Final exam 6-12

Theoretical orientations adopting a ________ perspective tend to prefer use of the term psychopathology.

Biological

What is a psychological treatment first prescribed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC) and continued to be practiced by Benjamin Rush (1746-1813)?

Bleeding

Who is associated with the humanistic perspective?

Carl Rogers

Mario helps Martin with the singular goal of increasing Martin's well-being. Mario expects nothing from Martin in return. Mario is engaging in

altruistic helping.

Conception occurs when

an egg from the mother if fertilized by sperm

Prosocial behavior is defined as:

any behavior that is good for other people or for society as a whole.

A(n) __________ is defined as positive or negative feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose us to respond in certain ways to people, events, objects.

attitude

Anything that draws two or more people together is called

attraction.

Which of the following represents the correct order of prenatal development?

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

When you put your finger on your newborn nephew's palm, he curls his own fingers around yours, grasping your finger tightly. You have triggered what sort of behavior

grasping reflex

People naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as:

heuristics.

Social psychology is best defined as the study of:

how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other people.

The embryo will live in a fluid filled reservoir called the _______. This reservoir acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator

Aminotic sac

The embryo will live in a fluid filled reservoir called the _______. This reservoir acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator.

Aminotic sac

______ refers to the inability to experience pleasure.

Anhedonia

What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him or her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message?

Authority, honesty, likability

According to attachment theory:

the quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant's ability to thrive physically and psychologically.

Janeen touches her newborn's cheek. Her baby turns toward Janeen's and opens her mouth. Janeen has triggered which reflex?

the rooting reflex

Brain development is characterized by:

the selective elimination, called pruning, of unused dendrites, neurons, and synaptic connections.

When Ainslie did poorly on the physics midterm exam, she blamed her low score on the unfair exam and the unreasonable professor. But when the final grades in the course were curved and she received an A-, she concluded that she had a real talent and mental capacity for logical, scientific thinking. This example illustrates:

the self-serving bias.

In Piaget's theory, centration refers to:

the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, ignoring other aspects of the situation that may also be relevant.

During the germinal period:

the zygote becomes implanted on the mother's uterine wall.

_______ is the belief that having a distressing thought is just as bad as doing it.

thought-action fusion

Archeological findings dating back to 6,500 BC suggest the first attempt to offer care for those suffering from mental illness took the form of

trepanning.

Cognitive-behavioral therapies are based on the rationale that thoughts, behaviors, and emotions affect and are affected by each other.

true

Which area(s) of the brain is(are) last to reach maturity?

the prefrontal cortex

Those diagnosed with schizophrenia have difficulty with

all of the above.

As a rule, social psychologists are primarily interested in

"normal" adult human beings.

If Claudia wishes to make sure that her newborn infant can see her face as clearly as possible, Claudia should position her face so that she is about _____ away from her newborn's face.

12 inches

The findings of Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience demonstrated that:

65 percent of the participants continued to administer shocks to the very end of the session.

__________ is a person's general belief about a group of people and, once activated, may guide judgments outside of conscious awareness.

A stereotype

Which of the following statements is *most* accurate regarding the preferences that people show for physically attractive people?

Adults, children, and even babies seem to show such preferences across a variety of circumstances.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders may be used by

All of the above

______ refers to "poverty of speech" where the content of the message is too sparse to express meaning.

Alogia

A form of dementia that, over a period of years, leads to a loss of emotions, cognition, and physical functioning, and which is ultimately fatal is referred to as

Alzheimer's Disease.

Who stated the following: "Much well-intentioned counseling is unsuccessful because a satisfactory counseling relationship is never established. Frequently counselors... have no clear-cut notion of the relationship which should exist, and as a consequence their therapeutic efforts are vague and uncertain in direction and outcome. Much more adequate attention needs to be paid to the subtle interrelationship which grows up between the therapist and the client, the counselor and the counselee."

Carl Rogers

______ refers to a behavioral abnormality resulting in complete immobility.

Catatonia

While reading a magazine, Juan notices an advertisement for tennis shoes. Juan is very interested in reading about the materials the shoes are made out of and logically concludes the tennis shoes would be a good purchase. Juan was likely in which persuasion route?

Central

During a job interview, the person being interviewed will often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept?

Chameleon effect

______ is a type of cognitive therapy that has been shown to improve cognition, functional outcome, social cognition, and to protect against gray matter loss with those diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET)

According to Carl Rogers, this type of positive regard occurs when there are expectations of worth placed on the positive regard.

