Final Exam

Connotative meaning

"(of a word or expression) signifying or suggestive of an associative or secondary meaning in addition to the primary meaning: A connotative word such as "steely" would never be used when referring to a woman" (dictionary.com).

Extemporaneous:

"A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes" (Lucas 280).

Comparison:

"A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. (Lucas 337).

Extended Example

"A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point" (Lucas 177).

Dialect:

"A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary" (Lucas 285).

Summary

"The value of a summary is that it explicitly restates the central idea and main points one last time" (Lucas 235).

Audience Adaptation

"There are two major stages in the process of audience adaptation. The first occurs before the speech, as part of your preparation and rehearsal. The second occurs during the presentation of the speech itself" (Lucas 147).

Personalize:

"To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience" (Lucas 337).

Paraphrase

"To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words" (Lucas 190).

Residual Message

"What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech" (Lucas 123). If the audience forgets everything else, this is what the speaker hopes the audience takes away and remembers.

Metaphor:

"a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Ex) I had fallen through a trapdoor of depression," said Mark, who was fond of theatrical metaphors" (googledefinition).

Simile

"a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox )" (googledefinition). & uses like and as

Ethnocentrism

"a tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own" (Dictionary.com).

Concrete words:

"are terms that identify things and events that can be measured and observed. 5 senses. Words like 'table', 'car', and 'Mommy' are all concrete nouns because we can interact with any of these on a physical level" (study.com). TANGIBLE

Generic:

"characteristic relating to a class or group of things; not specific."chèvre is a generic term for all goat's milk cheese" (google definitions). "The use of "he" to refer to both women and men" (Lucas 272).

Critical Thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among the ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion. (Lucas 48).

Critical Listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a car salesperson or the campaign speech of a political candidate (Lucas 81).

Empathic Listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress. (Lucas 81).

Visualization

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation. (Lucas 45).

Entertaining speech

speech designed to captivate an audience's attention and regale or amuse them while delivering a clear message

Public Speaking

the act or process of making speeches in public (Merriam-webster).

Jargon:

unintelligible or meaningless talk or writing; gibberish. any talk or writing that one does not understand. (dictionary.com)

Cliché

"A cliché is a group of words that is used to communicate a popular or common thought or idea. ... Simply by becoming a cliché this collection of words or phrases has become overused, and that's the problem. When you use a cliché, you are throwing out a phrase that your audience will instantly recognize" (theaccidentalcommunicator.com). "A trite or overused expression" (Lucas 267).

Crescendo Ending

"A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity" (Lucas 233). "This does NOT mean simply getting louder and louder. It is a combination of many things, including vocal pitch, choice of words, dramatic content, gestures, pauses-and simply loudness" (Lucas 233) Example: "A superb example of this method is the memorable conclusion to Martin Luther King's "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (Lucas 233).

Dissolve Ending

"A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement" (Lucas 233). Example: "Another effective method might be compared to the dissolve ending of a concert song that evokes deep emotions: "The song seems to fade away while the light on the singer shrinks gradually to a smaller circle until it lights only the face, then the eyes. Finally, it is a pinpoint, and disappears with the last note of the song" (Lucas 233).

Monotone:

"A constant pitch or tone of voice" (Lucas 282).

Academic Databases

"A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals" (Lucas 157). "At colleges and universities around the world, experts are researching almost every aspect of the natural world and human society. Their work appears in respected, peer-reviewed journals. Academic databases make these journals available to you" (Lucas 157).

Problem-Solution Order

"A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem" (Lucas 208). "..Problem-solution order is most appropriate for persuasive speeches" (Lucas 208) Example: "Main points: I. Puppy Mills are a serious problem across the United States. II. Solving the problem requires legislation and individual initiative" (Lucas 208).

Topical Order

"A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics" (Lucas 208). "Let's say your topic is Josephine Baker, an African American entertainer and social activist...You could organize your speech chronologically...On the other hand, you could arrange the speech topically-by dividing Baker's accomplishments into categories" (Lucas 208).

Spatial Order

"A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern" (Lucas 206). "That is, the main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, inside to outside, east to west, or some other route" (Lucas 206). Example: "Main Points: I. At the center of a hurricane is the calm, cloud-free eye. II. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a dense ring of clouds that produces the most intense wind and rainfall. III. Rotating around the eyewall are large bands of clouds and precipitation called spiral rain bands" (Lucas 206).

Chronological Order

"A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern" (Lucas 205). "Speeches arranged chronologically follow a time pattern. They may narrate a series of events in the sequence in which they happened" (Lucas 205). "Chronological order is also used in speeches explaining a process or demonstrating how to do something" (Lucas 205).

Causal Order

"A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship" (Lucas 206). "When you put your speech in causal order, you have two main points-one dealing with the causes of an event, the other dealing with its effects" (Lucas 206).

Vocalized Pause:

"A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um" (Lucas 283).

