink into articles without viewing the ads that go with them -Publishers keep possession of proprietary information about reader preferences and activity inside the app

Amount of time spend on a page is an indication of a bad esign

Usability and human computer interactions (HCI) researchers time users and train cameras on them as they surf web pages -Try to identify and correct confusing features that slow users down -Designing web pages around tasks, giving all page in a site a consistent look and feel, supplying site navigation aids, and minimizing download times are key design considerations

Most demanding broadband application of internet users

Video streaming -3 million bits per second is sufficient for Netflix and Hulu -25 million bits per second is the new norm for broadband service established by FCC

The industry leaders also do business under wholly owned subsidaries

Virgin Mobile and Boost (both owned by Spring) -Target young adults

Pixar Animation Studios

Virtual film studio started by Steve Jobs -"Frozen" (2013) produced entirely with digital animation inside computers -Started with "Toy Story" series

2016

Virtual reality apps for smartphones & Mobile ads catch up to personal computer ad revenues

2016

Virtual reality becomes a reality

Portals

Web pages that users launch when they first log onto the web -Combine directories, interpersonal communication, and information into an all-purpose, customizable "launch pad" -Greet registered visitors by name and keep track of their favorite types of content

First handheld personal communciation device also appeared on WW2 battlefields

Walkie talkie -Al Gross invented them who went on to pioneer an audio forerunner in today's chat services, citizens' band (CB) radio, and the telephone pager

6th generation concoles

War broke out in 1999 with a focus on higher resolution graphics and internet gaming -Saw the introduction of the all-time console sale leader (PlayStation 2) and well as entry of Microsoft (XBOX) -Sony pushed gaming further out of child's playroom and into the adult mainstream (Grand theft Auto)

Film industry could not beat TV so it joined

Warner brothers and Paramount produced series and distributed movies for TV to profit in 1950's/60's

1992

Was IBM's Simon the first smartphone?

We might also distinguish genres from other characteristics of games such as their hardware platform, mode, level of involvement, and visual setting

We could also focus on the player's role in making the version of the game that he or she creates through intricate feedback with game system -Rather than specific actions

Strategy is personalizing content to individual users

Website gets to know its visitors -Responds to and anticipate your needs -Amazon: suggestions based on previous purchases and follows up by sending an email saying they found something you'd like (visitors will return because of this established relationship) -Abandoning the site would incur the cost of reentering detailed personal information at a new portal, selecting from its content, and waiting for it to learn our desires through tracking

TV executives turned to Hollywood for more efficient, but less original productions

Western movies were popular then, and TV producers recycled sets and unemployed actors from westerns to produce shows like "Maverick" on the cheap

Studio system peaked in 1946-1948

World War 2 ended the economic limits imposed on movie production by Depression -After War, returning soldiers and sailors went to movies weekly, too -1946: peak of audience exposure and financial success -Around 90 million Americans went to the movies every week ("Its a Wonderful Life" -1947: US film industry grossed $2.4 bullion --> 1962: $1.3 bullion (reflected competition from TV)

Networks merged under the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1986 to form NSFNET

an email system for university professors (BITNET) and a popular discussion group system (USENET) grew at the same time

New Markup Language

XHTML (X for extensible) lets programmers define their own tags -Tags are the commends that tell your browser how to display the document where to locate a picture on the screen and how big it should be -XML is a "meta language" from which tags for specific applications can be made -RSS (Really Simple Syndication) is another form of XHTML hat posts frequent updates from other websites to personalized reader page, like iGoogle

TV continued to have golden moments

Whole nation watched together as events like Kennedy-Nixon presidential debates, Kennedy's funeral, the Vietnam War, and the moon landings unfolded in the nation's living room

Voice calls using geostationary satellites (used by satellite companies) aren't feasible because callers have to wait for the signal to make a 45,000m round trip to the satellite and back

Wireless voice and data service can also be provided by satellites that fly in low Earth orbit (LEO), a couple miles up -The lower orbits mean smaller and cheaper receivers with a small whip antenna instead of dish -Low-flying satellites constantly change their position (dozens needed to ensure coverage) -Satellite phones have never been an economical option so are mainly used by foreign correspondents and arctic explorers who travel take them to places not served by terrestrial cell phone networks

Google has emerged as the giant among search engines

Yahoo! and Bing trailing far behind -Google is consistently one of the top 10 web properties so much so that turning up near the top of its search results is a key to success for many websites

Growing interest in watching others play games rather than play themselves

YouTube channels, live feeds of game play through Twitch, and "e-sports" competitions are becoming a popular entertainment form in their own right -As the popularity of gaming continues to fluctuate, its future direction continually evolves as rival gaming paradigms compete for screen time