Conditional positive regard

The classic "conservation task" developed by Piaget involves two short containers that contain equal amounts of liquid. While a child watches, the water from one container is poured into a tall, thin beaker, and the child is asked, "Which beaker holds more water, the short container or the tall container?" Four-year-old Daniel answers the question incorrectly, while seven-year-old Emily is able to answer the question correctly. Why?

Daniel is in the preoperational stage, while Emily is in the concrete operational stage.

Antipsychotic medications focus on blocking which neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

What do the following concepts share in common with each other: Denial, projection, sublimation and fantasy?

Each are a type of defense mechanism.

Which of the following is a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities, genital anomalies, and intellectual disability?

Fetal Alcohol syndrom

The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage of "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called?

Fixed action patterns

The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude?

Implicit

Which of the following is *true* of the placenta?

It allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material.

Mood congruent memory is occurring in which of the following scenarios?

John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble when he was younger and disappointed his father.

Which of the following elderly adults is most likely to maintain healthy brain functioning?

Michael frequently reads and enjoys doing crossword puzzles. Michael also plays guitar with a band, and he enjoys taking his grandchildren to a nearby park.

If one's behavior is expressed in a manner exceeding the boundaries of what a given society deems appropriate, one may be labeled abnormal on the basis of:

Norm Violation.

Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept?

Normative influence

Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group?

Observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

Which disorder is associated with intrusive thoughts that tend to motivate ritualistic behavior that if not performed cause significant distress?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Which of the following is not considered a bipolar-related disorder?

Persistent Depressive Disorder, also called Dysthymic disorder

Which of the following refers to basing a psychological disorder on feelings or behaviors resulting in psychological angst and discomfort?

Personal distress

Who is the French psychiatrist who first adopted the practice of documenting the various symptoms and behavior witnessed in his patients?

Philippe Pinel

Heinz chose to steal an overpriced medication to save his wife's life. A person in a research study was asked if Heinz should steal the drug. The person responded, "Absolutely not! Heinz should not steal the drug because he may get caught and go to jail." The person would likely be in which of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning?

Preconventional level

Which of the following refers to taking an attribute of oneself that is disliked and projecting it (tossing it) on to another?

Projection

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a sales representative offering her water or soda and a cookie. The sales representative is likely relying on what social norm to persuade Tracy to buy a car?

Reciprocity

Which of the following statements is true?

Research indicates that healthy older adults experience some types of memory deficits, while other types of memory remain relatively intact or may even improve with age.

This category includes disorders where patients' symptoms involve delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (such as catatonia), and negative symptoms.

Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice?

Social psychologists consider stereotyping a shortcut to judgment made to navigate social situations or to make decisions; while prejudice refers to how a person feels about an individual based on the person's group membership.

Philip Zimbardo made the claim that "the value of the _____ Experiment resides in demonstrating the evil that good people can be readily induced into doing to other good people within the context of socially approved roles, rules, and norms."

Stanford Prison

The publisher of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is

The American Psychiatric Association.

Which of the following would characterize a child who is in the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

The child is able to think logically and systematically even when dealing with highly abstract concepts.

Sharon decided to morph images of different faces into a composite of "average faces." Sharon begins with four faces that she combined in pairs to make two new faces. Then, she combined the two faces into a final, single composite face. Which of the following, on average, would be *most* attractive?

The final, single composite face

Which of the following statements best represents contemporary thinking on the nature/nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

Which of the following is the best example of "cognition"?

Thinking it is a good day to go to the beach

Which of the following reflexes occur when the baby is laid down on its back, and the baby turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side.

Tonic neck

The _______ links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus.

Umbilical cord

What is the "halo effect?"

When people associate attractiveness with a variety of positive traits, such as being more sociable, intelligent, competent, and healthy, they are demonstrating the "halo effect."

A teratogen is:

a harmful agent, such as a chemical, drug, or disease, that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.

Although baby Emma was only a few hours old, she would turn her head to continue gazing at which type of moving stimulus?

a human face

Violence is defined as __________ that __________ extreme harm, such as injury or death.

a type of aggression, is intended to cause

Dementia and Alzheimer's disease produce gradual declines in functioning of the brain cells that produce which neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

Conformity is defined as:

adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.

Development of a mood disorder can be influenced by:

all

Psychosocial treatments for depression include:

all

The content of an obsession may involve:

all

To receive a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, one might have:

all of above

According to Carl Rogers, the therapist must

all of the above

An example of a compulsive behavior includes:

all of the above.

Side effects can make lithium treatment difficult for people to tolerate. Side effects of Lithium may include:

both correct answers ( cog & Physical)

Dementia and Alzheimer's disease are:

both heritable and influenced by environmental factors.

