Final Exam

What are the History of Hospitals? (4)

1. Hospitals as Centers of Religious Practices: 2. Hospitals as Poor Houses: 3. Hospitals as Death Houses: 4. Hospitals as Centers of Medical Technology:

It was not until the 1970s that women accounted for at least ....... Percent of all first-year medical students.

10

The percentage of today's US population over the age of 65 is:

14

Percentage of physicians belonging to the AMA today is approximately:

15

From the DVD seen in class on influenza, the worst flu epidemic in the US was in:

1918

The Social Security System in the US is trending toward fewer individuals paying into the system and more individuals drawing from it. it is projected that by around 2035, the number of individuals paying in to the system for every one individual drawing from it will be less than:

2

In order to become a Physician's Assistant, the typical time spent in a PA program (not including any prior college/university courses) is approximately:

24 months

If a country's birth rate is 30 per 1000 population and the death rate is 20 per 1000 population, what is the "natural increase"?

30-20= 10 per 1000

The infant mortality rate in the US today is around ...... per 1000 live births within a given year:

6

From the DVD seen in class on the Burk family, what apparently was a major problem with the behavioral habits of the brothers in the family.

A way to say that they love each other, they would slap one another. They were a poor family who lived in a trailer home and the parents had 13 kids. The boys worked in a saw mill. Men had a drinking problem

These individuals are referred to as the "long-living people":

Abkhasians

What is the name of an ancient Chinese technique inserting fine needles into specific points in the body to ease pain and stimulate bodily functions?

Acupuncture

Parson's concept of the sick role seems to typically apply only to ...... diseases

Acute

The ...... was founded in Philadelphia in 1847.

American Medical Association

Systolic:

Amount of pressure in your arteries

Marxist scholars claim capitalist societies put too much emphasis on .......... Responsibility for health.

An individual's

Lay midwives:

Assist with births on their own and Deliver babies in the home (home deliveries)

What did Weber write a lot about?

Bureaucracy: defined it as rational reconstruction of human institution

The person associated with the concept "looking glass self" is:

C.H. Cooley

Carcinogen:

Cancer causing agent

Individuals have been doing self-care for ......, and it is made easier today by the access to the Internet with its abundance of medical information.

Centuries

In what city is the oldest medical school in the South located?

Charleston

The most prominent group in American society advocating a preference for religious healing is the:

Christian Science Church

Which is an example of an alternative medical practice?

Clergy or none of the above

Physicians prescribe medications, diets, and the like and expect patients to follow them faithfully. This is called:

Compliance

The German sociologist Max Weber described lifestyles and, therefore, their influence on health issues as being based on what a person .........:

Consumes

We defined "stress" in class as having to do with an imbalance in an individual. What were the two factors/concepts/components which would be "imbalanced" having to do with stress?

Demands and Capacity to cope

What is meant by "the inner fraternity" in reference to the power structure of American medicine?

Doctors are protective of each other and they tend to support each other

According to structural functional theory, illness is:

Dysfunctional because it threatens to interfere with the stability of social system

Suicide which occurs when people become detached from society and, suddenly on their own, are overwhelmed by the resultant stress is called:

Egoistic

This individual wrote about suicide and how it was related to social structure.

Emile Durkheim

A scientist who studies the origin and distribution of all types of diseases is best described as a(n):

Epidemiologist

Who was the sociologist who discussed impression management as related to stress?

Ervin Goffman

Medical students today have begun to employ ..... to help decrease doubt and to improve the application of medical knowledge.

Evidence-based medicine

A Type I error is:

False positive

Visits to physicians are more frequent for:

Females

What attracted corporations to health care delivery is the potential for:

Financial profit

Report issued in 1910 which made recommendations to improve medical education in the United States is the ...... Report.

Flexner

This individual in England is more or less considered the originator of the nursing profession, as we know it today.

Florence Nightingale

Name of the physician who was famous (infamous?) for performing lobotomies was:

Freeman

The setting for the DVD viewed in class on the Burk family was:

Georgia

The DVD "The Making of a Doctor" dealt with medical students at:

Harvard

Male physicians tend to misdiagnose ...... in female patients.

Heart attack

The Number 1 cause of death in the United States today is:

Heart disease

The Hippocratic Oath requires the physician to swear that she/he will:

Help the sick Refrain from intentional wrongdoing or harm Keep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctor-patient relationship Answer: All of the above

The largest minority group in the United States today is:

Hispanics

The concept situational adjustment in looking at medical students as they progress through medical school was developed by:

Howard Becker

Complete the song sung by children on the DVD about the flu epidemic in the US and Western Europe by filling in the blank at the end of the song:

I had a little bird. Its name was Enza Opened up the window And influenza

Briefly, what was your reaction the DVD entitled "The Lobotomist," as seen in class?

I thought that how they handled the disabled girl was not the way they should have done it. She could of lived longer

Medical students shift from ........ to ....... As part of a functional learning process fitted to the physicians' role of maintaining an objective perspective of health and disease.