Some viewers are turning off conventional TV distribution channels all together

YouTube videos often have more viewers than top rated shows on conventional TV

Capacious hard drives store all of your iTunes, family pictures, and video downloads and re transmits them to all the rooms of your house

Your smartphone "talks" to your PC or your smart TV through wireless computer network technology -Advanced video game machines fill the niche, playing Blu-ray movies and connecting to the internet -Virtual reality displays are leaving the lab for the living room and computing power needed to run them may once again convince computer buyers that "more is better"

Internet has been repeatedly reinvented

a Cold War weapon --> a medium of scientific exchange --> public information resource --> online shopping plaza --> social interactions --> digital amusement park

Platform

a basic type or brand of game system

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

a committee within the ISOC that makes important policy decisions about operations and future developments -Members are employees of large corporations (Microsoft) that have important financial stakes in the internet -Technical matters are overseen by the IETF through its various working-group committees

Gig.U Project

a consortium of over 30 universities that aim to extend gigabit networks to neighboring communities -High resolution medical imaging and instant downloads of HD movies are possible apps

Nation's inner cities and college campuses erupted in violence in the late 1960's and early 1970's

a finger of blame was pointed at the thousands of hours of violent programs served up by the big 3 each year

Digital Game

a game in which a digital computer facilitates the game play

Video rentals provided a second alternative to the advertising supported "free" TV model of the big 3 netwokrs

a model that would later give Netflix its start as a mail order video rental provider -VCRs also liberated viewers from the tyranny of the network TV schedule, allowing them to watch what they wanted, when they wanted

Internet2

a new, faster version of the internet -Involving more than 200 universities that conduct experiments with the next generation of internet technology and gives us a preview of more things to come at speeds of 100 billion bits per second

ISOC (the internet society)

a nongovernmental international membership society that promotes the orderly use and development of the internet -Modeled after the professional associations that college professors belong to

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

a television or radio satellite service that transmits signals from satellites to compact home receivers -in the 1990's, operators DirecTV and the Dish Network emerged as alternative TV delivery systems that transmitted satellite signals directly to the home for a monthly fee

Google

a web portal, software publisher, a smartphone distributor, a social networking system, an e-mail service, and an online video distributor

Wearable

accessories that monitor your heart rate as you jog or notify you that you have "sweaty palms" -Wristwatch phones and other forms of cell phone jewlery are other examples of wearables (still bulky-looking and touch screens are small) -Gadget makers are working on cellphone implants you could wear in you instead of on you (surgically installed headphones?)

Some e-commerce sites don't actually sell anything

act as clearing houses for comparative shopping information -Others have product directories, coupons, and buyer incentives

Facebook is becoming a new kind of media

acting as a portal to news and entertainment, social interactions, and as a force on online advertising -No longer what it used to be, users switching to restricted social media like Everyme and Google+ or Snapchat and Vine that do not leave permanent tracks

Blockbusters favor genres in which big budgets and special effects can be used to best advantage

action-adventure, crime, horror, drama, and sci-fi -The genres the US has the greatest export advnatge in the world film markets

Creative commons

advocates that authors opt into or opt out of specific copyright protections from their work

By the mid- 1950's TV was the leading advertising medium in the US

ahead of radio, newspapers, and magazines

Displace games

aim in to annihilate the opponent -First shooter games -Call of Duty

2016: US launched a campaign on cyber attacks

aimed at disrupting communication and operations of Islamic militants -Could bring the internet full cycle back to its origins as a weapon of war

Special purpose computers might take over office, living room, and kitchen

all connected through the Internet of Things

"Green screen" techniques

allow actors shot against green backgrounds to be digitally inserted into live-action scenes or computer generated backgrounds

Online safety is threatened by security "holes" in browser

allow hackers to get access to personal information stored on computer -Or to use your computer to launch spam or viruses at other users using robotic programs (bots for short) -Crucial to update your browser and operating software and accept automatic notifications promptly

Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

an anti-piracy initiative by the film and music industries, defeated in 2011 because it seemed to limit internet rights

Packet Switching

breaks up digital information into individually addressed chunks or packets

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

an international membership organization that formulates and approves standards for the Web (HTML5)

Phishing

an online scam in which criminals pretend to be someone you trust in an effort to obtain money or sensitive information

In the US, one of the ways Hollywood retains its power is in control over finance

any film with a budget over a few million dollars tends to be at least partially financed by the major studios -Often setting them up for control over distribution and other decisions

You use the internet when

anytime you use a device or application that transmits information using the packet structure specified by the TCP/IP protocol -Surfing the web, checking social media, watching netflix, playing video games online, talking or texting from mobile device

