final exam

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plants that are classified as succulents store _____ in their tissues a. aloe b. water c. glucose d. sugar

*a. aloe

in temperate rainforests, trees such as cedars and spruces, which do not lose their leaves at any time of year, are called a. coniferous b. succulent c. evergreen d. deciduous

*a. coniferous

areas nearest a river's course that are flooded periodically are said to be within the river's ______ a. floodplain b. watershed c. oxbow lake d. meander

*b. watershed

what is the only type of rainforest seen in the US? a. tropical rainforest b. tropical dry forest c. temperate forest d. temperature rainforest

*c. temperate forest

spines on cacti have less of which structure, which helps reduce water loss? a. leaves b. stomata c. veins d. roots

*c. veins

temperate forests tend to have nutrient rich soil because of rich phenomenon? a.annual leaf drop b. annual decreased photosynthesis c. annual rainfall decrease d. annual nutrient runoff

*d. annual nutrient runoff

Why do shorter trees and plants that make up the understory in tropical rain forests have large, flat leaves? a. to shade themselves from excessive sunlight b. to create habitat for forest insects c. to offer protection from rain d. to allow maximum surface area for light absorption

*d. to allow maximum surface area for light absorption

list the 4 types of macromolecules. what is one role that each plays in the body?

-lipids-store long-term energy -nucleic acids-carry DNA and RNA and nucleotides also carry enzymes and hormones -carbohydrates-give out quick energy source -proteins-can speed a reaction

what are the 2 types of feedback loops? how are they similar and how are they different? give an example of each type.

-positive feedback loops destabilize and drive systems and an example is erosion. -negative feedback loops stabilize a systems and an example is a thermostat -both feedback loops occur in nature; however, positive loops are more common in changed systems of people

there are 20 cows in a 4 square-meter radius and 40 cows in a 8 square-meter radius. which population of cows is more dense?

-the population density is the same 20 cows/4m^2=5 cows/m^2 -40 cows/8m^2=5 cows/m^2

what are 3 ways rocks and minerals can be identified?

1. cleavage 2. density 3. chemical composition

what are the 3 ways pathogens can spread?

1. human contact 2. contaminated food and water 3. animals

list 4 examples of evidence that earth is warming

1. rising temperatures globally 2. changes in precipitation globally 3. melting ice 4. rising sea levels

if there are 900 people in a 1000 square foot area what is the population density?

900 people/1,000 square feet=.9 people/ft^2

high in the mountains, near a river's source, water tends to be cold and oxygen-rich a. true b. false

A. TRUE

Because of the green revolution, between 1961 and 2008, food production A. increased 150 percent while the population doubled. B. kept pace with population growth. C. did not increase. D. was mostly organic.

A. increased 150 percent while the population doubled.

After a catastrophe, soil formation is the first step in a. primary succession b secondary succession c. a climax community

A. primary succession

Industrial agriculture requires that large areas be planted with A. contoured and well-plowed fields. B. a single crop. C. native organisms. D. cover crops.

B. a single crop.

Industrial food production includes a. aquaculture. b. monocultures. c. feedlots d. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

Although labor-intensive, intercropping is probably the only sustainable way to farm mountains. True False

False

Desertification is the loss of more than 50% of soil productivity True False

False

It takes one year to produce one inch of topsoil True False

False

People who want to protect land, water and wildlife, and prevent pesticides from entering their own bodies, should buy GM food True False

False

Today, human activities cause less erosion than natural events True False

False

Traditional agriculture is best defined by its reliance on fossil fuels and mechanization. True False

False

A child with a bloated belly, thin hair and inability to concentrate may be suffering from malnutrition True False

True

Acid precipitation and the leaching of minerals and metals affect the pH of soil and the types of plants that can grow in it. true false

True

what is carbon sequestration?

a method of storing carbon emissions to prevent their release into the atmosphere

Agriculture most likely began a. 10,000 years ago in the Middle East b. 200,000 years ago in Africa c. 15,000 years ago in China d. 150,000 years ago in Egypt

a. 10,000 years ago in the Middle East

approximately what percentage of earth's water is freshwater? a. 2.5% b. 27.5% c. 72.5% d. 97.5%

a. 2.5%

normal precipitation has a pH of about 5.6 what pH might acid precipitation have? a. 4.6 b. 7 c. 9.6 d. 12.6

a. 4.6

in the history of the world, how many mass extinctions have occurred? a. 5 b. 7 c. 10 d. 13

a. 5

what percentage of earth's surface is covered in water? a. 75% b. 90% c. 25% d. 50%

a. 75%

when energy is transferred between trophic levels, the amount of available energy lost is about a. 90% b. 50% c. 25% d. 10%

a. 90%

what condition creates a high potential for avalanches? a. a layer of hard snow resting on a layer of weak snow b. sloped less than 30 degrees c. very firm and deep snowpacks d. extended periods with no snowfall

a. a layer of hard snow resting on a layer of weak snow

which of the following types of organisms perform photosynthesis? a. a primary producer b. an herbivore c. a carnivore d. a detritivore

a. a primary producer

_____ can kill trees, destroy whole forests, and erode stone statues a. acid deposition b. the ozone hole c. photochemical smog d. industrial smog

a. acid deposition

what is one of the main reasons that motor vehicles in the US now emit fewer air pollutants? a. all newer cars have catalytic converts b. there are fewer people to drive card c. gasoline now contains higher levels of lead d. the pollutants are being absorbed by the ozone layer

a. all newer cars have catalytic converts

prescribed burns a. are carefully controlled. b. cannot be controlled. c. cause fuel buildup. d. cause permanent damage to ecosystems.

a. are carefully controlled.

the lithosphere is carried on a softer, but still firm, layer of rock called the : a. asthenosphere b. hydrosphere c. geosphere d. anthrosphere

a. asthenosphere

the basic units of matter, the smallest units that maintain the chemicals properties of an elements, are called: a. atoms b. lipids c. compounds d. molecules

a. atoms

______ describes a worldview in which all components have value. a. biocentrism b. cubism c. ecocentrism d. anthropocentrism

a. biocentrism

ecologists use similarities between terrestrial ecosystems to classify them into broad categories called: a. biomes b. littoral zones c. estuaries d. benthic zones

a. biomes

an organism's maximum ability to produce offspring in ideal conditions a. biotic potential b. density factor c. limiting factor d. r/k selection

a. biotic potential

tropospheric ozone: a. can damage living tissue, such as eyes, lungs, and plant leaves b. protects organisms from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays c. is the main cause of acid rain d. is the least abundant pollutant in photochemical smog

a. can damage living tissue, such as eyes, lungs, and plant leaves

chemicals that cause cancer are called: a. carcinogens b. teratogens c. neurotoxins d. endocrine disruptors

a. carcinogens

a device in a motor vehicle that reduces the amount of air pollutants in emissions is a(n): a. catalytic converter b. scrubber c. chlorofluorocarbon d. inversion

a. catalytic converter

in the US, which agency takes the lead for responding to emerging diseases? a. centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) b. environmental protection agency (EPA) c. world health organization (WHO) d. federal

a. centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)

which biome has adapted to need yearly fires in order to continue to survive? a. chaparral b. taiga c. tundra d. temperate forest

a. chaparral

if they are harmful to your health, the disinfectants you may use to clean your kitchen and bathroom would be classified as: a. chemical hazards b. biological hazards c. physical hazards d. social hazards

a. chemical hazards

criteria such as salinity, depth, and whether the water is flowing or standing are used by scientists to a. classify aquatic ecosystems b. measure net primary productivity in lakes c. distinguish aquatic ecosystems from terrestrial ecosystems d. determine the number of species in a body of water

a. classify aquatic ecosystems

which property of water describes why water stick to itself and other warm molecules? a. cohesion b. adhesion c. surface tension d. specific heat

a. cohesion

A rancher interested in the quality of the soil in her pasture might use which aspect of soil as a quick indicator of the pastures overall fertility? A. color b., texture c. structure d. pH

a. color

the 1st level of all food pyramids a. consists of primary producers b. consists of primary consumers c. is chemosynthesis d. is photosynthesis

a. consists of primary producers

what is the main use of freshwater in industry? a. cool hot machinery b. warm cold machinery c. refine oil and coal d. remove personal waste

a. cool hot machinery

the Healthy Forests Restoration Act a. encourages salvage logging and prescribed burning on national forest land. b. requires that timber companies produce certified wood from national forest land. c. does not require environmental impact statements for logging on national forest land. d. requires adaptive management on national forest land.

