Final Exam 476 (CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH)

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____. a. risk factor b. protective factor c. predictive factor d. epidemiological factor

A

Aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of ____ research designs. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. experimental d. between group

A

At the end of the nineteenth century, children with normal cognitive abilities but disturbing behavior were thought to be ____. a. suffering from "moral insanity" b. imbeciles c. diseased d. possessed by the devil

A

Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as ____. a. equifinality b. multifinality c. developmental diversity d. disordered beginnings

A

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be: a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. effective

A

Evaluating the mental health of children can be particularly difficult due to the ____. a. cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior b. difference in psychological theories c. limited amount of assessment tools available for children d. vague information often given by children

A

Factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the _____ of symptoms and disorders. a. rate and expression b. pervasiveness c. outcome d. termination

A

In an A-B-A-B design, the "B" stands for ____. a. intervention b. baseline c. behavior d. observation

A

In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often defined in terms of ____. a. stage of development b. everyday stress c. disability d. addiction

A

In the first half of the twentieth century, most children with mental disorders were ____. a. institutionalized b. treated with behavior therapy c. treated with psychoanalysis d. overlooked

A

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, children's mental health problems were attributed to ____. a. possession by the devil or other evil forces b. poor parenting practices c. chemical imbalances d. low self-esteem

A

Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____. a. failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress b. absence of the key survival skills needed to thrive c. result of excessive expectations by parents d. stresses associated with educational demands

A

Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are ____. a. children b. adult women c. war veterans d. college students

A

Qualitative data are typically collected by ____. a. open-ended interviewing and observations b. already developed observational and assessment tools c. controlled and structured interviewing d. forced choice survey questions

A

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____. a. epidemiological research b. regression analysis c. correlation studies d. efficacy studies

A

Resiliency in boys is best associated with households in which there are: a. male role models, structure, and encouragement of emotional expressiveness b. female role models, structure, and encouragement of emotional expressiveness c. male role models and a combination of risk taking and independence d. female role models and a combination of risk taking and independence

A

Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because _____. a. experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree b. research findings in abnormal child psychology have no clear results c. many conclusions from research with children produce the same findings d. research findings are primarily extrapolated from adult studies

A

The degree to which findings can be generalized to children, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than the one in a particular study is referred to as ____. a. external validity b. internal validity c. face validity d. generalized validity

A

The first disorder unique to children and adolescents was ____. a. masturbatory insanity b. schizoid disorder c. moral insanity d. manic depression

A

The use of ____ is rare in studies of child psychopathology. a. randomly selected samples b. samples of convenience c. reliable measures d. valid measures

A

The work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1775-1838) is notable in that ____. a. his orientation toward children was one of care and helping, in contrast to the times b. he was the first documented individual to use behavioral techniques with children c. he was a strong advocate for sending disturbed children to asylums d. he initiated the Massachusetts' Stubborn Child Act

A

To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n) ____. a. EEG b. PET scan c. CT scan d. MRI

A

Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions. a. efficacy b. effectiveness c. reliability d. validity

A

When the conditions of a study only resemble or approximate the conditions of interest, questions may be raised about the ____ of the study. a. external validity b. internal validity c. standardization d. randomization

A

____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism. a. PET scans b. EEGs c. CT scans d. MRIs

A

____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are expected to be related to one another. a. Convergent b. Construct c. Criterion d. Discriminant

A

An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered ____. a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. effective

B

At the end of the nineteenth century, children with intellectual disabilities were regarded as ____. a. suffering from "moral insanity" b. imbeciles c. lunatics d. possessed by the devil

B

Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning are ____. a. scientifically defined b. relatively arbitrary c. well-established d. determined by each family

B

Freud was the first to link mental disorders to ____. a. neurotransmitter imbalances b. early childhood experiences c. possession by evil spirits d. classical conditioning

B

Freud's theory focused on ____. a. single causes of behavior b. multiple causes of behavior c. diseases of the mind d. neurological causes of behavior

B

How did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard believe he could tame the "wild boy of Aveyron"? a. exorcism b. environmental stimulation c. allow him to behave as he did in the wild d. peer modeling

B

In ____ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development. a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. between groups d. cohort

B

In research terms, research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called ____. a. speculations b. hypotheses c. assumptions d. proposals

B

Isabella appears sad and is having difficulty academically and with her peer group. Isabella has a close relationship with her mother. This relationship with her mother can be considered a ____. a. mediating variable b. protective factor c. moderator variable d. risk factor