Social media boost live ratings of sporting events and "Keeping up with the Kardashians"

as millions tweet about them in real time each week

Google Cardboard

as viewer for 360 degree photos -Foldable cardholder for your smartphone that you hold up to your eyes

Early history of electronic telecommunication was dominated by wireline communication

before coming full cycle back to wireless int he current century

NFC (near field communications)

being built into smartphones -Short-range radio transmitters that allow you send information, such as authorizing a credit card charge, by "bumping phones" with another NFC-equipped device but could also be used to detect your location in relationship to a product display inside a retail store

Micro-payments

being implemented by a variety of business models -to use the software by the minute or the hour -Pay per usage, flat monthly fees -Advertising-supported cloud services

The big 3 weakened as they changed owners in the mid 1980's

bosses slashed staff to improve profitability

Inter exchange carriers

carry domestic long-distance telephone calls made between area codes and those completed within area codes that cross local access and transport area (LATA) boundaries -Verizon, AT&T, and Sprint are leaders but hundreds of smaller long-stance companies

Third-generation (3G)

cell phones have high-speed data transmission capacity for video and internet

Both amateur and professional developers also show off their skills by crafting game mods

change game features -New weapons into first person shooter games -Complete makeovers that change basic nature of game play

Pay TV

charges cable customers an extra monthly fee to receive a specific channel

B Movies

cheaply and quickly made genre films -Not as prestigious but made consistent profits as the second feature at local theaters

Online horrors began to emerge

child molesters stalking children, teens harassing one another, online gamers destroying their families, identify thieves trolling for private information -Parents regarded the internet, rather than TV, as the number one media threat to children

Many films start with a writer's draft film script

circulated among studios, producers, directors, and even leading actors looking for interest -Thousands circulate, hundreds get optioned for a serious look, but few make it

Edison's "kinetograph" (1888)

close relative to phonograph -Pictures were recorded a frame at a time on a hand-turned revolving cylinder with a light-sensitive surface -Soon the cylindrical photographic plates gave way to strips of the newly invented Kodak film -first playback mechanism for the masses, but only one viewer at a time

Game developers create game software by

combining skills of graphic artists and computer programmers -Leading game publishers have their own in-house design studio

Film Noir

comprised the "dark" moody American films of the 1940's, often focused on detectives or similar themes -"Double Indemnity" (1914), more skeptical, cynical, and had antiheroes instead of simpler heroes in earlier films

2016: Charter Cable acquired Time-Warner Cable

concentrating ownership of broadband cable networks in the US -2015: FCC issued a landmark neutrality decision that aims to prevent Internet service provides like Comcast and Charter from providing preferential access to their subsidiaries and business partners

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

connect computers that are miles apart

Cable modems

connect personal computers to cable TV systems

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

connections caught up to cable modems in the race to wire the country for broadband connections capable of millions of bits per second

Films were marked by experimentation with:

content and forms, major technological innovations, and disputes over who could use, control and benefit from the innovation

Basic business models and practices, genres, and audiences of TV that were developed in radio and during TV's early years

continue to shape what we see today even as "TV" expands across a variety of screens

The internet was originally developed to

continue weapons research at Livermore and other labs even if civilization was wiped out in a nuclear war -Originally called "ARPANET" and was funded by the US department of defense

Internet browsers and plug-ins are distributed for free

creators profit from the sale of other programs that make new content and the specialized software that runs the servers on the internet -Google Drive is part of a large scheme aimed at capturing more information from internet users that can be used to support the company's ad sales

Maryland

cut a deal in 2014 to keep Netflix's House of Cards

SAGE air defense system

dating from the early 1950's -introduced modems to feed warnings of approaching Russian bombers into the first wide area network

Inferior access to employment and education opportunities

deepens the cycle of poverty that costs all citizens dearly in this country and worldwide

The greatest interest and source of funding for serious games comes from

defense departments around the world

high-defintion television (HDTV)

digital television that provides a wider and clearer picture than standard TV -more than doubles number of vertical scan lines, widens the picture to make 16:9 ratio

Genre

distinctive styles of creative works -Also used to represent different types or formats of media content

Cell phones get their name from

dividing large service areas into clusters of small zones (cells) each only a few miles across

Disney and Universal are part of a vertically integrated conglomerate

dominates video and film production and distribution -Tended to produce 15-20 films a year -1/5 of the over 700 feature films released annually in the US 1946: Holly would major studios would produce 40-50 movies a year

Rear projection

effects have images projected behind performers who are in the foreground -Actors filmed against the backdrop of another film projected from behind

m-commerce

electronic shopping transactions completed with a cell phone

Disintermediation

eliminating distributors that serve as intermediaries between manufacturers and their customers

Theme games

engage players in a simulation of a real-world activity -The Sims

Many found the internet to be a venue for social connections

engaging in public debate, learning about political candidates, finding a good deal on products and services, and exploring pleasant diversions