Rhetorical Questions

"A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud" (Lucas 225). "Asking a rhetorical question is another way to get your listeners thinking about your speech" (Lucas 225). Example: "How would you respond if a loved one was the victim of terrorism?" (Lucas 225).

Newspaper Databases & Periodical Databases

"A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers" (Lucas 157). "Newspaper and periodical databases allow you to locate articles in thousands of publications, including Time, Atlantic, the New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal" (Lucas 156-157).

Brief Example

"A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point" (Lucas 177).

Impromptu:

"A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation" (Lucas)

Informative:

"A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding" (Lucas 324).

Clutter

"A speech disorder characterized by a high occurrence of the normal speech disfluencies of repetitions, revisions, and interjections, different from stuttering, and in a way that disrupts the normal flow of speech" (mnsu.edu). "Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea" (Lucas 264).

Manuscript:

"A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience" (Lucas 279).

Internal preview

"A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next" (Lucas 214). Example: "In discussing how Asian Americans have been stereotyped in the mass media, we'll look first at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact today" (Lucas 214).

Internal summary

"A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points" (Lucas 215). So summarizes/recaps points already discussed

Preview Statement

"A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body" (Lucas 230). Example: "Today, I'd like to focus on three interrelated issues-the future of conflict and the implications for the Army; how best to institutionalize the diverse capabilities that will be required; and the kinds of officers the Army will need for the 21st century" (Lucas 230).

Contrast:

"A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc" (Lucas 337).

Connective

"A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them" (Lucas 214). "Without connectives, a speech is disjointed and uncoordinated-much as a person would be without ligaments and tendons to join the bones and hold the organs in place. Four types of speech connectives are transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts" (Lucas 214).

Transition

"A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another" (Lucas 214).

Abstract words:

"Abstract nouns refer to intangible things, like actions,feelings, ideals, concepts and qualities. Ex) Adoration, Amazement, Anger"

Alliteration:

"Alliteration is a term to describe a literary device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound. A classic example is: "She sells seashells by the sea-shore." Another fan-favorite is: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." (yourdictionary.com).

Hypothetical Example

"An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation" (Lucas 178).

Sponsoring Organization

"An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet" (Lucas 162). "Many web documents are published by businesses, government agencies, public-interest groups, and the like rather than by individual authors. In such cases, you must judge whether the sponsoring organization is impartial enough to cite in your speech. Is the organization objective in its research and fair-minded in its statements? (Lucas 162).

Vocal Variety:

"Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness (Lucas 283).

Internet documents

"Is the author of the web document you are assessing clearly identified? If so, what are his or her qualifications? Is the author an expert on the topic? Can her of his data and opinions be accepted as objective and unbiased? Just as you should not cite a book or magazine article without identifying the author and his or her credentials, so you should not cite an electronic work in the absence of this information" (Lucas 162).

Memorized:

"Just like an actor preparing for his role on stage, a speaker can commit the information he wants to convey to memory. The memorized speech is just that. It is the act of memorizing the information in a speech and presenting it without using notes"

Gestures:

"Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech" (Lucas 288).

Audience Adaptation During the Speech

"No matter how hard you prepare ahead of time, things may not go exactly as planned on the day of your speech. For speeches in the classroom, you may find that the projector for your visual aids is not available or that another student has the same topic as you...audience will be much larger (or smaller)...amount of time has been cut in half...if something like this happens to you, don't panic. Find another way to present your visual aids" (Lucas 148).

Statistics

"Numerical Data" (Lucas 181).

Additional Research Resources

"Research Interview- an interview conducted to gather information for a speech" (Lucas 164). Virtual Library- "A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data" (Lucas 159). Surveys, questionnaires, likert scale based questions, etc.

Expert Testimony

"Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields" (Lucas 189).

Direct Quotation

"Testimony that is presented word for word" (Lucas 190).

Pronunciation:

"The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language" (Lucas 284).

Credibility

"The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic" (Lucas 228).

Goodwill

"The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind" (Lucas 229).

Mean

"The average value of a group of numbers" (Lucas 184). Add up all the numbers in a set and divide it by how many numbers there are. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5 , 5, 6, 7, 8 The Mean is- 4.63

General Purpose

"The broad goal of a speech" (Lucas 116). Can be to inform, to persuade, to entertain, etc. What your speech is meant to do for the audience, the goal.

Antithesis

"The definition of antithesis is "a contrary or opposite opinion, concept, or characteristic." So, the sun may be the antithesis to the moon, the devil may be the antithesis to God, and a conservative may be the antithesis to a liberal. Example: In Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Marcus Brutus and Mark Antony were painted in opposite colors. Interestingly, the contrast isn't stark. Shakespeare takes a more subtle approach to antithesis here, portraying Brutus as an honorable - yet slightly naive - man. Antony, too, was an honorable man, but he possessed a certain ruthlessness and ambition that Brutus was lacking" (yourdictionary.com).