B

Maturation is a threat to ____. a. external validity b. internal validity c. convergent validity d. inter-rater reliability

B

Most problematic behaviors shown by children are ____. a. qualitatively different from normal behavior b. shown to some degree by most children c. caused by inadequate parenting d. indistinguishable from one another

B

Multifinality refers to the observation that ____. a. different disorders may stem from similar causes b. various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings c. the same disorder may have different causes d. developmental pathways may converge at the end

B

One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that ____. a. they are not cost effective b. behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed c. results tend to be invalid d. observation cannot be conducted in a structured way

B

Qualitative research ____. a. provides a numerical approach to understanding research b. provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation c. uses normed assessment tools d. uses statistical analysis

B

Research presented in the media is typically ____. a. clearly presented and discussed by medical doctors b. oversimplified c. overly detailed and confusing d. adequately reported

B

The 2007 United Nations Treaty adopted a new convention to ____. a. provide free and appropriate education to children with special needs b. improve disability rights and abolish discrimination c. provide psychotherapy services to children with special needs d. improve test measures to diagnose children with special needs

B

The development of ____ treatment can be traced back to the rise of behaviorism in the early 1900s. a. psychodynamic b. evidence-based c. group-based d. humanist

B

To know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment ____. a. efficacy b. effectiveness c. reliability d. validity

B

Which description of a child would be considered labeling a child rather than describing her behavior? a. Ashley is a child with mental retardation. b. Karlee is an anxious child. c. Amber is a child with autism. d. Robyn is a child who is small.

B

Which is an example of resiliency? a. submissiveness b. coping skills c. networking skills d. physical aptitude

B

Which of the following is not a developmental task of adolescence? a. academic achievement b. self-control and compliance c. forming a cohesive sense of self-identity d. involvement in extracurricular activities

B

Which statement about case studies is false? a. They involve intensive observation and analysis of an individual child. b. They use controlled methods without biases. c. They are rich in detail and provide valuable insights. d. They usually study rare childhood disorders.

B

A ____ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children. a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. distributed

C

A correlation of 75 between age and amount of time spent in REM sleep means that ____. a. older people spend more time in REM sleep b. younger people spend less time in REM sleep c. older people spend less time in REM sleep d. the relationship between age and time spent in REM sleep is weak

C

A limitation of psychophysiological measures is ____. a. deception by the child b. poor inter-rater reliability c. high level of inference for interpretation d. inappropriateness with young children

C

A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies towards the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies are a ____. a. comorbid variable b. correlated variable c. mediator variable d. moderator variable

C

During the 1950s and 1960s, ____ emerged as a systematic approach to the treatment of childhood disorders. a. psychoanalysis b. family therapy c. behavior therapy d. institutionalization

C

Efforts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories are called ____. a. etiologies b. differentials c. nosologies d. prescriptives

C

In ____ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time. a. analogue b. within group c. cross-sectional d. between group

C

John Locke (1632-1704) advanced the belief that children were ____. a. possessed by the devil b. uncivilized c. emotionally sensitive beings d. young adults

C

Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies. a. analogue b. case c. retrospective d. cohort

C

Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____. a. only be used when necessary b. only be used when a parent gives consent c. never be used d. only be used when the researcher is very careful

C

The ______ of research findings are what advance the field of psychology. a. reliability b. standardization c. accumulation d. validity

C

The ability to successfully adapt in the environment is referred to as ____. a. intelligence b. adjustment c. resilience d. coping

C

The greater the degree of control that a researcher has over the ____, the more a study approximates a true experiment. a. subjects in the sample b. moderator variables c. independent variable d. dependent variable

C

The process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a(n) ____ variable. a. comorbid b. correlated c. mediating d. moderating

C

Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be ____. a. predictive b. moderating c. correlated d. comorbid

C

What is the purpose of an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)? a. to test the child using standardized tests b. to accurately diagnose each child's illness against a model c. to tailor the child's school program to his or her needs d. to understand the role of family history in mental health

C

Which of the following is not a developmental task of middle childhood? a. academic achievement b. getting along with peers c. differentiating self from environment d. rule-governed conduct

C

Who is referred to as the "Father of Behaviorism"? a. Freud b. Albert c. Watson d. Rayner

C

____ evaluate treatment outcomes for children who are unsystematically assigned to treatment and control conditions. a. Efficacy studies b. Case studies c. Randomized controlled trials d. Correlational studies