Costs per thousands

how much a commercial costs in relation to the number of viewers who see it, in thousands

The Communications Act of 1934

established the FCC to regulate communications -Define AT&T as a common carrier, requiring them and other telephone companies to offer service on an equal basis to all paying customers and prohibited them from having any financial interest in the content

Governments around the world began to consider how to control an international medium

evading their laws and challenged national media system -Beginnings of a movement that now threatens the existence of the internet 20 years later

Mobile communication uses techniques very similar to radio broadcasting

except that mobile services operate in different portions of the communications spectrum and use far less powerful transmitters

Exergames

exercise games

Millions of web surfers have their own blog

far too many to keep up with but there are websites that index the latest postings from thousands of blogs -Tumblr and Blogger are popular social media sites that make it easy for you to start your own customized blog -Medium blog site might post essays and rants for a wide range of audiences

AI in videogames

features that make the virtual characters operated by the game act as if they were human -More advanced forms add new events to the game and the story evolves as you progress

Star System

film studios use of stars' popularity to promote their movies -Mary Pickford (Madame Butterfly) -Charlie Chaplin (The Gold Rush) Their names appeared above the title of the film on theater marquees

Independent (indie) films

films not made by the major studios -"Once" (2006) made considerable profits -"The Silver Lining's Playbook" (2012) made over $132m but produced for $21m Some prefer to use the indie label for smaller films

The first cell phone that we might recognize as a smart phone was IBM's Simon

first introduced in 1992 with touch screen, data, and voice capabilities -Built in "apps" were calendar, calculator, e-mail, and games -Aimed at business users and was too heavy and bulky to catch on with consumer

Alto Computer developed by Xerox Corporation (1970's)

first personal computer -had a mouse, graphical user interface, and a high speed LAN connection (Ethernet) -Invented by Bob Metcalfe

Blackberry

first sold in 1999 -Handheld communication device that made mobile messaging a popular cultural phenomenon

liquid crystal display (LCD)

flat, plasma screen TV

First-Run distribution

for film productions, made specifically for movie theaters

Movies depend on

good script, casting of less-well-known actors, striking visual design, original cinematography, memorable music, sound effects, and the central role of the director orchestrating all of these processes and other people who perform them

2016 Superbowl

had the 3rd largest TV audience of all time -ratings of only 49% compared to 60% for the final episode of MASH -4 million watched free video stream from CBS

Personal Data Assistants

handheld personal organziers -introduced around same time as Simon -Some could be purchased with cellphone add-ons as extra cost options

International record carriers (IRCs)

handle long distance calls between countries -Was the exclusive domain of AT&T in the US, but now there are dozens of options

Sundance

has become crucial to indies -as have new distribution technologies like streaming -Companies like Netflix bought most of the indie feature releases at Sundance in 2015, reestablishing a major for indie film

The list of top-rated shows of all time, exclusive of sports

has not had a new addition since the early 1980's

MMORPGs

have been suffering from subscriber losses -Led many (including World of Warcraft and Clash of Clans) to adopt a freemium model in which game publishers profit from selling premium features, advanced levels, or longer play sessions from inside games and "crowdsourced" games developed with online contributions from prospective players

Video games were originally developed as TV accessories

have made the transition to HD, sometimes played across 3 screens simultaneously to enhance experience

Broadband

high speed internet connections

Cell phones have completely replaced landline phones in nearly half of US homes

iPhone in 2007 and iPad in 210 began to shift content once confined to computers, TV, game consoles, and home video screens to mobile platforms -Mobile have joined TV (1st screen) and computers (2nd screen) as they 3rd screen widely viewed in the home

To battle piracy of first-run films

in 2008, the industry began offering legal internet downloads of some films on the same day as DVD releases -Trend continued as DVD lose the position as the central money-maker for the industry

The studio system

in Hollywood, emphasized key stars as a way to promote studio films

The big 3's oligopoly had to be broken, beginning with their stranglehold on TV production

in order to balance the good for TV to do with the cultural damage it can inflict

Post production

includes editing, sound effects, and visual effects that are added after shooting the original footage

Communications Spectrum

includes the range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies that are used in wireless communication systems

Number of IMAX theaters is also growing

including the conversions of traditional screen in multiplexes -Large space, high-resolution format, large immersive screens -Prized venues for 3-D movies (such as "Avatar")

Independent game developers

individual or small teams that develop games that they hope will be picked up by major publishers

Casual games

informal games that can eb completed in short periods of time

"Walled garden"

information on facebook is "off limits" to search engines -You can get to Facebook via google, but not direct posts

