final exam

Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?

A 22-year-oldsoccer player

Which muscle fixes the clavicle or elevates the first rib?

Subclavius

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are __________.

bipolar

In ionic bonding

electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes

increased RANKL and decreased OPG.

The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the __________.

receptor

The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane suggests that

the membrane is neither rigid nor static in structure.

Because the stretch reflexes can be traced back along certain spinal nerve routes,

they are helpful when determining at what level of the spinal cord damage may have occurred.

The ribs articulate with the __________ vertebrae.

thoracic

The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the __________.

thoracic and abdominal viscera

Epithelial tissue is characterized by

tightly packed cells.

Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the __________.

optic disc

The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue contains __________.

proteoglycans

Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion?(1) Movement is against a concentration gradient(2) Movement is with a concentration gradient(3) Involves a carrier molecule(4) Involves cotransport(5) Involves counter transport(6) Exhibits competition and saturation

2, 3, 6

An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have __________ neutrons.

20

Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) Autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse(2) Synapse with target tissues(3) Preganglionic neuron(4) Postganglionic neuron

3, 1, 4, 2

Consider the following condition: pupils dilated, digestive motility decreased, salivary gland activity decreased. Which of the following scenarios matches this condition of the person involved?

A motorist just avoided running over a small child playing in the road

In intestinal epithelial cells, Na+ is in higher concentrations outside of the cells. This gradient provides the energy for the symport of glucose into the cells. Which of the following explain how this transport mechanism works. (Check all that apply.)

Active transport of sodium out of the cell Carrier mediated transport of sodium into the cell Carrier mediated transport of glucose into the cells

A blow to the shoulder often breaks the clavicle, but very seldom breaks the scapula. Which of the following statements best explains why this is so?

All of the choices are correct.

If you accidentally cut your arm and see adipose tissue, which layer(s) was/were cut?

All of the choices are correct.

Light and dark adaptation involve

All of the choices are correct.

Reflexes function in

All of the choices are correct.

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

Basal cell carcinoma

Which effector has no innervation by parasympathetic nerves?

Blood vessels

Select all examples that demonstrate how inflammation protects the body. (Check all that apply.)

Blood vessels become more permeable and allow white blood cells to move into damaged tissue more easily. During inflammation, blood vessels dilate, increasing the delivery of white blood cells to the area. Inflammation allows for the formation of antibodies that will help fight infectious agents. Clotting that occurs helps to isolate injurious agents.

Denise has had an accident that has damaged her hyoid bone. Which of the following conditions is she likely to experiece due to this injury?

Both "Denise will likely have issues with swallowing due to the association of the hyoid bone with the muscles needed to swallow" and "Denise may have issues with her speech due to the association of the hyoid bone with the muscles that function in speech" are correct.

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a/an __________

Both compound and molecule are correct

A collapsed intervertebral foramen could affect all of the following spinal nerves EXCEPT __________.

C1

Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of certain substance from the diet. Which of the following list three of the dietary needs for normal bone growth?

Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Check all that occur at the cellular level as a result of aging.

Cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis

An atom of chlorine has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. Which of the following statements is true?

Chlorine has a mass number of 35.

Which of the following represent functions of connective tissue? (Check all the apply.)

Cushioning Insulating Enclosing organs Contraction Secretion of substances Communication Movement of body parts

What is a disc-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?

Desmosomes

Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect?

Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

Which of the following paranasal sinuses would most likely result in discomfort around the eyes?

Ethmoidal

Which of the following muscles is found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

Fibularis longus

If acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors,

G proteins mediate the cell's response.

When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors,

G proteins mediate the cell's response.

Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced this action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?

Golgi tendon reflex

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers?

Hypoglossal

Which part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS?

Hypothalamus

In hyperpolarization

K + tend to diffuse out of the cell.

Low levels of __________ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization.

K+

Which durable protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

Keratin

How does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?

Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.

Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?

Langerhanscells

Which back muscle extends the head?

Longissimus capitis

Which of the following occur due to changes in the cells, extracellular materials, and tissues in older adults? (Check all that apply.)

Loss of elasticity of connective tissue Loss of flexibility of connective tissue Increase in collagen fibers Increase of neurons Increase of muscle cells

A man was in an accident during which his spinal cord was severed between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of this injury?

Loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm

Which back muscle extends and rotates the vertebral column?

Multifidus

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?

Olfaction

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

Oligodendrocyte

Which type of cell forms bone?

Osteoblast

Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Pectoralis major

This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales.

Psoriasis

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

Schwann cells forma myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes cansurround portions of several axons.

Indicate the functions that apply to epithelial tissue. (Check all that apply.)

Secretion of substances Acting as a barrier Secretion of substances Connecting tissue to each other Acting as a barrier Contraction in response to stimulation

Twelve-year old Madeline has not yet experienced a bone growth spurt, meaning she is not yet producing which particular chemicals necessary for this to occur?

Sex hormones

What are caveolae?

Shallow invaginations of plasma membrane

Which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints?

Skeletal

Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?

Skeletal

Which of the following is NOT true of G-protein complex action?

Stimulates a cell by means of extracellular chemical signals

John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is/are involved?