a. encourages salvage logging and prescribed burning on national forest land.

the study of disease in human populations is: a. epidemiology b. toxicology c. a dose-response relationship d. risk assessment

a. epidemiology

a process in which an event acts as both an input and output of the same system is called a(n): a. feedback loop b. earth system c. photosynthesis d. lithosphere

a. feedback loop

carbon-containing fuels that formed from the remains of living things are called a. fossil fuels b. emissions c. soot d. smog

a. fossil fuels

water that is relatively pure, with few dissolved salts is called: a. fresh water b. salt water c. surface water d. groundwater

a. fresh water

the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture is called a(n): a. front b. ozone layer c. thermosphere d. convection current

a. front

in a food web that consists of grass, mice, deer, coyotes, and hawks, which species is likely to have the greatest biomass? a. grass b. mice c. coyotes d. hawks

a. grass

withdrawing groundwater faster than it can be replaced is called: a. groundwater mining b. groundwater diversion c. groundwater recharge d. waterlogging

a. groundwater mining

a bog is a wetland that: a. has thick, floating mats of vegetation, mainly moss b. has shallow water and tall, grasslike plants c. has shallow water and woody shrubs and trees d. has mostly salt water

a. has thick, floating mats of vegetation, mainly moss

what is the extended period of deep, sleeplike inactivity that an animals enters for the winter? a. hibernation b. estivation c. drought d. emigration

a. hibernation

a variable a scientist manipulates in an experiment is called the: a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. observation variable d. controlled variable

a. independent variable

why is water often called the "universal solvent"? a. it can dissolve many other molecules b. water can turn into solid form c. water is a type of solution d. it solves most of the world's environmental problems

a. it can dissolve many other molecules

how does carbon monoxide affect human health? a. it interferes with the body's ability to deliver oxygen to cells b. it irritates the throat and air passages c. it helps the respiratory system function more efficiently d. it depletes ozone, causing greater exposure to the sun's rays

a. it interferes with the body's ability to deliver oxygen to cells

population increases by a fixed percentage every year: a. j-curve b. k-selected c. r-selected d. s-curve

a. j-curve

which reproductive strategy is an investment into "expensive" offspring? a. k strategist b. r strategist c. j strategist d. s strategist

a. k strategist

when rock and soil slide down a slope, it is called a(n): a. landslide b. avalanche c. tsunami d. hurricane

a. landslide

a bend in a river is called a(n): a. meander b. oxbow lake c. tributary d. river

a. meander

A large area of cropland seeded with one crop is a (n) a. monoculture b. poly culture c. organic practice d. traditional farming technique

a. monoculture

which of the following is an example of a non-renewable natural resource? a. natural gas b. wind energy c. geothermal energy d. sunlight

a. natural gas

the purpose of this type of feedback loop is to push a system towards equilibrium. a. negative feedback loop b. positive feedback loop c. neutral feedback loop d. antagonistic feedback loop

a. negative feedback loop

a natural resource that is naturally formed much more slowly than we use it is called: a. non-renewable b. ecological c. sustainable d. renewable

a. non-renewable

which of the following is ALWAYS a non-renewable resource? a. oil b. soil c. fresh water d. wind

a. oil

which type of forest most likely contains the greatest variety of habitats? a. old-growth forests b. even-aged stands c. plantations d. monocultures

a. old-growth forests

bingham canyon mine is the largest type of THIS mine? a. open pit mine b. coal mine c. mountaintop removal mine d. undersea mine

a. open pit mine

whether something is an acid or a base can be identified using the: a. pH scale b. rH scale c. bH scale d. dH scale

a. pH scale

an emerging disease sometimes causes a ______, or a sudden outbreak that becomes widespread and affects a whole region, continent, or the world a. pandemic b. biomagnification c. pathogen d. vector

a. pandemic

which of the following is an interaction in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed? a. parasitism b. mutualism c. competition d. commensalism

a. parasitism

One of the problematic side effects of pesticide use is the fact that a. pesticides kill important pollinator insects as well as insect pests b. pesticides reduce crop yields, sometimes up to 50 percent c. pesticide manufactures must create new pesticides every year, requiring large investments d. farmers must apply pesticides every year

a. pesticides kill important pollinator insects as well as insect pests.

which nutrient is usually responsible for causing eutrophication in freshwater? a. phosphorous b. nitrogen c. mercury d. oxygen

a. phosphorous

which zone of an aquatic ecosystem tends to have the highest temperatures? a. photic zone b. aphotic zone c. benthic zone d. all are the same

a. photic zone

an oil spill is an example of a. point-source pollution b. non-point source pollution c. reversible pollution d. natural pollution

a. point-source pollution

an interaction in which an individual of one species kills and consumes an individual of another is called a. predation b. parasitism c. herbivory d. symbiosis

a. predation

if these are present in a new environment, a species is unlikely to become invasive a. predators, parasites, and competitors b. cane toads, kudzu, and zebra mussels c. exotic species d. symbiotic and commensalist species

a. predators, parasites, and competitors

any being that uses the sun's energy to create sugars is a a. primary producer b. secondary producer c. primary consumer d. secondary consumer

a. primary producer

which phrase is true for private logging operations? a. produces a monoculture b. produces trees of different ages c. produces trees of different species d. leads to high biodiversity

a. produces a monoculture

what type of macromolecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, and can produce tissues, act as hormones, and serve as enzymes? a. proteins b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. carbohydrates

a. proteins

an area where surface water can soak into the ground and reach an aquifer below is called the: a. recharge zone b. zone of aeration c. zone of saturation d. spring zone

a. recharge zone

as a natural resource, freshwater is: a. renewable b. nonrenewable c. unlimited d. unusable

a. renewable

the National Forest Management Act a. requires plans for national forests that follow multiple use and maximum sustainable yield guidelines b. requires plans for national forests that follow multiple use and ecosystem-based management guidelines. c. encourages prescribed burning as a means of protecting national forests. d. promotes the removal of small trees and underbrush by timber companies.

a. requires plans for national forests that follow multiple use and maximum sustainable yield guidelines.

dams create artificial _____, which stores water a. reservoirs b. aquifers c. wells d. tanks

a. reservoirs

over-irrigation can result in: a. salinization b. water diversion c. recharge d. sediment capture

a. salinization

cloudy water and a reduced rate of photosynthesis are typical results of: a. sediment pollution b. thermal pollution c. lead pollution d. groundwater pollution

a. sediment pollution

in the US, most of the freshwater we use-about 74% of it-comes from: a. surface water sources b. aquatic supplies c. aquifers d. the ocean

a. surface water sources

which biome tends to have slightly acidic soils? a. taiga b. tundra c. savannah d. prairie

a. taiga

biome: _______:: ecosystem: _______ a. terrestrial: aquatic b. terrestrial: terrestrial c. aquatic: terrestrial d. aquatic: aquatic

a. terrestrial: aquatic

in the US, laws enacted from the 1780's to the late 1800's reflected the perception that: a. the amount of land and natural resources in the west was endless b. the natural resources of the west could be used up and required legal protection c. Americans were living amid dirtier air, dirtier water, and more waste and toxic chemicals d. a sustainable future should be a primary goal

a. the amount of land and natural resources in the west was endless

one proven risk of GM crops is a. the escape of GM genes into non-GM crops b. the risk of cancer associated with eating GM foods c. increased resistance of insects to pesticides because of the pesticide resistance of GM crops d. the loss of consumer support

a. the escape of GM genes into non-GM crops

which of the following is an example of quantitative data? a. there are 3 tulips b. the tulips are prettier than the roses c. the tulips are red d. the tulips smell nice

a. there are 3 tulips

what do asbestos, radon, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and lead all have in common? a. they are chemical hazards that can be found indoors b. they are highly dangerous carcinogens c. exposure to them cannot be prevented d. they are unnatural and only made by humans

a. they are chemical hazards that can be found indoors

which of the following is an economic value of forests? a. they provide wood b. they prevent soil erosion c. they regulate the water cycle d. they decrease flooding

a. they provide wood

most of the world's remaining forests are either boreal forests or a. tropical rain forest b. temperate forest c. tree plantations d. chaparral

a. tropical rain forest

which biome has the largest biodiversity? a. tropical rainforest b. temperate forest c. savannah d. tundra