As Dolby and Surround Sound systems emerged

intense sound also characterized the movie theater experience -Film took advantage of new technologies to create a more intense viewing experiencing than TV could provide

The concentration of such activities in the US makes other nations, companies, and users nervouse

international organizations like the International Telecommunications Union have tried to assert ore control over internet governance (so far with little success) -Efforts continue to globalize control of the web -The UN established the Internet Governance Forum to further diversity, security, and education in the information society and convened the World Summit on the Information Society to address ICANN control, the digital divide, and other global issues surrounding the internet

Jon Postel

internet pioneer -Contributed to the system of naming and numbering addresses on the Internet

Laser

invented at Bell Labs -Held the key to practical fiber-optics system by producing intense beams of pure, concentrated light

Thomas Edison

invented the first functional motion picture camera in 1888

An update to the basic Internet Protocol (IP version 6)

is quickly becoming dominant -Extends the length of internet addresses so that more can be made -Older version 4 has only about 4 billion addresses, not enough to issue addresses in all of the world's major languages or give your smartphone, car, TV and toaster their own IP address -Launched in 2012: supports trillions of address and smoother streaming of audio and video -Major ISPs (AT&T and Comcast) have made the transition

Some consider the internet a cure for

isolation, poverty, ignorance, political oppression, and boredom

The telephone slowly expanded from the circle of wealth tradespeople and professionals at the turn of the 20th century

it become a "social network" thanks to the women who reinvented it as a medium of social exchange -Became a lifeline to rural families (feeling less isolated) -Helped with automobile, helped spur migration from cities to suburbs -Connected women to family and friends, but confined them to their homes more than when they went out on social visits in person

Control over production, distribution, and exhibition enabled studios to make sure their movies were distributed and widely played

it constituted a form of vertical integration -ultimately drawing attention of federal regulators to the concentration of power in the studios

Streaming internet video is widely regarded as a disruptive new media technology

it harkens back to new media of 1970's -which established new economic models, telecommunications infrastructure, and audience habits that presented a new path out of the wasteland of the big 3 oligopoly that made way for streaming today

The basic premise of government regulation is to

manage a scare resource: the limited channels space available in the communications spectrum

The FCC reversed the ban on urban cable systems in 1972

mandated that new systems have at least 20 channels

Ratings

measure the proportion of television households that watch a specific show, or how many people are listening to a radio station

Social media

media whose content is created and distributed through social interaction

"Casual" games

most popular genre of online games -"Scrabulous" online version of scrabble is popular -Clash of Clans and Candy Crush played with such intensity, no longer "casual" -Browser games: played through your internet browser, usually for free

The Depression (1929-1939) kept some people away

most tried hard to find a couple of dimes for the movies -Collectively bought about 70 million tickets a week -Form of escapism created by Hollywood

Talkies

motion pictures with synchronized sound for dialogue -ended the golden age of silent movies

The future of the internet is shaped by changes in network transmission tehcnology

move those packets at ever-higher speeds by the software that runs internet apps and changes in rules that are used in internet transactions

4/5 of homes now on broadband connections

movie streaming and downloads have all but eliminated home video stores

"More is better"

multimedia computers add new sounds and video processing capabilities until they become home entertainment servers sitting in the middle of a high speed computer network that distributes entertainment and information throughout your home

Conventional mass media, such as newspapers and TV, were never ideally suited for some other vital functions that we have apps for

navigation, making money, staying fit, being productive at work, or acting as a flashlight (but there's apps for them) -Other categories are defined by what you like to do (lifestyles, favorite play activity)

Wifi

offers wireless broadband access from hot spots covering a growing number of college campuses, airports, internet cafes, and homes -Newer versions offer speeds many times faster than cable modems and make it possible to move around without losing connection -can be your own mobile hot spot through a device connected to your computer that lets your smartphone and other wifi capable gear share a wireless connection

The Avengers (2012)

one of the biggest blockbusters of the year -released first in several overseas markets to lkimit piracy issues

Online distribution is an important outlet for independent game developers

online distribution channels for independent games sponsored by each of the major game hardware manufacturers

DVD, pay TV, online streaming, and other releases have also been moved forward in the US

online distribution is moving up to meet the DVD release dates to try to get legitimate copies into markers as soon as pirate copies rrive

Advertyising-supported online entertainment preserves the illusion that it is "free"

online entertainment attracts audiences in numbers that appeal to advertisers -Youtube most well-known, compete with regularly scheduled programming and broadcast TV -Hulu specialize in TV services from Big Media like NBCU -Ad-supported stremaing radio stations (iHeartRadio)

massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)

online games that thousands play at the same time in a virtual world

Electronic publishing

online versions of conventional print publications and information published only on the internet -Even formal "old" media reorganize content for the internet crowd and add links to other sides from inside newspaper articles, searchable indices of past articles, online forums, and multimedia extensions -The multimedia extensions include audio and video files and computer simulations