In a seminar discussion on the death penalty, Bertha said she believed that the ultimate penalty should be applied to the ultimate crime of murder. Bertha's statement best reflects the _____ component of attitudes.

cognitive

Seven-year-old Amy demonstrates logical thinking when she plays checkers with her father, but she has some difficulty thinking logically about hypothetical situations or abstract ideas. Amy is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Giving up or at least adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so they match the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people is referred to as:

conformity

Adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that they match the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation is called:

conformity.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of language development from birth to about age 2?

cooing, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage

General knowledge about the world, as reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language is known as

crystallized intelligence.

You just met a kind woman named Taneka. You asked Taneka's friend, Sharon, to describe her in one word. Sharon chose the word "wise." You asked Sharon, "What makes Taneka wise?" Sharon responded, "Taneka has a sophisticated understanding of the workings of the world." In other words, Sharon described Taneka as having:

crystallized intelligence.

Social psychologists define the need to belong as the desire to

form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals.

Randy has joined a new social club on campus. Is it likely that Randy will:

form the impressions he makes of the club members within only one meeting.

A progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviors is called

dementia.

Mrs. Dillon had been a teacher in the local public school system for more than 40 years. Now retired, she finds herself wondering why she ever took up teaching, and thinking about how she wasted the best years of her life trying to teach ungrateful and lazy students. She wishes that she had chosen another profession when she was younger. According to Erikson's theory, Mrs. Dillon is probably experiencing:

despair.

The physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life is called:

development

Research suggests that a relapse of symptoms in bipolar disorder can be triggered by which of the following?

disrupted sleep

Last weekend, Victor helped his sister move into her new apartment. He didn't really feel like helping her, but he wanted to put her "in his debt" because he is planning to ask her if he can stay at her place for a couple of weeks. Victor was engaging in

egoistic helping.

During a discussion about junk food with her two adolescent children, Mrs. Kozena made it very clear that she thought junk food was disgusting and that it upset her to see her children eat it. Mrs. Kozena's negative feeling about junk food best illustrates the _____ component of attitudes.

emotional

Altruistic helping is motivated by __________ and the end goal is to __________.

empathy, reduce others' distress

The earliest form of psychosurgery, dating back to 6,500 BC, was done in an effort to allow ________ to escape in an attempt to return the patient back to a state of sanity.

evil spirits

The "good genes hypothesis" proposes that people with physical qualities like averageness, symmetry, sex prototypicality, and youthfulness are more attractive because they are better-quality mates. The "good genes hypothesis" is from which approach to psychology?

evolutionary

Calvin is interested in measuring his school's willingness to do volunteer work around the community. He sent out a self-report survey that asks students to directly fill out their ___________ attitudes on the topic.

explicit

In relation to factors that influence perceptions, deliberate, conscious mental processes are to ___________ as automatic, nonconscious mental process are to ________________.

explicit cognition; implicit cognition

The deliberate, conscious mental process involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions and reasoning are called:

explicit cognitions

A diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder is given when a person experiences his or her first manic episode, and a diagnosis of Bipolar II disorder is given when a person experiences his or her second manic episode.

false

Everyone who faces a trauma develops a posttraumatic stress disorder.

false

The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth, is called the _____ period.

fetal

Some memories with posttraumatic stress disorder may come back so vividly that the person feels like they are experiencing the event all over again. This is called:

flashback

The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly is known as

fluid intelligence.

First, Suzy was asked to sign a petition for The Money for Good Works Foundation. Next, the solicitor asked Suzy if she would also make a monetary contribution to the foundation. This is an example of the:

foot-in-the-door technique.

Which of the following represents the correct order of the four psychosocial conflicts that characterize the adolescent and adult years in Erikson's theory?

identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, integrity versus despair

When Ryan brings home his spelling and math papers from the second grade, Ryan's stepmother expresses pride in his work and posts the papers on the refrigerator for the other family members to see. In terms of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Ryan's stepmother is fostering a sense of _____ in Ryan.

industry

Marie enters the playroom of the psychology lab with her 1-year-old son Aaron. Aaron ignores the many attractive toys in the room and clings to his mother. Marie leaves the room, and Aaron begins to cry hysterically. When his mother returns and tries to comfort him, Aaron cries harder, kicks, and resists her efforts to hold him. Aaron would most likely be classified as:

insecurely attached.

Avoidance of internal bodily or somatic cues associated with panic has been termed:

interoceptive avoidance.

The newly born infant:

is able to see near objects more clearly than distant objects.