Sympathetic division

Why does a person's nose run when he cries?

Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.

Which of the following statements best distinguishes between tetanus and treppe?

Tetanus occurs when stimulation of muscle occurs frequently with little to no relaxation between stimuli; treppe occurs when stimulation of muscle occurs frequently, but complete relaxation occurs between stimuli.

Which of the following descriptions best represents the appearance of the sarcomere during peak contraction?

The H zone is eliminated, and the I bands are very thin.

Myastensia gravis results from the destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, but treatment involves medications that reduce acetylcholinesterase activity. Which statement best explains the effectiveness of these medications?

The antibodies destroy some but not all of the acetylcholine receptors, so reducing acetylcholinesterase activity increases the likelihood that acetylcholine will bind to the remaining receptors.

A cancer patient is told by their physician that their colon is lacking smooth muscle tone. What does this mean?

The colon is unable to maintain constant tension for sustained periods of time.

When comparing smooth and skeletal muscle cells, which of the following statements is true?

The myofilaments in smooth muscle do not form sarcomeres.

How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis in individuals suffering from osteoporosis?

The sense of pain following injury helps prevent further injury.

What is the permeability barrier that joins the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to form a tight seal?

Tight junction

What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances?

Tissue

Which of the following muscles moves the scapula?

Trapezius

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction?

Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.

Which system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?

Urinary

A molecule is

a combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Rheumatoid arthritis is

a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.

Increased fluid accumulation in the cornea would result in

a scattering of light rays.

An organelle is

a small structure within a cell.

An organ is

a structure composed of several tissue types.

An electrolyte is

a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.

In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use

a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi, is an example of __________ of the shoulder.

abduction

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that

an actionpotential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

Arthritis is

an inflammation of any joint

The type of movements where one linear part of the body bends relative to another part would be ______ movements.

angular

In a herniated ("ruptured" or "slipped") disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___________ cracks and the _____________ oozes out.

anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus

Reflex arcs

are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.

Autonomic reflexes

are integrated somewhere in the CNS.

The first cervical vertebrae is the __________.

atlas

The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a/an __________.

atom

The auditory ossicles are part of the __________ skeleton.

axial

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the __________ plexus.

brachial

The transparent mucous membrane that covers the anterior white surface of the eye is the __________.

bulbar conjunctiva

Osteoclast activity would decrease when ________ levels are elevated.

calcitonin

Glycolipids would contain both lipids and __________.

carbohydrates

The four most abundant elements in the human body are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as __________ joints.

cartilaginous

The energy stored in ATP is a form of ________ energy.

chemical

The flexion of the elbow represents a __________ lever system.

class III

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber does NOT relax at all from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________.

completetetanus

The knee joint is an example of a __________ joint.

complex ellipsoid

The stratum basale

contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.

The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is __________.

cytology

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by

decreasing the activation energy of the reaction

Connective tissue in tendons is

dense regular collagenous tissue.

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the __________.

dermis

When blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in __________.

diameter

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called __________.

diffusion

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is __________.

endochondral

Bone formation associated with cartilage is called __________ ossification while bone formed in connective tissue membranes is called ___________ ossification.

endochondral; intramembranous

Turning the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally is __________.

eversion

Contracting the trapezius muscle would

extend and laterally flex the neck.

The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a/an __________.

external callus

The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as __________.

extracellular

You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue." These taste sensations would be carried via the __________ cranial nerve.

facial (VII)

Inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue resulting in stiffness and soreness is

fibrositis

The lateral malleolus is part of the __________.

fibula

An intercalated disc is an example location of __________.

gap junctions

An incomplete bone fracture generally found in children is a/an __________.

greenstick fracture

A tissue is a

group of cells with similar structure and function.

Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the tympanic membrane. Symptoms that may occur include

hearing impairment.

Due to dual innervation of the heart,

heart rate can increase under sympathetic regulation or decrease under parasympathetic regulation, meeting the demands of the body.

The obturator foramen is found in the __________.

hipbone

While standing, looking up at the stars requires__________.

hyperextension of the neck

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to __________.

hyperpolarize

The largest and most superior region of the hipbone is the __________.

ilium

The photoreceptor cells are located

in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.

Anabolic steroids can do all of the following except

increase the number of muscle fibers.

One cause of spastic paralysis might be

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

The parietal bone is formed by __________ ossification.

intramembranous

The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the __________.

iris

The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the __________.

iris

Color vision

is a function of cone cells.

Calcitonin

is associated with decreased osteoclast activity.

A by-product of anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is

lactate

The levator palpebrae superioris muscle

lifts upper eyelids

A synchondrosis

may be temporary.

All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell __________.

metabolism

The mass number of an atom is the number of

neutrons plus protons in the atom.

The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have __________.

nicotinic receptors

Visceral smooth muscle

occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions.

The __________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions.

parasympathetic

The wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the

parietal peritoneum.

A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is

partially stretched before being stimulated.

As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must

recruit more muscle fibers.

When an intramuscular injection is given in the anterior aspect of the thigh, the injection is in the __________.

rectus femoris

The plasma membrane

regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by

replacement of muscle tissue by connective tissue.