Persistence of vision

optical illusion exploited by motion pictures

Over the next few years, many TV stations were expected to shift to new channels

other stations will channels with each other -Others may leave the air entirely

7th and 8th generation console war

packing multiple processors running in parallel, capacious hard drives, broadband Internet connections, HD graphics, and voice and gesture controls -May be game over for console wars and for the business model in which gamers buy physical copies of software for the latest game players

parental guidance suggested; some portions perhaps not suitable for young children, mild profanity, non "excessive" violence, only a glimpse of nudity

MPAA ratings

part of a movie rating system instituted in 1968

Many internet users have gotten hooked by

playing online games, social networking, or compulsively answering emails

Acting in talkies became less stylized

plot could be carried by dialogue, not just expression and gesture

The major studios today invest an average of $66 million per film

plus, an average $36 million in advertising per film -Spending high overhead to keep studio running -Top actors and directors drain profits

Edison and Biograph

pooled patents to establish a single motion picture standard -Had somewhat superior camera and projector technologies -Tried to collect a fee from every new film

Unity

popular game authorizing system among students since it has free versions as well as tutorials and user forums

Reverse auctions

priceline.com -Let shoppers name the price and sellers bid to meet it -Or, shoppers can buy things from other people by tuning into newsgroups that specialize in buying and selling goods

Persuasive games

procedures players follow in games have an ability comparable to verbal arguments to convince people to change their ways

Race Games

proceed in a linear fashion from start to finish -Object: being the first to reach the end -Mario Brother series

Most network entertainment programs are now either

produced in house or co owned by networks themselves -The rest are usually purchased from production companies associated with other national TV networks that have gobbled up the many independent producers that once thrived in Hollywood

RKO

produced some quality films -"King Kong" (1941) Made most of its money from movie houses and from B movies

Game engines

programs that make the characters and objects in games move on the player's screen and do what they are suppose to do

Microsoft's HoloLens

promises 3D holographic images -Work wirelessly from any computing device -Consumer version is still a few years off

Warner Brothers

promoted comedies, genre films ("The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938), Errol Flynn), and cartoons (Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Daffy Duck)

Satellite communication was inspired by science fiction writer (Arthur C. Clarke)

proposed that three microwave transmitters circling the planet could cover the globe if their orbits were such that their rotation speed matched that of the earth -Communication satellites are essentially microwave transmitters launched into space beginning with AT&T's Telstar satellite in 1962 -The same same principles apply if we put the transmitters atop tall towers, which is what mobile networks do

The internet is beginning to serve as a distribution mechanism for digital filmmakers

removing the last analog stop in film production and financial barrier to solo film artist-auteur

Syndication

rental or licensing of media products

restricted; those under 17 must be accompanied by parent or guardian; may contain very rough violence, nudity, or sex

Telecommunications Act of 1966

restrictions prevented telecommunication companies in one industry from entering another telecom industry were relaxed -AT&T, Verizon, and a plethora of new entrants including Sprint and T-Mobile were free to compete with one another for cellphone customers -Decades following, falling rates and expanding coverage meant that cellphones began to replace wireline connections -Telephones transformed from household utility to personal communication device

Binge viewers

run their own streaming TV marathons, sometimes purposely avoiding the first-run broadcasts and commercials embedded in them

Software manufacturers resembled book publishers

sales were made through retail outlets that offer titles from many different publishers -Much of that software that winds up in the hands of consumers is bundled with computer hardware at the time of purchase -Increasingly, software is bought and downloaded over the internet -Part of cloud trend, software products can be rented by paying annual subscription fees and are automatically updated to latest versions

Parents care most about shielding kids from

scary violence, whereas MPAA care more about guarding against sex or profanity

small files that websites leave on their visitors computers -Can track and collate information between sites without the user's knowledge, -3rd party cookies place by companies that monitor web advertising may also do so without the user's knowledge

Studios are starting to create 3-D scans of actors

so that they day may come in which movies are made by manipulating their computer images instead of by directing real actors

Technological challenge from mobiles

social media and internet-based serices face competition from "third screen" mobile applications -Leading to Facebook acquiring WhatsApp -Shift in user paradigm soon as the majority of internet traffic originates from mobile devices rather than personal compyters

Freeware (or shareware)

software (Linux operating system, Firefox, and Avast anti virus program), whose developers lack a sophisticated distribution network or that pursue an alternative to the "pay up front" software business model (some hope people will pay voluntarily) -Users can often download the software for free and pay on the honor system later if they like it -In other cases, the software is free but the user may be asked to pay for documentation, enhanced features, or updates

