final exam

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

Agreeableness

Which of the following is a class of drugs administered on patients with anxiety disorders?

Benzodiazepines

The _____ is the name of the manual that was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Which of the following is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Flat affect

Which of the following is true of people suffering from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

People with this disorder show an excessive attachment to moral codes and are excessively orderly in daily life.

Which of the following is a difference between the central and peripheral route to persuasion?

The central route is effective when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention, while the peripheral route is not.

Lithium is considered as an effective mood stabilizing drug to treat _____.

bipolar disorder

Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.

obedience

The group of drugs known as SSRIs work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of _____ in the brain.

serotonin

In psychoanalysis, the term transference refers to:

a client's way of relating to the analyst in order to relive his or her important relationships.

Sandra and Ian have been happily married for the past five years. However, Ian recently discovered that Sandra is having an affair with his best friend and is completely devastated. Upon questioning his wife, she states that she does not receive the emotional support that she expects from him. Ian narrates this incident to his friend who then recommends that he seek _____ therapy from a marital counselor.

couples

Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors.

external

Dissociative disorders are _____.

psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories

When Cameron was asked if he liked animated movies, he said yes. According to the self-perception theory, which of the following statements is the best explanation for Cameron's answer?

Cameron likes animated movies because he has watched and enjoyed all of them

Which statement best reflects that psychotherapy for depression may have an impact on heart disease?

Depression and heart disease are correlated and the risk of heart disease can be reduced by treating depression.

_____ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for this state.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following features distinguishes humanistic therapies from psychodynamic therapies?

Its emphasis on conscious thoughts

Which of the following groups has the highest suicide rate among all the other demographic groups in the United States?

Native Americans

In systematic desensitization, after the client has mentioned about the most and the least frightening aspects of the feared situation, the very next step involves:

arranging the frightening aspects in a hierarchy.

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of _____.

reciprocity

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student. However, she frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than using her skills to excel, she tends to hide her intellectual abilities to act more like the students she is friends with. She sometimes answers questions incorrectly just to be more like her friends. In the context of the key aspects of social influence, which of the following perspectives explains Joyce's behavior most accurately?

Normative social influence

Which of the following indicates the view of a cognitive therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems?

They occur as a result of inappropriate thoughts

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

Rowan, a psychodynamic therapist, encourages his clients to express their thoughts and desires as and when they come to their mind. According to Freud, it can then be concluded that Rowan is implementing the _____ method.

free association

Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____.

group decision making

In the context of types of therapy, psychoanalysis is a _____ therapy.

insight-oriented

Seven months ago, Sandra was involved in a serious car accident. Even though she recovered fully from her injuries, she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the scene of the accident. Now, Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport. She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Sandra shows symptoms suggestive of _____.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Random acts of kindness, such as helping a visually impaired person cross the street, are examples of _____.

prosocial behaviors

Each time Darren listens to the radio, he believes that he is receiving a secret message from the government. He spends most of his days trying to warn others about an impending invasion that the voice on his radio has been telling him about. Hence, it can be inferred that Darren is most likely suffering from _____.

schizophrenia

Amanda is unable to form healthy relationships with men due to her traumatic experience of sexual abuse by her father when she was a child. As a result, her friend Clarice takes her to Dr. Jones, a well-known psychoanalyst, for therapy. However, Amanda opts out of therapy after a few sessions since Dr. Jones resembles her father. According to Freud, Amanda's reason for quitting the therapy sessions was due to the phenomenon of:

transference.

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when:

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death?

A chronically lonely person

According to the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders, abnormal behavior can be influenced by _____.

All of these Answers: genes childhood experiences gender

Since her teacher criticized her term paper, Judy thinks herself to be stupid. Thus, she is depressed. She no longer wants to study. Judy visits a therapist who helps her identify her irrational belief and facilitates in the process of changing this belief. Which of the following therapies has been implemented by Judy's therapist?

Cognitive restructuring

_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Discrimination

Which of the following is an element recognized by Carl Rogers as one that is essential for human growth?

Genuineness

Which of the following questions is a behavioral therapist more likely to ask rather than a psychoanalyst?

How much did your anxiety subside after you washed your hands?

_____ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

Psychosis

Which of the following is the LEAST used biological intervention for patients with severe psychological disorders?

Psychosurgery

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization?

Relaxation exercises

Anorexia nervosa is a culture-related disorder that is common among individuals residing in _____.

The United States

Which of the following statements is true of the role of psychological factors in depression?

The tendency to ruminate negative thoughts is associated with the development of depression.

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?

When the person has a vested interest in the issue

A fear becomes a phobia when _____.

an individual will go to any length to avoid the situation that he fears

Donald is a successful, but immoral businessman. He feels no remorse in exploiting other people for his own personal gain. He would do whatever it takes to get to the top even if it involves cheating, lying, and hurting others. In the context of personality disorders, it can be inferred that Donald exhibits the symptoms of _____.

antisocial personality disorder

If a therapist gives Henry, who is suffering from alcoholism, a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that he feels like throwing up after drinking the alcohol, it can be concluded that the therapist is implementing the technique of _____.

aversive conditioning

Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing.

cognitive dissonance

The therapy that is based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to self-defeating and irrational thoughts is:

cognitive therapy.

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____.

conformity

Candice routinely blows every little setback out of proportion. For example, when she forgot to turn in her algebra homework, she was convinced that she would fail the class. Candice is also in the habit of blaming herself for negative events. She believes that she is solely responsible for all her failures and that she can never improve. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, Candice is at a greater risk of developing _____.

depression

Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of _____.

hoarding disorder

When Karen does poorly on a weekly test, she blames it on the distractions she had at school that week. In this scenario, Karen is using the _____ to justify her performance on the test.

self-serving bias

Hallucinations are _____.

sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of:

social facilitation.

Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of:

social loafing.

The biological approach to psychological disorders is most likely to focus on _____.

the brain, genetic, and neurotransmitter functioning in the development of psychological disorders

Which of the following statements is true regarding abnormal behavior?

Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.