a. tropical rainforest

the lowest layer of earth's atmosphere, the one directly above the ground, is called the a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. thermosphere d. mesosphere

a. troposphere

clear-cutting results in mostly even-aged stands of trees a. true b. false

a. true

deforestation is still occurring rapidly in some developing nations a. true b. false

a. true

deforestation occurs when trees are removed from a forest and replaced by a housing development a. true b. false

a. true

ecologists tend to divide the photic zone of lakes and ponds based on the depth of light penetration a. true b. false

a. true

freeze-thaw cycles over several hundred years cause part of a cliff to collapse as water enters cracks in the rocks and expands. this is an example of chemical weathering a. true b. false

a. true

heavy use of antibiotics in animals feedlots may lead to human health risks when bacteria develop resistance a. true b. false

a. true

infectious diseases are caused by a pathogen, such as a virus or a bacterium a. true b. false-correct if false

a. true

internationally, the US food and agriculture administration promotes soil conservation and innovative farming practices a. true b. false

a. true

meteorites are common objects found in the mesosphere a. true b. false-correct if false

a. true

on a biome map, patches representing the same biome tend to occur at similar latitudes. a. true b. false

a. true

rivers and streams are types of freshwater ecosystems a. true b. false

a. true

the 2 types of weathering are mechanical and chemical a. true b. false

a. true

the US did not sign the Kyoto Protocol a. true b. false-correct if false

a. true

the biome found at the highest latitudes is the tundra a. true b. false

a. true

the force exerted by air on the area below it is called air pressure a. true b. false-correct if false

a. true

topography refers to surface characteristics of an area, such as the presence of a mountain a. true b. false-correct if false

a. true

trees in national forests are harvested by private timber companies a. true b. false

a. true

warmer ocean temperatures may lead to the death of algae and coral bleaching a. true b. false-correct if false

a. true

the vertical movement of cold, nutrient-rich water from the ocean depths to its surface is called a. upwelling b. downwelling c. tides d. surface currents

a. upwelling

If a wood product is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council, it was produced a. using sustainable methods. b. from trees grown on a plantation. c. from recycled materials. d. because consumers demanded it.

a. using sustainable methods.

a mosquito species carries the malaria pathogen from one human to another. therefore, the mosquito is an example of a(n): a. vector b. toxicant c. infectious disease d. emerging disease

a. vector

which of the following does not provide clues about earth's climate in the distant past? a. volcanoes b. sediments c. ice cores d. tree rings

a. volcanoes

most of earth's fresh water is used for a. watering crops. b. drinking. c. washing clothes and dishes. d. recreational purposes such as swimming pools.

a. watering crops

one example of a question that can be addressed by science is: a. what percent of people prefer roses to tulips? b. what are the best flowers to give on Valentine's Day, roses or tulips? c. which flower is prettier, a rose or a tulip? d. which flower, a rose or a tulip, has the more pleasant scent?

a. what percent of people prefer roses to tulips?

the water table is the upper limit of the: a. zone of saturation b. aquifer zone c. zone of aeration d. well zone

a. zone of saturation

how was the burning of fossil fuels intensified the greenhouse effect?

as fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, the greenhouse effect increases by trapping more heat, so the temperature of the atmosphere continues to rise

a sample of the mineral iron pyrite, called fool's gold, has one atom of iron for every two atoms of sulfur. if another sample of iron pyrite is found, what will be the ration of iron atoms to sulfur atoms? a. 2:1 b. 1:2 c. 1:3 d. 1:1

b. 1:2

what percentage of the atmosphere is composed of oxygen? a. 12% b. 21% c. 58% d. 78%

b. 21%

the percentage of earth's land surface covered by forests is a. 15 b. 30 c. 50 d. 75

b. 30

the ozone hole was located primarily above: a. Montreal, Canada b. Antarctica c. Alaska d. US

b. Antarctica

as a farmer, you would be most concerned with the quality of the soil in the a. O horizon b. A horizon c. E horizon d. R horizon

b. a horizon

when a government gives cash to an industry to support an activity of that industry, this is known as: a. a tax break b. a subsidy c. a green tax d. command-and-control

b. a subsidy

which of the following is the primary difference between a theory and a hypothesis? a. a theory is tested, a hypothesis is not b. a theory is broader than a hypothesis, dealing with a wider range of situations and observations c. a theory deals only with the natural world, a hypothesis does not d. a theory is not tested, a hypothesis is

b. a theory is broader than a hypothesis, dealing with a wider range of situations and observations

which major category of water use would include watering grain to feed livestock? a. personal b. agricultural c. industrial d. electrical

b. agricultural

what is a community? a. members of species that live in the same area at the same time b. all of the populations that live in the same area c. the most basic level of study for ecologists d. the broadest level of study for an ecologist

b. all of the populations that live in the same area

tobacco smoke, car exhaust, and mold are _____ that can trigger asthma, an inflammation of the respiratory system a. teratogens b. allergens c. neurotoxins d. carcinogens

b. allergens

Sustainable agriculture is important because while human population continues to grow, one of the following will not. a. animal population b.arable land c. food production d. GM crops

b. arable land

prescribed burns are fires that a. are caused by lightning b. are set by humans c. never get out of control d. increase the risk of injury

b. are set by humans

what regions are most at risk from the effects of earthquakes? a. regions that are relatively low and flat b. areas near tectonic plate boundaries c. inland regions d. coastal areas

b. areas near tectonic plate boundaries

the majority of water borne pathogens fall into which call of pathogens? a. protist b. bacteria c. virus d. parasire

b. bacteria

the very bottom of a body of water is called the _____ zone a. photic zone b. benthic zone c. littoral zone d. limnetic zone

b. benthic zone

if an organism takes up a long-lasting toxicant directly from its environment, the toxicant can build up in the organisms. over time, the organism will have large concentration of the toxicant in its tissues. this process is called: a. biomagnification b. bioaccumulation c. toxicology d. epidemiology

b. bioaccumulation

a symbiotic relationship with bacteria produces this adaptation on some aphotic, open ocean organisms a. scavenging b. bioluminescence c. senescence d. filter feeding

b. bioluminescence

the environment contains: a. living things only b. both living and non-living things c. only artificial things d. non-living things

b. both living and non-living things

fire suppression can result in a(n) a. increase in animal habitats. b. buildup of material that fuels future fires. c. decrease in property damage. d. an increase in the jack pine population.

b. buildup of material that fuels future fires.

the average food item in the US travels 2400 km to reach the buyer. one alternative to this energy-inefficient practice is a. treating the food with preservative chemicals b. buying locally produced food c. buying organic food d. buying GM food

b. buying locally produced food

santa's sleigh is supposedly pulled by reindeer. what is another name for reindeer. a. buffalo b. caribou c. musk ox d. bison

b. caribou

a law that prohibits dumping wastes into the ocean and punishes people who dump wastes demonstrates which approach to environment policy? a. green tax b. command-and-control c. cap-and-trade d. subsidy

b. command-and-control

all the populations in a particular area, study of interactions among species: a. biosphere b. community c. population d. individual

b. community

some tree plantations resemble a natural forest that a. has been adaptively managed b. contains uneven-aged stands c. has never been harvested d. has been clear-cut

b. contains uneven-aged stands

the thin layer of rock that forms earth's outer skin both on dry land and in the ocean is called earth's: a. core b. crust c. mantle d. asthenosphere

b. crust

which of the following is a characteristic of a mineral? a. organic solid b. crystalline structure c. manufactures by humans d. variable chemical composition

b. crystalline structure

the connection between different amounts of a substance and the effects they cause is called a(n): a. risk assessment b. dose-response relationship c. toxicology d. epidemiology

b. dose-response relationship

"energy star", "USDA Organic", and "fair trade certified" are all examples of: a. ecosystems b. ecolabelling c. non-market values d. market failure

b. ecolabelling

which activity is the largest source of US greenhouse gases? a. vehicles emissions b. electricity generations c. factory emissions d. geothermal power

b. electricity generations

the question "do we, as humans, have a responsibility to ban CFC's and protect the ozone layer?", is a matter of: a. environmental theories b. environmental ethics c. environmental policies d. environmental laws

b. environmental ethics

plants that grow on other plants instead of the soil a. buttress b. epiphyte c. deciduous d. emergent layer

b. epiphyte

the sun's rays strike the earth most directly at the: a. poles b. equator c. temperate zones d. gulf stream

b. equator

what is represented by the point where the two sloping lines interest? a. intersection point b. equilibrium point c. meeting point d. environmental impact point