Console game fans also have rising expectations about production values of popular games

some of which might be described as interactive films with characters that seem like real actors

Stardom made the private lives of early movie actors more visible

some stars' lives were scandalous to many viewers -Industry decided to impose self-censorship

Tracking

some websites leave cookies which can allow them to recognize visitors and not make you log in each time -Even when no cookies or bugs are present, your privacy is not ensure --> basic operation of the internet protocol routinely uses your IP address to route information -When you switch from one page to another, the site you leave receives information about where you go and the next one will know where you were last -Version number and fonts you use help to uniquely identify each web user

Spyware

sometimes called adware or malware -programs downloaded to computer when you install other applications from the internet, such as music file sharing programs -Monitors your surfing behavior and also causes ads to pop up on the screen

Hollywood's response to small town theater closing

suburban drive-in movies & 1970s: new movie houses in shopping centers

Augmented reality

superimposes game objects on a real world environment -Pokemon Go app -Replaces consoles and handheld game players in favor of ubiquitous mobile devices that can quickly drive adoption of new games through fun social media interactions

Virtual reality (VR)

superimposes the real you in a virtual world -Google Cardboard, Samsung's Gear VR, Oculus Rift

GPS (Geographic Positioning System)

system that locates your smartphones position in the real world by comparing the strength of signals received from 3 or more satellites turning overhead -Also power turn-by-turn directions and locate your social networking partners -Locate phone by measuring the strength of smartphone's signal at nearby cell towers, wifi nodes, or Bluetooth transmitters

Satellite

systems send information back and forth to relays in orbit around the earth

Fiber optic

systems that use light instead of electricity to transmit information -Ideal for computer data since they are immune to electrical interference that plagues copper wire systems (relatively error free) -Send information, turning the light source on and off, is well suited to the 1s and 0s of data communication -Fiber optic signals travel hundreds of miles before they face and have to be regenerated (further reducing error)

Microwave

systems transmit information between relay towers on highly focused beams of radio waves

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

the addresses of webpages -Jumbles of letters, "slashes", and "dots" that indicate the networks addresses of content stored on Web servers

Most important issue

the assignment of addresses and domain names -ICANN was entrusted with the task

Hollywood studios dominate film production because

the complexity, organizational, and financial demands of the people and their roles together in a finish film

As the 2007-2008 Writers Guild and Screen Actors Guild strikes showed

the craft guilds in Hollywood still wield a great deal of power -TV can shift programming to unscripted reality shows, but film requires writers, editors, lighting, sound, and other technical guilds

Film is created around storytelling

the creation of striking and memorable narratives that draw people in to spend steep ticket prices to see them, often repeatedly

Bluetooth

the desktop version of wireless networking -named after 10th century Danish King with dental issues -Links your earpiece to your phone and your phone to personal computer, or to wireless printers, scanners, and digital cameras -Early versions had a range of only about 300 feet and top speed of 1m bits/second -Advanced versions have speeds up to 24m -Also connects smartphone to the information systems that are quickly becoming standard on new automobiles

Participation in the 2016 auction was voluntary

the event was a reminder that broadcasters do not wont he spectrum they use and in the future the public interest could be served by devoting yet more space to mobile services

Technical issues surrounding the introduction of color TV complicated the plan

the freeze dragged on until 1952

To revive flattened sales

the game industry would like to give the thrill of full immersion in the game, instead of watching 2-D image on a screen

Internet relies on servers

the hardware that directs packets of internet data to their proper destinations

Coaxial cable

the high-capacity wire used for cable television transmission

Eadweard Muybridge's first motion picture of galloping horse

the horse's hooves triggered trip wires on 700 still cameras to yield 60 seconds of action

2007

the iPhone is introduced

Apple did not invent the cell phone or smartphone

the idea of adding visual displays was not news -AT&T's pioneering experiments with TV in 1920's (Video chat or Vine today) -AT&T periodically announced from the mid 1960's on that video phones were going to be the "next big thing" but failed to catch on them

Gamification

the idea that anything can be taught would be more fun and effective if it was a game

The operations of the net was turned over to commercial providers in 1995

the internet craze was in full swing -Fostering a culture and economic phenomenon that became known as the "dot-com boom"

Top-level domain

the last set of letters (.edu, .com, .org) -Each country also has a top-level domain of its own -Others reflect the basic types of institutions that own the address -ICANN opened the top-level domain system to include domain names that use non-Latin letters (Arabic and Chinese) -Thousands of new top-level domain names are on the way (.travel and .singles), many corporations can apply for their own

Regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs)

the local telephone operating companies that AT&T divested in 1984

Basic cable

the lowest level of cable service that includes local broadcast stations -Filled with new distant signals (WTBS from Atlanta and ESPN), only on cable supported by a combination of advertising sales and monthly cable subscription fees