Idealism; cynicism

Decline in deaths from infectious diseases in the 2nd half of the 19th C was mainly due

Improvements in diet, housing, and public sanitation

Life expectancy in the United States today is:

Increasing

The religious group who refuses blood transfusions from another individual is:

Jehovah's Witnesses

The religious leader of the Oneida group in upstate New York was:

John Noyes

Epidemiology was established around 1854 by an Englishman named:

John Snow

Perhaps the most famous "patient" of the physician was a daughter of the .... Family. The treatment actually worsened her condition.

Kennedy

The current trend in the organization of medical practice in the United States is toward ...... self-employment on the part of physicians.

Less

The theory of the ....... Maintains that our self-concepts are the result of social interaction in which we see ourselves reflected in other people.

Looking-glass self

LDL:

Low Density Lipoprotein is bad for you. It is associated with increased risk of heart disease. Measure of cholesterol

Which group uses preventative services the least?

Lower class

Consumerism in medicine means that people:

Make informed choices about the services available to them

Which refers to health care organizations that control the cost of health care by monitoring how doctors treat specific illnesses, limit referrals to specialists, and require authorization prior to hospitalization, among other measures?

Managed care (HMO)

A healthcare plan which emphasizes preventive care and is a relatively new choice for American consumers is:

Managed care (HMOs)

The individual who suggested that a person's social class position is determined exclusively by his/her degree of access to a society's means of production was:

Marx

According to your textbook, the healthiest state in the United States today is ...... whereas in 2013 it was......:

Massachusetts, Hawaii

What is the degree which one must have in order to be a Nurse Practitioner?

Master's degree

From the DVD on the Burk family, as seen in class, they had an authority pattern that was very much:

Matriarchal

The Flexner Report reviewed the state of:

Medical education

The sick role is a(n) ...... orientation:

Middle class

In the early days of medicine in the United States, anyone who had ...... could obtain a medical degree.

Money

The largest single group of healthcare workers in the United States is:

Nurses

The reason for choosing a medical career most frequently given by medical students is generally that:

Of wanting "to help people"

Main two causes of death in1900 in the United States were tuberculosis and:

Pneumonia

What refers to routine physical examinations, immunizations, prenatal care, dental checkups, screening for heart disease and cancer, and other services intended to ensure good health and to minimize the effects of illness if it occurs?

Preventive care

Most medical sociologists in the United States are employed as:

Professors at universities

From the DVD on the bubonic plague (black death) what animal carried the flea which diffused that epidemic?

Rat

According to Robert Merton's paradigm on the modes of adaptation to norms, the "mode" which refers to a drug addict (rejects the institutionalized means and the cultural goal) is:

Retreatist

Robert Mertons paradigm of the modes of adaptation to norms states that one who accepts the institutionalized means but lowers the cultural goal fits the mode of:

Ritualist

This book, published in 1929, was one of the first US studies which devoted attention to the medical community in the United States.

Robert and Helen Lynd's Middletown

One of the greatest threats worldwide from infectious diseases comes from:

Sexually transmitted diseases

Parsons was the first to demonstrate the function of medicine as a form of:

Social control

As members of society, individuals are constrained in their behavior by laws and customs, according to Emile Durkheim. These constrains are referred to as:

Social facts

Cite two reasons (hypotheses?) as to why African Americans have greater hypertension (blood pressure) than other groups.

Stress and socioeconomic status

The symbolic interaction perspective, as outlined by Cooley, Thomas, and Goffman, maintains that:

Stress can result from an individual's perception of the meaning of a situation

This perspective on deviance is based on the concept that what is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups:

Symbolic interaction

Other than the "marriage issue" and the medical school were it occurred, tell me something (anything!) you learned from the DVD entitled "The Making of a Doctor" which we saw in class.

That you never know which hospital you will end up working at. Some people get their first choice and some people get their last choice

To an epidemiologist, "incidence" refers to:

The frequency with which new cases of a disorder occur within a given population during a stated period of time

A major contribution of the sick role to medical sociology is the recognition that:

The patient-physician relationship occurs within an organized framework of social roles (i.e., patterned expectations)

The work of ....... Reflects the symbolic interactionist approach to human behavior.

Thomas or none of the above

Renee Fox found that medical students acquired two basic traits as a result of their medical training: the ability to be emotionally detached from the patient and to:

Tolerate uncertainty

Heart disease has been associated with .......... Behavior, though recent research evidence questions somewhat this finding.

Type A personality

The type error most frequently made by physicians in the diagnosing a patient's symptoms:

Type I error

What is meant by chi in the Chinese doctrine of healing?

Vital energy

Snake handling religious groups in the United States are located primarily in:

West Virginia/Eastern Kentucky

Morbidity is:

amount of sickness

Karoshi:

death from overwork. Middle aged men in Japan who are very dedicated to their company

Many studies show that the strongest single predictor of good health is:

education

The best overall measure of socioeconomic status is:

education

According to Max Weber, ....... Is the ability to realize one's will even against the resistance of others.

power

The current public policy approach to dealing with AIDS is through:

safe sex education