b. equilibrium point

which of the following is a natural process that is accelerated by mining? a. habitat destruction b. erosion c. tunnel collapse d. pollution from coal dust

b. erosion

the branch of philosophy that deals with good and bad, right and wrong is called: a. science b. ethics c. culture d. logic

b. ethics

A renewable resource can never run out a. true b. false

b. false

In a fish farm, the goal of maximum sustainable yield management is to keep the population of fish growing at a slow rate a. true b. false

b. false

a compound is a chemical substance with a given set or properties that cannot be broke down into substances with other properties a. true b. false

b. false

because water molecules are polar, they tend to repel one another. a. true b. false

b. false

bogs are brackish ecosystems that occur where rivers flow into the ocean a. true b. false

b. false

cool and dry biomes have the highest net primary production. a. true b. false

b. false

food-growing that uses no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides is industrial agriculture a. true b. false

b. false

forests cover about 15% of earth's land surface a. true b. false

b. false

increased harvesting of wild fish help solve the problem of creating sustainable seafood production a. true b. false

b. false

lipids are polymers of amino acids that serve many functions in organisms, such as production of bones, skin, and muscles. a. true b. false

b. false

most logging in the US today takes place on public lands a. true b. false

b. false

oceans, polar ice caps, and ground water would all be considered part of earth's atmosphere a. true b. false

b. false

polar ice is classified as a biome a. true b. false

b. false

primary consumers convert solar or chemical energy into energy stored in the bonds of organic sugars. a. true b. false

b. false

providing food and medicine is an ecological value of forests a. true b. false

b. false

the aim of adaptive management is to harvest the maximum amount of a resource without reducing future harvests a. true b. false

b. false

the mud and muck at the very bottom of any body of water is called the aphotic zone a. true b. false

b. false

the neritic zone contains over 90% of the ocean's water a. true b. false

b. false

under water, photosynthesis by aquatic plants and phytoplankton is mostly limited by the amount of oxygen available a. true b. false

b. false

water moves toward areas of lower salinity a. true b. false

b. false

weather describes the average condition, including temperature and precipitation, over long periods in a given area a. true b. false

b. false

you would expect to find smaller soil particles as you descend through the soil horizons a. true b. false

b. false

many nations signed the Kyoto protocol in 1987, and since then CFC production and use has decreased significantly a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false--montreal treaty

ozone is pollutant in the stratosphere a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false--troposphere

biomagnification begins when organisms begin to accumulate pollutants in their tissues and cells a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-bioaccumulation

loss of forests contributes to an increase of oxygen in the atmosphere a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-carbon monoxide

chemicals that harm embryos and fetuses, thus causing birth defects, are known as allergens a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-chemical hazards

individuals respond similarly to the same environmental hazards a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-differently

the relationship between different doses of chemicals and the responses they generate is called a risk assessment a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-dose-response relationship

toxicology is the study of how disease affects organisms' health a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-environmental health

when it comes to global wind patterns, warm air rises at the poles a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-equator

when seawater becomes warmer, its volumes decreases a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-increases

thalidomide is classified as a volatile organic compound a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-infectious disease

industrial smog is a haze formed when sunlight acts on air pollutants a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-secondary pollution

you can find aurora borealis' in the troposphere a. true b. false-correct if false

b. false-thermosphere

what is the first step in a typical drinking-water treatment process? a. chlorination b. filtration c. aeration d. settling

b. filtration

which is the term scientists use to describe how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment? a. adaptation b. fitness c. specialization d. evolution

b. fitness

marshes, swamps, and bods are examples of: a. terrestrial biomes b. freshwater wetlands c. estuaries d. ocean zones

b. freshwater wetlands

a reintroduced population of wolves in a national park is 90 percent grey and 10 percent black, consistent with the wolf population in other regions. after several generations in isolation, the national park's wolf population is 60 percent grey and 40 percent black. the wolf population has likely experienced a. natural selection. b. genetic drift. c. mutations. d. migration.

b. genetic drift.

which sphere of earth is made of all the rock above and below earth's surface? a. lithosphere b. geosphere c. hydrosphere d. atmosphere

b. geosphere

over a given unit of time, the rate at which plants and algae convert solar or chemical energy into energy stored in the bonds of organic sugars is called a. natural selection b. gross primary production c. salinity d. estivation

b. gross primary production

the first step of the environmental policy process is to: a. guide the solution to law b. identify the problem c. get organized d. gain access to policymakers

b. identify the problem

deforestation has the greatest impact on biodiversity a. on private lands. b. in tropical areas and arid regions. c. in densely populated urban areas. d. on public lands

b. in tropical areas and arid regions.

A secure food supply depends on all of the following EXCEPT a. maintaining healthy soil and water b. increased use of fertilizer c. safe distribution of the food d. biodiversity

b. increase use of fertilizer

in which ocean zones do crabs, mussel, anemone, barnacles, and sea starts live? a. neritic b. intertidal c. open ocean d. aphotic

b. intertidal

Watering crops by way of human-constructed structures is known as a. precipitation b. irrigation c. salinization d. fertilization

b. irrigation

groundwater is primarily used for: a. industrial uses b. irrigation c. personal uses d. drinking water

b. irrigation

in the US, the Ogalla aquifer is very important because it: a. has an unlimited supply of freshwater b. is a major source of irrigation c. is the primary source of water for the Colorado river d. creates many geyser

b. is a major source of irrigation

which statement about the clean air act is true? a. it was created by a collaboration by many different nations b. it has helped to reduce the release of the worst air pollutants in the US by 57% c. it is the main reason that ozone layer is beginning to recover d. it gives states the freedom to regulate pollution any way they want to

b. it has helped to reduce the release of the worst air pollutants in the US by 57%

chlorine is often added during water treatment to: a. make particles form clumps b. kill disease-causing agents c. improve the taste of water d. remove objects like fish and trash

b. kill disease-causing agents

the clean water act is a: a. company that cleans up pollution b. law that regulates pollution c. type of groundwater treatment plant d. method of water conservation

b. law that regulates pollution

Crop rotation does all of the following EXCEPT a. minimize erosion b. let fields lie fallow c. return nutrients to the soil d. break cycles of disease

b. let fields lie fallow

which of the following organisms is often a pioneer species? a. grasses b. lichen c. otters d. spruces

b. lichen

the organic matter in soil includes a. minerals b. living and decomposing organisms c. living organisms only d. bedrock

b. living and decomposing organisms

an avalanche is a: a. pile of rock and soil sliding down a slope b. mass of snow sliding down a slope c. large ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake d. deposit of volcanic ash and cinders

b. mass of snow sliding down a slope

what tool would be very useful to geologists because they cannot easily perform experiments to test the effects of tectonic plate motion? a. independent variables b. modeling c. predictions d. controlled studies

b. modeling

the spines on cacti are: a. modified stems b. modified leaves c. modified roots d. modified stoma

b. modified leaves

most of the oil released into the oceans is from: a. tanker spills b. natural seeps c. oil drilling spills d. runoff from land

b. natural seeps

predator-prey relationships are an example of a: a. system with no feedback b. positive feedback loop c. negative feedback loop d. destabilizing system

b. negative feedback loop

what ocean zone begins at the edge of the continental shelf and then extends outward into deeper water? a. intertidal b. open ocean c. littoral d. neritic

b. open ocean

a major cause of surface water depletion in the US is: a. flooding b. overuse c. the removal of dams b. salinization

b. overuse

which part of the atmosphere protects life from the sun's ultraviolet rays? a. convection currents b. ozone layer c. thermosphere d. air masses

b. ozone layer

In the western US, at the southern edge of their range, moose are sometimes so severely infested with ticks that they die. the tick/moose relationship is best described as a. predatory. b. parasitic. c. symbiotic. d. mutualistic.

b. parasitic.

The porous qualities of soil mean that which of the following can filter through the ground and pollute groundwater? a. minerals b. pesticides c. microorganisms d. nutrients

b. pesticides

which zone of an aquatic ecosystem tends to have more life-both producers and consumers? a. aphotic zone b. photic zone c. benthic zone d. all are the same

b. photic zone

which of the following is not a sampling technique? a. mark and recapture b. poaching c. indirect counting d. quadrants

b. poaching

conservation of which of the following is dependent on the reduction of pesticide use? a. crop diversity b. pollinators c. landscape d. wildlife

b. pollinators

water salinity is measured in: a. ppm b. ppt c. ppp d. ppb

b. ppt

_______ air pollutants, such as soot and carbon monoxide, are pollutants released directly into the troposphere a. catalytic b. primary c. relative d. secondary

b. primary

which type of species is a k-selected species? a. insects b. primates c. mice d. dandelions

b. primates

which of the following is not an example of a mitigation strategy? a. improving energy efficiency b. protecting forests from deforestation c. pumping water out of low-lying coastal areas d. conserving energy

b. protecting forests from deforestation

how does the ozone layer benefit living things on earth? a. provides drinking water in the form of rain b. protects life from the sun's UV rays c. is necessary for most living things to breathe d. keeps earth cool enough for life to survive

b. protects life from the sun's UV rays

environmental health is the study of how environmental factors affect human health and: a. length of life b. quality of life c. population size d. population growth

b. quality of life

which of the following is a colorless, toxic, radioactive gas that can be found in basements: a. asbestos b. radon c. carbon monoxide d. lead

b. radon

precipitation on a climatograph relates to: a. all types of precipitation b. rainfall only c. snowfall only d. runoff only

b. rainfall only

a niche restricted by competition is a a. fundamental niche b. realized niche c. resource partitioned niche d. displaced niche

b. realized niche

a scrubber is a device that a. prevents temperature inversions b. removes pollutants or changes them chemically before they are released by factories c. reduced the amount of pollutants released by motor vehicles d. removes lead from gasoline

b. removes pollutants or changes them chemically before they are released by factories

in Madagascar, several species of lemur eat bamboo, but each species specializes in one part of the bamboo—one species eats mature bamboo stalks, one species eats bamboo shoots, and one species eats leaves. this is an example of a. speciation. b. resource partitioning. c. competition. d. niche partitioning

b. resource partitioning.

when large amounts of carbon dioxide dissolve in the oceans, what is the result? a. seawater with a higher pH b. seawater with a lower pH c. rising sea levels d. increased coral growth

b. seawater with a lower pH

in the years immediately after a fire, a forest will experience a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. tertiary succession d. a climax community

b. secondary succession

Deterioration of the soil's fertility and ability to provide ecosystem services is called a. erosion b. soil degradation c. soil pollution d. succession

b. soil degradation

what is the difference between swamps and freshwater marshes? a. swamps have deep water, but marshes have shallow water b. swamps have mostly woody shrubs and trees, but marshes have mostly grasses c. swamps usually have saltwater, but marshes have freshwater d. swamps have lots of wildlife, but marshes do not

b. swamps have mostly woody shrubs and trees, but marshes have mostly grasses

what metal do we extract from coltan for use in cell phones? a. thallium b. tantalite c. tungsten d. threonine

b. tantalite

a renewable resource is harvested sustainably if a. the amount of replacement is less than the amount harvested. b. the amount of replacement is equal to the amount harvested c. soil erosion is prevented. d. replacing trees costs less than harvesting trees.

b. the amount of replacement is equal to the amount harvested

in which zone would coral and marlin's house from Finding Nemo be found? a. the intertidal zone b. the neritic zone c. the open ocean zone d. the benthic zone

b. the neritic zone

more than 97% of earth's water supply is found in: a. ice sheet b. the oceans c. the atmosphere d. groundwater

b. the oceans

if one nation's laws make it impossible for another nation to sell it's goods there, which organization is most likely to get involved? a. the world bank b. the united nations c. the world trade organizations d. the environmental protection agency

b. the united nations

which of the following describes the aphotic zone in an aquatic ecosystem? a. the very bottom of a body of water b. the zone where no sunlight penetrates and photosynthesis cannot occur c. the shallow, near-shore zone d. the uppermost layer where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis

b. the zone where no sunlight penetrates and photosynthesis cannot occur c. the shallow, ne

what do winds, volcanic eruptions, and some forest fires have in common? a. they are all results of the combustion of fossil fuels b. they are natural processes that cause air pollution c. they deplete the ozone layer d. they are major sources of secondary air pollution

b. they are natural processes that cause air pollution

a small river that flows into a larger river stream. can depend on the scale of what is being observed. a. river b. tributary c. stream d. lake

b. tributary

an example of a soil parent material is a. humus b. volcanic ash c. lead litter d. topsoil

b. volcanic ash

life underwater is greatly affected by light availability, which is directly related to a. water quality b. water depth c. salinity d. temperature

b. water depth

the all-american canal, which brings water from the Colorado river to farm fields in California, is an example of a: a. dam b. water diversion c. reservoir d. well

b. water diversion

which of the following are considered the major greenhouse gases? a. water vapor and ozone b. water vapor and carbon dioxide c. ozone and carbon dioxide d. ozone and methane

b. water vapor and carbon dioxide

a hole dug into an aquifer to reach groundwater is called a: a. watershed b. well c. drainage basin d. spring

b. well

the pH scale is used to measure a. the amount of smog in a particular region b. whether solutions are acidic or alkaline c. wind speed d. air pressure

b. whether solutions are acidic or alkaline

the laws that make up historical US environmental policy can be divided into ________ periods a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

c. 3

which of the following was a policy that was intended only for the US? a. Kyoto Protocol b. Montreal Protocol c. Clean Air Act d. Air Pollution Reduction Act

c. Clean Air Act

what is the population growth formula? a. D= PoXe^rt b. P= PoMe^rt c. P= PoX3^rt d. P= PoXe^t

c. P= PoX3^rt

to help them survive, elk have various adaptations, such as a. thin coats of fur to prevent overwhelming b. wide hooves for travel on mud and snow c. a diet that consists of many different food sources d. the ability to hibernate

c. a diet that consists of many different food sources

which of the following organisms is a decomposer? a. a plant b. a tiger c. a mushroom d. a deer

c. a mushroom

you must build a model of an aquifer for a science project. what material would be the best to use for the layer that will hold water? a. an impermeable material, such as clay b. a liquid, such as oil c. a permeable material, such as gravel d. a material that does not have pores

c. a permeable material, such as gravel

which of the following best describes a successful individual in evolutionary terms? a. a successful individual possesses traits that are different from the traits of the rest of the population. b. a successful individual produces many offspring that possess unique traits. c. a successful individual is well adapted to its environment and produces offspring that survive to pass on genes. d. a successful individual will be well adapted to its environment and produce a few high quality offspring.

c. a successful individual is well adapted to its environment and produces offspring that survive to pass on genes.

globally, most freshwater used by humans is for: a. drinking and cooking b. washing and home use c. agriculture and irrigation d. electrical production

c. agriculture and irrigation

from greatest to least, rank the primary uses of freshwater around the world: a. personal, industry, agriculture b. industry, agriculture, personal c. agriculture, industry, personal d. industry, personal, agriculture

c. agriculture, industry, personal

what is smog? a. the result when pollutants combine with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form compounds called acids b. a type of carbon-containing fuel that formed millions of years ago from the remains of living things c. an unhealthy mixture of air pollutants that may form over cities and nearby areas d. a type of gas in the atmosphere that shields earth from the sun's ultraviolet rays

c. an unhealthy mixture of air pollutants that may form over cities and nearby areas

groundwater is contained within ______, spongelike formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold water a. springs b. watersheds c. aquifers d. drainage basins

c. aquifers

in aquatic ecosystems, net primary productivity is related to: a. whether the water is freshwater or saltwater b. the speed at which the water moves c. available sunlight and nutrients d. waves and tides

c. available sunlight and nutrients

an instrument that measures air pressure is called a: a. catalytic converter b. temperature inversion c. barometer d. thermosphere

c. barometer

which sphere are humans a part of? a. geosphere b. hydrosphere c. biosphere d. atmosphere

c. biosphere

water with a salinity that is greater than fresh water but less than saltwater is classified as a. photic b. aphotic c. brackish d. littoral

c. brackish

under the National Forest Management Act, national forests a. can be used only for recreation. b. can be harvested only by government agencies. c. can be harvested only where soils will not be irreversibly damaged. d. must have roads in place wherever harvesting is done.

c. can be harvested only where soils will not be irreversibly damaged

what do all organic compounds contain? a. hydrogen b. oxygen c. carbon d. nitrogen

c. carbon

which of the following is not considered to be a biological hazard? a. flu virus b. pet dander c. cigarette smoke d. strep bacteria

c. cigarette smoke

2 species of finch live in the same environment. over time, one develops a larger beak to consume larger seeds, while the other develops a narrow beak to consume more delicate seeds. this is an example of a. resource partitioning. b. character displacement. c. coevolution. d. competitive exclusion.