ENIAC

the original general purpose computer -Enlisted in the Cold War that followed -Running calculations for the first hydrogen bomb

Must carry

the policy that requires cable companies to carry local broadcast signals

Universal Service

the principle that everyone should have basic access to telecommunication services

Digital cinema was intially slow to catch on

the projectors cost several times what convetional oens cost -DLPs have lower resolution (about 1300 lines- 4000 in conventional film), 48 frames/sec speed to improve the quality of images in motion, and increasingly clear surround sound -"The Hobbit" example of new production image and sound standards

Artificial intelligence (AI)

the property of an interactive medium that convinces users that they are interacting with a real person

First to run syndication

the rental or licensing for original productions made specifically for the syndication market

In the US, the FCC endorsed the commercial model from radio when it authorized commercial TV stations in 1941

the same year that T's technical standards were established by the National TV Systems committee

The Independent Games FEstival

the showcase for top independent game developers

Game engine

the software components that govern the physical properties of the game world, interact with the user and render images for the player

Gross

the total box office revenue before expenses are deducted

infrastructure

the underlying physical structure of communication netwoks

1970's: regulators pushed the networks out of the syndication business

they profited from reruns of popular shows -Regulators also closed the 7-8pm time slot to network programming and limited the amount of entertainment programming the networks could produce in house

For Spanish speaking viewers there was univisions

they were joined by Pax TV in 1998 -Later calling itself Ion Television

Theatrical films

those released for distribution in movie theaters

Cord Cutters

those who abandoned cable, broadcast, and satellite services for over the top viewing of streaming videos through internet connection -"Orange is the New Black"

The industry mandated a changeover to digital projection in 2014

threatened any small movie theaters whose owners do not have $150,000 to convert to digital projections

Outside of the US, national governments, regional governments, and sometimes even states and cities all help to finance movies

through: direct investments, tax incentives, cooperation with production needs for locales, extras, and so on

Web bugs

tiny, one pixel, or invisible images embedded into the HTML code -When your browser pulls them up, the server that stores the invisible image receives a notification -Bus can follow your tracks inside a website and also track you to other web pages -Can extract codes from cookies stored on your computer that identify you uniquely at the sites you have registered -Your emailed can be bugged, too, letting sender know when you open it and if you forward it

The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)

to finance programming from federal tax funds, followed 2 years later buy the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) to distribute programs to public stations

Original goal of TV

to improve the viewing experience by making the picture seem clearer and wider and sound better

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 further relaxed media ownership and rules

triggered a merger binge that married broadcast networks to cable TV, music, and print publishing, internet enterprises, and movie studios

The basic way to transmit computer data is to

turn on a tiny electrical voltage to represent a 1 and turn off the voltage to present a 0 -For those that still rely on dial-up internet, the modem converts digital pulses to signals that can be accepted and processed by the phone system as if they were sound

The networks contract with production companies for the rights to first runs of the shows

typically pay fees that cover 2/3 - 3/4 of initial production costs

Spamming

unsolicited commercial emailing

Reality shows

use amateur actors, do away with scripts and elaborate sets -Use nonunion labor and paying production staff about half the salaries

Location-based services

use information about the location of mobile phone users to tailor content to specific locations -vary their content according to where you are

In the wake of 9/11, it became evident that terrorists

used the internet to coordination the plot, raise funds, and help recruit new members to their cause

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

used to format pages on the web

Net neutrality

users are discriminated against based on the amount or nature of the data they transfer on the internet

Video Game

uses a television or similar screen to display the game play

Microsoft's Kinect System

uses cameras to track the player's motions and to embed the user's "character" in 3-D environment -a range of body motions are automatically transmitted into the game environment

Nonlinear editing

uses digital equipment to rearrange scenes to make the master copy -Faster and allows the editor to be more creative in playing with "what ifs"

Virtual reality

wearable visual displays that use smartphones to create immersive images of virtual environments -Debuted in 2016 -Video games, educational, and work-related applications anticipated these -Instead of attending lecture, could learn in a simulated classroom -Virtual reality threatens safety as texting and driving is a hazard

Deep Web

web content that is hidden behind pay walls or user log-is where search engines and inquiring minds cannot easily find

Encryption

when a message is written in secret code

During the Great Depression, AT&T continued paying dividends to stockholders (mostly republicans)

while laying off thousands of workers (mostly democrats) -Placed communications policy on the agenda of FDR (democratic president)

Like movie studios, game publishers also distribute the productions of 3rd party developers

who have varying degrees of autonomy from the publisher -Similar to the function of music labels in the recording industry -Range from wholly owned subsidiaries to recurring informal partnerships

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