C

_____ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research. a. Uninformed consent b. Partial consent c. Assent d. Voluntary participation

C

______ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period. a. Comorbidity b. Comortality c. Incidence d. Prevalence

C

______ validity refers to whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research. a. Face b. Convergent c. Construct d. Discriminant

C

A child typically enters the mental health system ____. a. by asking for a referral from a pediatrician b. through the criminal justice system c. by the actions, positive or negative, of peers d. through teachers, counselors, or parents

D

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and decreases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____. a. predictive factor b. risk factor c. epidemiological factor d. protective factor

D

Amy was observed by a researcher both at home and at school. What kind of research method is this? a. Clinical observation b. Structured observation c. Situational observation d. Naturalistic observation

D

Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ____ design. a. longitudinal b. cohort c. prospective d. retrospective

D

Because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by using ____. a. utilizing rigorous experiments b. using case studies c. only one strategy d. multiple methods and strategies

D

Children who receive treatment are ____. a. at the same level of functioning as those who are not treated b. less likely to discuss problems with their parents c. less likely to progress then children who are not in treatment d. better off than children who do not receive treatment

D

During the early part of the twentieth century, the biological disease model of mental problems led to ____. a. the belief that mental illness had no physical basis b. improved treatments c. more controlled research methods d. eugenics and segregation

D

Factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship of variables of interest are called ____. a. correlated variables b. mediator variables c. risk variables d. moderator variables

D

Ideally, a measure of psychopathology should be ____. a. changeable b. valid c. moderated d. randomized

D

If a study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than for boys, sex will be a ____. a. protective factor b. risk factor c. mediating variable d. moderating variable

D

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, acts of child maltreatment were ____. a. illegal and punishable by severe fines b. very uncommon but largely overlooked c. practiced primarily among lower socioeconomic classes d. considered to be a parent's right for educating or disciplining a child

D

Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to ____. a. restore previous levels of functioning b. serve as a warning for negative behavior c. reform behavior to conform to norms d. eliminate distress and promote further development

D

Neuroimaging techniques are least useful in determining ____. a. gross and fine analyses of brain structure b. changes in blood flow in the brain c. rate of glucose metabolism in the brain d. the reason for abnormal brain activity

D

Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms that are associated with ____. a. deviance b. defiance of norms c. disobedience d. distress

D

Qualitative research is characterized by ____. a. operational definitions b. isolation of variables of interest c. careful control of subject matter d. in-depth narratives and observations

D

Research into risk and protective factors requires large samples of children be studied and multiple areas of functioning be assessed over long periods of time because ____. a. the areas of child functioning that will be affected are known in advance b. a high percentage of children who are at risk will develop the disorder c. the ages at which a disorder may occur or reoccur is not known in advance d. the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop

D

Successful adaptation to the environment varies across ____. a. psychological theories b. developmental stages c. region of the country d. culture and ethnicity

D

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Public Law 104-446) mandates ____. a. segregated education for children with special needs b. the use of IQ tests for assessing children c. standardized programs for children identified as special needs d. education in the least restrictive environment possible

D

The final responsibility for ethical integrity of a research project lies with the ____. a. parents b. ethics board c. government d. investigator

D

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ____. a. multifinality b. comortality c. multidiagnosis d. comorbidity

D

The work of Rene Spitz ____. a. led to the development of an organic model of mental illness b. is the first documented attempt to help a special needs child c. led to some of the first empirically supported behavioral techniques for eliminating children's fears d. raised serious questions about the harmful impact of institutionalization of children's development

D

To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____. a. institutional norms b. animal behavior c. adult dysfunctions d. developmental tasks

D

What concept states that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings such as child maltreatment? a. trifinality b. ethnic finality c. equifinality d. multifinality

D

Which method did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard use to tame the "wild boy of Aveyron"? a. cold showers b. tranquilizers c. timeouts d. massages

D

Which of the following is not a developmental task of infancy? a. attachment to caregiver b. language c. differentiation of self from environment d. forming close friendships within and across gender

D

__ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize. a. Cohort b. Retrospective c. Circumscribed d. Analogue

D

____ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups. a. Manual distribution b. Predetermined distribution c. Natural assignment d. Random assignment

D

____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field. a. EEGs b. PET scans c. CT scans d. MRIs

D

____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another. a. Convergent b. Construct c. Criterion d. Discriminant

D

_____ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period. a. Comorbidity b. Comortality c. Incidence d. Prevalence

D