c. coevolution.

a(n) ________ is the boundary along which a colder, drier air mass pushes against a warmer, moister air mass a. warm front b. convection current c. cold front d. ozone layer

c. cold front

which of the following is an interaction in which both organisms are harmed? a. parasitism b. predation c. competition d. commensalism

c. competition

when warm air contains all the water vapor it can hold and then the air cools down, the water vapor becomes liquid water or ice in a process called: a. convection b. deposition c. condensation d. conduction

c. condensation

experiments or observational studies in which only one variable is manipulated are described as: a. independent b. observed c. controlled d. dependent

c. controlled

to help regulate river flow and to build a stable supply of water, engineers could build: a. aquifers b. water tables c. dams d. wells

c. dams

which of the following types of organisms experience seasonal loss of leaves as an adaptation to their climate? a. coniferous trees b. succulent plants c. deciduous trees d. grasses

c. deciduous trees

if a non-renewable resource, such as oil, suddenly became scarce while supply remained constant: a. the equilibrium price would increase b. the equilibrium price would decrease c. demand would increase d. demand would decrease

c. demand would increase

which biome has temperature that can very widely from day to night? a. tundra b. chaparral c. desert d. taiga

c. desert

which of the following is not a population distribution type? a. random b. uniform c. diseased d. clumped

c. diseased

the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment is called what? a. environmentalist b. environmental ethics c. environmental science d. environvirology

c. environmental science

a person holding up a sign during a protest against cutting down trees in a forest would be considered a(an): a. ecological footprints b. environmental scientist c. environmentalist d. peer review

c. environmentalist

where rivers flow into the ocean, mixing freshwater with saltwater, brackish ecosystems occur which are called: a. bogs b. flood plains c. estuaries d. limnetic zones

c. estuaries

The tradition agriculture may use all of the following EXCEPT a. teams of working animals b. irrigation c. fossil fuels d. organic fertilizer

c. fossil fuels

only a very small portion of earth's water is both liquid and: a. salty b. forzen c. fresh d. underground

c. fresh

which of the following is likely to cause a piece of land beneath a city to subside or sink? a. removal of a dam b. building a reservoir c. groundwater depletion d. recharge

c. groundwater depletion

which statement about the relationship between economics and the environment is true? a. internal and external costs are usually considered equally b. long-term effects often receive more weight than short-term effects c. harm to the environment can harm economies d. the relationship usually receives serious consideration

c. harm to the environment can harm economies

a deer browsing on a shrub is an example of a. predation b. parasitism c. herbivory d. symbiosis

c. herbivory

which of the following is not a mechanism for biological evolution? a. mutation b. genetic drift c. inheritance of acquired characteristics d. natural selection

c. inheritance of acquired characteristics

the great lakes are technically classified as: a. ponds b. lakes c. inland seas d. open ocean

c. inland seas

A farmer has an infestation of aphids and greenflies. He introduces ladybugs, which prey on aphids, and uses a limited dose of pesticide to deal with the flies. The farmer's approx to insect pests is a. chemical control b. biological control c. interrogated pest management d. organic pest management

c. integrated pest management

which statement about science is true? a. it asserts that although the boiling point of water is 100 degrees today, it may be different in the future b. it deals mostly with things in the synthetic or unnatural world c. it assumes that the natural world works according to rules that do not change unpredictably d. it attempts to explain the mysteries of the supernatural world

c. it assumes that the natural world works according to rules that do not change unpredictably

what function does carbon dioxide play in the earth's atmosphere? a. it provides gas for humans to breathe b. it provides a high level of protection from the sun's radiation c. it keeps earth warm through the greenhouse effect d. it provides liquids for animals to drink

c. it keeps earth warm through the greenhouse effect

what is the name of the type of large, brown algae that grows from the ocean floor of continental shelves, reaching upward toward the sunlight surface? a. coral b. chiton c. kelp d. phytoplankton

c. kelp

the homestead act, like other policies in the 1st period, focused on _______ a. pollution b. water c. land d. security

c. land

in lakes and ponds, the ____ zone is the area farther from the shore a. littoral zone b. photic zone c. limnetic zone d. aphotic zone

c. limnetic zone

A farmer interested in raising healthy crops should look for a a. heavy clay soil with a high pH and a dark color b. loamy soil with a low pH and a light color c. loamy clumpy soil with a neutral pH and a dark color d. sandy soil with a high pH, no clumps, and a light color

c. loamy, clumpy soil with a neutral pH and a dark color

when paper has a forest stewardship council logo on it, the paper is a. made from rain forest wood. b. not made from wood. c. made from sustainably harvested wood. d. recycled.

c. made from sustainably harvested wood.

what effect does a temperature inversion usually have on air pollution, such as smog? a. makes it worse by spreading it over a larger area b. makes it better by moving it out to sea c. makes it worse by trapping it near earth's surface d. makes it worse by blocking it from entering cities

c. makes it worse by trapping it near earth's surface

all material in the universe that has mass and occupies space is called: a. covalent b. compound c. matter d. carbon

c. matter

what is the main source of pollutants in photochemical smog? a. volcanoes b. farming c. motor vehicle emissions d. factories

c. motor vehicle emissions

the central core of every atom, containing particles called protons and neutrons, is called a(n): a. electron b. bond c. nucleus d. compound

c. nucleus

humans are generally a. carnivores b. herbivores c. omnivores d. detritivores

c. omnivores

Your friend tells you she's decided not to use pesticides or synthetic chemicals on her farm. instead she'll rely on composition and biological pest control. She is practicing a. industrial agriculture bl monoculture c. organic agriculture d. sustainable agriculture

c. organic agriculture

a small lake that originally started as a meander and has become separated from the main river system is called a(n): a. bend b. meander c. oxbow lake d. tributary

c. oxbow lake

the photic zones of aquatic ecosystems tend to have higher levels of: a. carbon b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. sulfur

c. oxygen

the process by which the scientific community examines a paper before it is published is called: a. experimental data b. analysis c. peer review d. observation

c. peer review

results published in ________ are the most respected in science because they have passed through a rigorous evaluation process involving feedback from multiple sources. a. news magazines b. weekly newspapers c. peer-reviewed journals d. web journals

c. peer-reviewed journals

which of the following describes the frozen underground soil that is found in the tundra? a. polar ice b. hard frost c. permafrost d. emergent layer

c. permafrost

soil or rock that contains spaces through which water can pass is called: a. a drainage basin b. a watershed c. permeable d. impermeable

c. permeable

leaky pipes fall under which usage category? a. agriculture b. industry c. personal d. negligible

c. personal

climatographs are useful tools in describing a biomes climate. they typically show patterns in annual: a. rainfall and snowfall b. precipitation and humidity c. precipitation and temperature d. temperature and sunlight

c. precipitation and temperature

the best way to reduce groundwater pollution is to: a. increase groundwater mining b. build more desalination plants c. prevent it from happening d. speed up the eutrophication process

c. prevent it from happening

salvage logging can a. decrease soil erosion. b. decrease commercial logging. c. promote wildfires. d. speed up forest regrowth.

c. promote wildfires.

the first law in the US environmental policy: a. banned use of certain chemicals b. dealt primarily with the management of private land c. promoted settlement of the West d. promoted preservation of endangered species

c. promoted settlement of the West

energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves is called: a. convection b. conduction c. radiation d. ultraviolet

c. radiation

which of the following is an example of nonpoint-source pollution a. a boat leaking motor oil b. a pipe releasing hot water c. rain washing salt off the roads d. a container leaking chemicals

c. rain washing salt off the roads

which of the following phrases is missing below? a. supports hypothesis b. disproves hypothesis c. refutes hypothesis d. proves hypothesis

c. refutes hypothesis

a ratio that compares the amount of water vapor the air contains to the maximum amount that the air could hold at that temperature is a. temperature inversion b. radiation c. relative humidity d. convection

c. relative humidity

Maximum sustainable yield, ecosystem-based management, and adaptive management are three approaches to a. poaching. b. overharvesting. c. resource management. d. none of the above.