"Hot cognition" refers to:

mental processes influenced by desires and feelings.

In Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning, the preconventional level is characterized by:

moral reasoning based on self-interest, avoiding punishment, and maximizing personal gain.

Nicholas is 15 years old. Talking with his friends, he says, "Sometimes I think I would like to be a scientist, someone who makes discoveries that help people. Then I think that maybe a career in politics or medicine is more my style. I can't decide whether I should study pre-med, pre-law, or maybe microbiology." It is likely that Nicholas is in the _____ of identity development.

moratorium period

According to the ________ hypothesis, people help others to relieve their own distress.

negative state relief

To be diagnosed with a major depressive disorder, there needs to be:

no prior history of mania

Standards that are established by society regarding what types of behaviors are typical or expected are known as __________.

norms

Vicki was sitting in the rocking chair and playing with her doll. She dropped the doll, which landed out of view behind the rocking chair. A few moments later, Vicki climbed down and retrieved the doll. Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the cognitive understanding of _____.

object permanence

Crystallized intelligence is to _____________, as fluid intelligence is to _____________.

older adults; younger adults

Disorganized speech occurs when:

one sentence does not logically follow from another.

Attitude(s) is(are) defined as:

opinions, feelings, and beliefs about a person, concept, or group.

During the embryonic period, the:

organs and major systems of the body form.

The term _____ refers to the characteristics that are actually observed in an organism.

phenotype

In social psychology, the tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when they are in the presence of others than when they are not is known as:

pluralistic ignorance.

Mark was upset because he only got half a sandwich while his older sister got two halves of a sandwich. After his mother cut his half sandwich into two pieces, Mark was perfectly happy. Mark is probably in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Aaron Beck was first trained as a(n)

psychoanalyst.

Prolonged efforts of the ego to keep unconscious material from surfacing may result in ________, where the ego collapses and psychological functioning ceases.

psychosis

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development purports that:

psychosocial development continues throughout the lifespan, with each stage marked by a particular psychosocial conflict that can be resolved in a positive or negative way.

The term _____ refers to the stage in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.

puberty

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:

recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

The mental frameworks we hold about traits and behaviors associated with different types of people are called:

schemas.

The most typical psychotic disorder is ______.

schizophrenia

Harrison is 15 years old and has gained both height and weight, some body hair, and a deeper voice during the past year. These changes are examples of:

secondary sex characteristics.

Janeen enters the playroom of the psychology lab with her 1-year-old daughter Peggy. Initially, Peggy clings to her mother, but then becomes interested in the attractive toys in the playroom. She picks up a toy and brings it back to her mother, then drops it and approaches the toy box again. Peggy cries when Janeen leaves the room, but quickly calms down again when her mother returns. Peggy would most likely be classified as:

securely attached.

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is strongly influenced by:

social and cultural factors.

Social psychology focuses on a broad range of topics. Two key research areas in social psychology are:

social cognition and attitudes.

One of the topics of key interest to social psychologists is:

social cognition, which is concerned with how people think about other people and how people think about the social world in general.

A person's mental health is influenced by one's biology, psychology, and social environment according to

the biopsychosocial model.

The tendency for people to perceive ambiguous actions by others as evidence of hostility is known as:

the hostile attribution bias.

Compared to personality, clinical, and psychodynamic psychologists, social psychologists are more likely to attempt to explain a person's behavior by looking to

the immediate situation that the person is in.

Compulsions are distinct in that they must be repetitive or excessive. The person feels "driven" to carry out the behavior, and the person feels a great deal of distress if they cannot engage in the behavior.

true

Compulsions may be carried out in an attempt to neutralize the obsessive thoughts, providing temporary relief from the anxiety the obsessions cause.

true

Criteria for persistent depressive disorder includes feeling depressed most of the day for more days than not, for at least two years.

true

First responders (i.e., police officers and fire fighters) are at higher risk for developing posttraumatic disorder.

true

People with major depressive disorder whose relatives or spouses can be described as critical and emotionally overinvolved have higher relapse rates than do those living with people who are less critical and less emotionally overinvolved.

true

Which of the following represents the correct order of the first four psychosocial conflicts that characterize infancy and the childhood years in Erikson's theory?

trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority

Of the following senses, which is *least* developed at birth?

vision

Within hours of being born, an infant displays a preference for his or her mother's _____ over that of a stranger

voice

Within hours of being born, an infant displays a preference for his or her mother's _____ over that of a stranger.

voice

In Milgram's original obedience experiment, subjects who were assigned the role of teacher:

were deceived about the real role of the learner and the level of shock that he actually received.