Pitch:

"The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice" (Lucas 282).

Volume:

"The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice" (Lucas 282)

Median

"The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest" (Lucas 184). Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5 , 5, 6, 7, 8 The median is 5

Mode

"The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers" (Lucas 184). Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5 , 5, 6, 7, 8 the mode is 5

Articulation:

"The physical production of particular speech sounds" (Lucas 285).

Persuasive:

"The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions" (Lucas 346).

Rate:

"The speed at which a person speaks" (Lucas 282).

Kinesics:

"The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication" (Lucas 286).

Denotative meaning:

"the explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression, as distinguished from the ideas or meanings associated with it or suggested by it; the association or set of associations that a word usually elicits for most speakers of a language, as distinguished from those elicited for any individual speaker because of personal experience. a word that names or signifies something specific:"Wind" is the denotation for air in natural motion. "Poodle" is the denotation for a certain breed of dog"LITERAL meaning (dictionary.com).

Knowledge

"the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association" (Merriam-Webster).

Imagery

"the formation of mental images, figures, or likenesses of things, or of such images collectively:the dim imagery of a dream" (dictionary.com)

Conversations are different from public speaking because...

-Listeners can interrupt with commentary and questions since it isn't as structured. -Slang, jargon, and bad grammar -Talk quietly, phrases such as "like", "you know" -Casual posture -"Uh", "er", "um" -Informal

Similarities between Public Speaking and Conversations

-Organizing your thoughts logically: Systematically, step by step -Tailoring your message to your audience: Making sure that your speech is set up so that the audience understands---ex) if you're giving a speech on the history of rocks, you would tell it differently to an audience of elementary school students than to high school students. -Telling a story for maximum impact: Carefully build up story, adjusting words and tone of voice -Adapting to listener feedback: Being aware of that person's verbal, facial, and physical reactions.

Public Speaking is different because...

-Public speaking is more highly structured. -Strict time limitations on speaker -Speaker must accomplish purpose in speech itself -More detailed planning and preparation -Public speaking requires more formal language. -Public speaking requires a different method of delivery. -Erect postures -Adjust voice to be heard clearly -Avoid distracting mannerisms and verbal habits

Attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc. (Lucas 142).

Central Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. (Lucas 123). The central idea is a concise statement or what you expect to say. Sometimes it is called the thesis statement, the subject sentence, or the major thought. Whatever the term, the central idea is usually expressed as a simple, declarative sentence that refines and sharpens the specific purpose statement (Lucas 123).

Internal Interference

A second kind of interference is internal and comes from within your audience. Perhaps one of your listeners has a toothache. She may be so distracted by the pain that she doesn't pay attention to your speech. (Lucas 53).

Audience Adaptation Before the Speech

Above all, it means two things: 1. Assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech, and 2. Adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible (lucas 147). "You must submerge your own views so completely that you can adopt, temporarily those of your listeners" (Lucas 148).

Specific Instance

An example- "A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like" (Lucas 176).

Preparation

Another key to gaining confidence is to pick speech topics you truly care about- and then to prepare your speeches so thoroughly that you cannot help but be successful. A standard rule of thumb is that each minute of speaking tim requires one to two hours of preparation time-perhaps more, depending on the amount of research needed for the speech (Lucas 43-44).

Stage Fright

Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience. (Lucas 41).

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interferences can be external or internal to listeners. (Lucas 53).

Demographic audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Positive Nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation. (Lucas 42).

Rhythm:

In phonetics, rhythm is the sense of movement in speech, marked by the stress, timing, and quantity of syllables. (thoughtco.com).

External Interference

In public speaking there are two kinds of interference. One, like the static or crossed wires in a phone conversation, is external to the audience. Many classrooms are subject to this kind of interference-from traffic outside the building, the clatter of a radiator, students conversing in the hall, a room that is stifling hot or freezing cold. Any of these can distract listeners from what you are saying (Lucas 53).

Controlled Nervousness

Is Positive Nervousness- Rather than trying to eliminate stage fright, you should aim at transforming it from a negative force into what one expert calls positive nervousness. (Lucas 42).

Purpose Listening

It is when you choose to listen because of some very good reason/s. (Answer.com).

Audience Centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation (Lucas 132).

Appreciative Listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech (Lucas 81).

Listening

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear (Lucas 80).

Channel

The means by which a message is communicated (Lucas 51). When you pick up the phone to call a friend, the telephone is the channel. (Lucas 51).

Feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker (Lucas 52). In public speaking there is plenty of feedback to let you know how your message is being received. Do your listeners lean forward in their seats, as if paying close attention? Do they have quizzical looks on their faces?...." (Lucas 52).

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being (Lucas 134).

Conversations

informal interchange of thoughts, information, etc., by spoken words; oral communication between persons; talk; colloquy (Dictionary.com).