c. resource management

a scientist tests a chemical on animals to determine a dose-response relationship. the scientist then investigates how often humans have contact with the chemical and in what amount. this scientist is carrying out a(n): a. genetic test b. epidemiology study c. risk assessment d. pathogen research project

c. risk assessment

human activities that clear large areas of land and increase erosion contribute directly to what type of pollution? a. biological b. groundwater c. sediment d. toxic chemical

c. sediment

in a(n) _______, wastes are separated from water in a tank, and remaining organic materials is broken down by microbes a. aquifer b. reservoir c. septic system d. point-source

c. septic system

runoff is of a particular concern to environmental scientists because it carries toxicants from large areas of land and: a. concentrates them in small amounts of surface water b. washes them out of the soil c. spreads them over larger areas of land d. lifts them up into the atmosphere

c. spreads them over larger areas of land

which of the following aquatic ecosystems is no a type of wetland? a. swamp b. bog c. stream d. marsh

c. stream

a power company is given free land by the government to reduce the cost of providing wind-generated electricity to rural residents. this is an example of a a. command-and-control approach b. cap-and-trade system c. subsidy d. green tax

c. subsidy

which gas is one of the main contributors to acid deposition? a. carbon dioxide b. ozone c. sulfur dioxide d. carbon monoxide

c. sulfur dioxide

Arid and semiarid lands are prone to desertification because a. The Sahara is expanding b. gigantic dust storms blow sand from China into North America c. the precipitation cannot meet the growing human demand for water d. 10 % percent of productivity is lost to erosion

c. the precipitation cannot meet the growing human demand for water

what must be true of minerals that are formed by precipitation? a. their components must have been formed from organisms b. they must have veins c. their components must have been dissolved in a liquid d. they must have formed under high pressure

c. their components must have been dissolved in a liquid

lightning, rain, and hail are all associated with: a. tsunamis b. avalanches c. thunderstorms d. hurricanes

c. thunderstorms

renewable resources include soil, fresh water, wild animals, and a. minerals b. coal c. timber d. petroleum

c. timber

in which main layer of earth's atmosphere does most weather occur? a. thermosphere b. mesosphere c. troposphere d. stratosphere

c. troposphere

which of the following identifies the layers of the atmosphere in correct order, beginning with the lower layer? a. mesosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere, troposphere b. thermosphere, stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere c. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere d. troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere

c. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

what type of survivor-ship curve describes population whose had highest mortality at young ages? a. type 1 b. type 2 c. type 3 d. type 4

c. type 3

headquartered in New York City, the 190 member nations of the following organizations work together to promote peace and to help solve economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. a. world trade organizations b. European union c. united nations d. Kyoto protocol

c. united nations

the Land Ordinance of 1785 gave the government the right to manage: a. private lands b. individual lands c. unsettled lands d. the eastern seaboard

c. unsettled lands

the land area that supplies water to a river stream is called a: a. divide b. wetland c. watershed d. tributary

c. watershed

which of the following is an example of a renewable natural resource? a. crude oil b. coal c. wave energy d. copper

c. wave energy

day-to-day conditions in earth's atmosphere, such as "sunny and humid" describe: a. climate b. climatograph c. weather d. biome

c. weather

____ are areas of land that are flooded with water at least part of the year a. bogs b. marshes c. wetlands d. watershed

c. wetlands

A rock containing iron turns red as its surface is exposed to air and water over time. This is an example of a. physical weathering b. chemical weathering c. primary succession d. decomposition

chemical weathering

organisms grouped near resources; most common distribution in nature ____________

clumped distribution

water molecules are composed of: a. 2 oxygen atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms b. 1 oxygen atom and 1 hydrogen atom c. 2 oxygen atoms and 1 hydrogen atom d. 1 oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms

d. 1 oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms

about how much of earth's land surface is used for agriculture? a. 8% b. 18% c. 28% d. 38%

d. 38%

the atmosphere is divided into how many layers? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

d. 4

which agreement led to the reduced release of chemicals that harm the ozone layer? a. Kyoto protocol b. antarctic treaty c. united national environment programme d. Montreal protocol

d. Montreal protocol

what was one of the major provisions of the Montreal Protocol? a. a limit on the emission of chemicals that produce smog b. a requirement for all new cars to contain scrubbers c. a suggestion to release additional ozone into the atmosphere d. a call for major cuts in chlorofluorocarbon manufacturing

d. a call for major cuts in chlorofluorocarbon manufacturing

at the start of the _______, about 10,000 years ago, humans began planting crops and domesticating animals. a. industrial revolution b. WWI c. ice age d. agricultural revolution

d. agricultural revolution

how does air pressure vary with altitude? a. air pressure is not affect by altitude b. air pressure decreases as altitude decreases c. air pressure increases as altitude increases d. air pressure increases as altitude decreases

d. air pressure increases as altitude decreases

density independent factors affect: a. few populations b. all populations c. certain animals breeds d. all of the above

d. all of the above

the policy of multiple use requires that national forests be managed for a. timber. b. wildlife habitat. c. recreation. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which ecosystems are considered freshwater ecosystems? a. lakes b. wetlands c. ponds d. all of the above

d. all of the above

clear-cutting is a timber harvesting method in which a. trees that provide shelter to seedlings are left uncut. b. only some mature trees in an area are cut. c. only immature trees in an area are cut. d. all of the trees in an area are cut.

d. all of the trees in an area are cut.

in making environmental policies, government interacts with: a. organizations b. businesses c. citizens d. all of these

d. all of these

all minerals: a. have a hardness level of 10 b. have cleavage c. have the same crystal form d. are inorganic solids

d. are inorganic solids

which of these is not a level of ecological organization? a. biosphere b. community c. ecosystem d. atmosphere

d. atmosphere

for an idea to be evaluated by science, it must: a. be able to be absolutely proven to be true b. deal with both the natural and supernatural worlds c. be an opinion rooted in personal preference d. be able to be tested against collected evidence

d. be able to be tested against collected evidence

which of the following organisms is responsible for the creation of most swamps a. elk b. bison c. bull shark d. beaver

d. beaver

a ______ is a group of ecosystems that share similar abiotic and biotic conditions a. climate b. ecosystem c. climatograph d. biome

d. biome

which disease is common with coal miners later in life? a. COPD b. nasal cancer c. pneumonia d. black lung

d. black lung

unvented gas stoves, car exhaust, and tobacco smoke all give off a dangerous, odorless, colorless gas. what is it? a. lead b. asbestos c. carcinogens d. carbon monoxide

d. carbon monoxide

which statement about changes in scientific thought is correct? a. changes in scientific thought are usually rapid and drastic b. changes in scientific thought show that the general public cannot rely on science c. scientific thought and interpretations can never change over time d. changes in scientific thought demonstrate a key strength of science: the ability to self-correct and improve

d. changes in scientific thought demonstrate a key strength of science: the ability to self-correct and improve

the main chemicals responsible for the ozone hole are a. sulfuric acid and nitric acid b. volatile orgnaiz compounds c. carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide d. chlorofluorocarbons

d. chlorofluorocarbons

a cost-benefit analysis is a(n): a. study of the factors that influence decisions of buyers and sellers b. economy in which government decides what is made c. equilibrium between a product's supply and its demand d. comparison between what is sacrificed and gained by specific action

d. comparison between what is sacrificed and gained by specific action

most of the nutrients in soil come from a. chemical weathering b. mechanical weathering c. erosion d. decomposition

d. decomposition

the clearing of a forest and its replacement by another land use is called a. forestry b. clear-cutting c. timber-harvesting d. deforestation

d. deforestation

one process used to obtain freshwater from salt water is called: a. coagulation b. filtration c. recharge d. desalination

d. desalination

which biome would have the lowest net primary productivity? a. tropical rain forest b. temperate grassland c. coral reef d. desert

d. desert

which type of system targets individual plants and introduces water directly into the soil? a. desalination b. reverse osmosis c. waterlogging d. drip irrigation

d. drip irrigation

a person's age, sex, weight, health issues, and genetic makeup influence how he or she responds to: a. risk assessment b. natural disasters c. carbon monoxide d. environmental hazards

d. environmental hazards

when the environment changes too quickly for an organism to adapt, what will occur? a. evolution b. specitation c. genetic drift d. extinction

d. extinction

during which part of the environmental process is lobbying used? a. pinpointing a problem b. proposing a solution c. getting organized d. gaining access

d. gaining access

Genetic engineering relies on placing a gene that codes for a desired trait into the ________ of a different organism from the organism where the gene was originally harvested. a. protein b. amino acid c. helix d. genome

d. genome

a powerful storm that forms over the ocean in the tropics is called a(n): a. earthquake b. tornado c. tsunami d. hurricane

d. hurricane

"a testable idea that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific question" is the definition of a(an): a. prediction b. theory c. experiment d. hypothesis

d. hypothesis

one disadvantage of the selection system of timber harvesting is that it a. produces even-aged stands. b. produces a monoculture. c. causes soil erosion. d. is more dangerous for loggers.

d. is more dangerous for loggers.

which statement about the littoral zone in a lake or pond is true? a. there are no rooted aquatic plants b. it has deep water c. it is far from the shore d. it is rich in invertebrates

d. it is rich in invertebrates

describes how a population's initial exponential increase is slowed and finally stopped by limiting factors: a. biotic potential b. limiting factors c. exponential growth d. logistic growth

d. logistic growth

rising sea levels are a result of: a. increased amounts of precipitation b. melting ice only c. increased carbon dioxide levels in the water d. melting ice and expansion of heated water

d. melting ice and expansion of heated water

a beehive depends on pollen from flowers to survive. flowers depend on bees to pollinate them. humans tend bee hives, offering the bees a place to live in exchange for some of their honey. the relationship among these three sets of organisms is a. parasitic. b. commensalist. c. symbiotic. d. mutualistic.

d. mutualistic.

what is another word for birth rate? a. totality b. mortality c. vitality d. natality

d. natality

which of the following terms describes the net amount of energy an ecosystem produces, minus an autographs usage of energy? a. gross production b. net productivity c. photosynthesis mass d. net primary production

d. net primary production

the nutrient _____ causes pollution in the oceans, which results in ______ a. phosphorous: eutrophication b. phosphorous: a red tide c. nitrogen: eutrophication d. nitrogen: a red tide

d. nitrogen: a red tide

what issue was the Montreal Protcol designed to address? a. acid rain b. the greenhouse effect c. smog d. ozone depletion

d. ozone depletion

earthquakes, fires, tornadoes, and droughts are all examples of: a. social hazards b. biological hazards c. chemical hazards d. physical hazards

d. physical hazards

which of the following is NOT an example of a natural resource? a. sunlight b. timber c. coal d. plastic

d. plastic

Santa, Mrs. Claus, and the elves could be found in which of the following environments, most of the year? a. coral reef b. tropical rainforest c. chaparral d. polar ice

d. polar ice

The main goal of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act is to a. prevent prescribed burning. b. prevent erosion and soil damage. c. prevent salvage logging. d. promote salvage logging.

d. promote salvage logging.

the amount of mining and extracting aluminum from one ore can be reduced if people" a. substitute copper for aluminum in wires b. substitute lead for aluminum c. use less fossil fuels d. recycle beverage cans

d. recycle beverage cans

you would expect to find most farmers who use GM crops living in a. relatively poor, undeveloped nations b. countries with strong environmental protection laws c. countries with weak environmental laws d. relatively wealthy, developed nations

d. relatively wealthy, developed nations

water that flows over land and has not been absorbed into the ground is called: a. a watershed b. groundwater c. pollution d. runoff

d. runoff

reverse osmosis is a process often used for removing the following from water: a. oil b. sediment c. fish d. salt

d. salt

the removal of snags following a fire is called a. monoculture b. prescribed burning c. sustainable forestry d. salvage logging

d. salvage logging

In a region with strong winds, flat land and little natural forest cover, what would you recommend in order to reduce erosion? a. terracing b. contour farming c. crop rotation d. shelterbelts

d. shelterbelts

some social hazards, such as cigarette smoking or a a lack of exercise are considered: a. emerging disease b. risks that cannot be assessed c. facts of life that cannot be changed d. social hazards

d. social hazards

which statement about chemical hazards is true? a. all chemical hazards are considered pollution b. many chemicals can never be hazardous c. all pollution is considered a chemical hazard d. some chemicals are toxic in very small amounts

d. some chemicals are toxic in very small amounts

infectious diseases cannot be spread by: a. contaminated water b. human contact c. animals d. space

d. space

sometimes, the water table naturally rises to the surface creating: a. aquifers b. wells c. drainage basin d. springs

d. springs

in what part of a forest would you expect to find squirrel nests? a. snag b. understory c. forest floor d. subcanopy

d. subcanopy

which of the following is a secondary air pollutant? a. carbon monoxide b. soot c. lead d. sulfuric acid

d. sulfuric acid

which of the following is not a primary air pollutant? a. particulate matter b. lead c. carbon monoxide d. sulfuric acid

d. sulfuric acid

why are fetuses more sensitive to harmful chemicals than adults? a. because fetuses have a greater toxicity than adults b. because of genetic factors c. they are more exposed to environmental hazards d. they are smaller and their organ systems are developing

d. they are smaller and their organ systems are developing

the amount of substance needed to cause a response: a. dose b. response c. toxic dose d. threshold dose

d. threshold dose

which of the following biomes can be just as dry as the desert? a. tropical rainforest b. chaparral c. temperate forest d. tundra

d. tundra

which of the following mining methods disrupts the sea floor? a. strip mining b. open pit mining c. solution mining d. undersea mining

d. undersea mining

which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? a. drip irrigation b. xeriscaping c. using low-flow faucets and shower heads d. watering lawns during peak sunlight hours

d. watering lawns during peak sunlight hours

drainage basins are sometimes called: a. monsoons b. runoffs c. groundwaters d. watersheds

d. watersheds

landscaping with plants adapted for arid conditions is called: a. drip irrigation b. desalinization c. groundwater d. xeriscaping

d. xeriscaping

list 2 density-dependent limiting factors and list 2 density-independent limiting factors

dependent: 1. space provided 2. food provided independent: 1. unusual weather 2. r-selected/k-selected

which of the following is not considered a biome? a. mountains b. coral reef c. chaparral d. all of these e. more than one of these

e. more than one of these

high population density makes finding a mate _______. low population density makes finding a mate ________. a. easier: harder b. easier: easier c. harder: harder d. harder: easier

easier: harder

which of the following fall under the jurisdiction of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920? a. fossil fuels b. halides c. sulfur d. A & B e. A & C f. A B & C

f. A B & C

individual organisms are classified into species: individuals who interbreed and produce _____ offspring

fertile

many factors influence biotic potential, including __________ time and ________ time

gestation generation

a ________ has anything an organism needs; includes nutrition, shelter, mates, and breeding sites

habitat

what is a major limitation of carbon offsets?

in practice, carbon offsets can be difficult to establish effective systems of exchange and presently, there are more potential buyers of carbon offsets than there are sellers

what is migration and how does it differ from immigration and emigration?

migration is the movement of a species during a specific time of the year. this occurs because their habitat is not providing them will the correct resources and cannot stand the weather. immigration and emigration is an individual moving into and out of a population.

explain why mining for coltan and gorillas are related. how can we help the problems that have arisen due to coltan mining?

mining for coltan and gorillas are related because the habitat in which the gorillas live in, forests, is where it is easiest to find coltan. we can help the problems that have arisen due to coltan mining by properly recycling our cell phones. this is because our cell phones contain tantalite, which is extracted from the coltan that is mined. the tantalite is placed in cell phones for better tracking on our GPS devices on the cell phones.

the ideal sex ratio is 50:50 for a ________ species

monogamous

growing populations have a _________ growth rate

positive

ecologist often use ______________ to estimate population size

sampling techniques

a ________ population fluctuates slightly above and below carrying capacity and is characteristic of many species living under fairly constant environmental conditions.

stable

what are sunspots? what is the relationship between sunspots and the energy released by the sun?

sunspots are dark spots on the surface of the sun. the more sunspots, the more energy the sun gives off

_______________ show how the likelihood of death varies with age

survivor-ship curves

describe a survivor-ship curve. how many types are there? give an example of each type.

survivor-ship curves show the likelihood of death varied with age. there are 3 types. type I-humans type II-mammals(k-selected), type III-insects and plants(r-selected)

describe how increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can lead to more acidic seawater?

the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide in the air. the more there is, the more it absorbs. once carbon dioxide dissolves in the water it forms carbonic acid. overtime, the addition of carbonic acid to ocean water has made the water more acidic->higher acidity, the lower the pH

what is 1 example of how scientists study the ancient atmosphere?

they look at tree rings. a pair of light and dark rings represent one year's growth. the width of each ring reveals how much the tree grew in that year. wider= more growth, a wetter/warmer year