The main fibrous layer of the dermis is the __________.

reticular layer

The muscle that is used to cross the legs is __________.

sartorius

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an __________.

sensory or afferent neuron

The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity is the __________.

stratum basale

An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a __________.

sty

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the __________ division of the ANS.

sympathetic

In the TMJ joint, the mandible articulates with the __________.

temporal bone

A cell is

the basic structural unit of living organisms.

Excitation-contraction coupling begins with

the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma.

The visceral pleura is

the serous membrane that covers the lungs.

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the __________ reflex.

withdrawal

Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons?

Facial

A cation is

a positively charged ion

Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the

activity of the enzyme tyrosinase.

The round window

acts as a mechanical release for waves within the cochlea.

The two classes of adrenergic receptors are

alpha and beta.

Electrons

are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms

Nissl bodies are

areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum

In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to __________ and the hamstrings to __________.

contract;relax

"Cutting off your nose" would be a section in the __________ plane.

coronal

When the hydrogen bonds that maintain a protein's three-dimensional shape are broken, the protein becomes nonfunctional, and is said to be __________.

denatured

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of __________.

diffusion

Contraction of the inferior rectus muscle directs the pupil to look __________.

down

Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are __________.

electrons

Covalent bonds form when

electrons are shared between two atoms

Heat energy is

energy that flows between objects with different temperatures

The most sensitive taste buds are found in __________ papillae.

foliate

The antebrachial region is the

forearm

Intramembranous ossification

forms the bones of the roof of the skull.

A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is

frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.

The central olfactory cortex areas are located in the __________.

frontal and temporal lobes

The adductor longus is named for its__________.

function and size

Betsy took a fall and broke her arm, which required that she wear a cast for a prolonged period of time. When she took the cast off, she was alarmed to see that her muscles

had undergone atrophy.

The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the __________.

hair shaft

The biceps femoris is part of the__________.

hamstring muscles

The autonomic nervous system

has two sets of neurons in a series.

Membrane-bound receptors

have their receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.

Facial muscles are unusual in that they

insert and sometimes originate on skin and connective tissue.

A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a/an ____________.

interneuron

If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution

is hypotonic to the cell.

During the absolute refractory period, the cell

is insensitive to further stimulation.

The cornea is relatively easy to transplant because

it is easy to access and is avascular.

The medullary cavity is

lined with endosteum.

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a/an __________ potential.

local

A neutral atom will become a cation if it

loses electrons.

A red blood cell that is placed in a hypertonic solution

loses water.

Muscles that elevate the jaw and close the mouth include the__________.

masseter and medial pterygoid

If you pinch your index finger in a door, pain sensations are carried via the __________ nerve.

median

In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the __________; and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the __________.

membrane channels; lipid bilayer

The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called __________.

menisci

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

The brachioradialis is named for its__________.

origin and insertion

Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to

prevent increases in heart rate.

The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to

prevent the person from falling down.

Keratinization

produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.

The blood-brain barrier

protects neuronsfrom toxic substances in the blood.

Channel proteins

provide a tunnel through which ions or molecules can enter or leave the cell.

In order for excitation-contraction coupling to occur, the production of an action potential must occur within the __________ of a muscle fiber.

sarcolemma

A person suffered burns over a large part of his body. Evaporation of fluid from the surface of burned areas occurs. As a result of the evaporation process, cells will tend to

shrink.

The three forms of matter are

solids, liquids, and gases.

The least movable joints are __________ joints.

synostosis

When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a __________.

synostosis

Sensory structures that detect taste are __________.

taste buds

Kinetic energy is

the form of energy that actually does work.

The blue color of superficial blood vessels results from

the light-scattering properties of collagen.

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the __________.

thoracic and lumbar regions

A symporter will transport __________ across the plasma membrane

two different ions or molecules in the same direction

A styloid process is found on the __________.

ulna

Damage to the muscle called the levator ani would result in

Both "difficult defecation" and "decreased support for the pelvic viscera" are correct.

Sixty-five year old Stephen has knee replacement surgery which requires a thin section of his distal femur to be removed. Which of the following statements is true?

Due to the invasive nature of the surgical procedure, Stephen is at risk for osteomyelitis, a bacterial infection of bone.

Which muscle extends the big toe?

Extensor hallicus longus

In a laboratory experiment, the resting membrane potential of a muscle is measured and is found to be more negative. Which of the following has occurred?

Hyperpolarization

Which portion of the ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance?

Inner ear

Which of the following muscles contracts during forced expiration?

Internal intercostals

Which back muscle originates on the vertebral spinous processes?

Interspinales

Which of the following is NOT true of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

It gives the clearest three-dimensional images.

As a stereocilium bends, the tip link pulls __________ gates open.

K +

Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

Malleus

Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor?

More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.

Which type of tissue is contractile?

Muscle tissue

Mary Lu is experiencing pain from her sacroiliac joint. In what region of her body is she most likely feeling pain?

Posterior pelvic region

Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Skeletal muscle

How does distribution of sympathetic nerves differ from the distribution of parasympathetic nerves?

Spinal nervescontain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympatheticfibers.