Final Exam (chapter 13
What was a source of conflict between the Mexican government and American settlers in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s?
Mexico had abolished slavery, but many American settlers were practicing slavery in Texas.
From 1848 to 1860, most of the railroad construction was in which region?
Midwest
Why were the Know-Nothings unable to curb the political influence of Irish immigrants?
Voting rights were being determined by race.
According to John L. O'Sullivan's Democratic Review, what was the key to the history of nations and the rise and fall of empires?
race
What was the purpose of the Appeal of the Independent Democrats?
rally opposition to the bill that became the Kansas-Nebraska Act
The northern opponents of the Compromise of 1850
received a boost from President Zachary Taylor.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
required that runaway slaves have a trial by jury. X won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. X
As a result of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,
sectional divisions eased. X
Which of the goals of the Polk administration resulted in war?
settling the slavery dispute X settling the dispute over ownership of Oregon X
The Republican free labor ideology
suggested that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.
In the Texas borderland in the years after 1836,
the Catholic Church became more powerful. X relations between anglos X most Tejanos converted to Protestantism. X
In the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
the Democratic Party became more united than ever. X
Which 1854 document called for the United States to seize Cuba?
the Ostend Manifesto
What enabled the Californios to establish large cattle ranches in California?
the dissolution of mission landholdings by the Mexican government
In the early 1840s, a large increase in the migration of American settlers west of the Mississippi River was sparked by
the economic depression that began in 1837.
What do the authors of South Carolina's Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession present as the cause of their leaving the Union?
the federal government's refusal to endorse the Ostend Manifesto X
The controversy over the arrest of escaped slaves in the North shows
the problematic nature of the Dred Scott decision. X that the gag rule had serious consequences well into the 1850s. X
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the United States gained the most territory through
wars with Mexico.
When Democrats demanded the "reannexation" of Texas in 1844, they
were seeking to take the slavery issue out of the presidential campaign. X realized their stand would not be very popular in the South. X
Stephen Douglas's motivation for introducing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to
win the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives. X help Franklin Pierce win a second term as president. X
Which statement is true regarding Americans' reactions to the Mexican War of 1846-1848?
A majority of Americans were inspired by the expansionist fervor of manifest destiny to support the war.
What became a key component of the Underground Railroad in the 1850s?
Abolitionists finally agreed to participate in hiding and moving slaves to freedom. X Ships bound for Africa were added to allow slaves to return to their homelands. X
Who questioned President Polk's right to declare war by introducing a resolution to Congress requesting that the president specify the precise spot where blood had first been shed?
Abraham Lincoln
Which statement is true regarding free labor ideology?
According to free labor ideology, slavery must be kept out of the territories so that free laborers could move up to the status of landowning farmers and independent craftsmen.
Which represents Abraham Lincoln's views on race in the 1850s?
Black men should have economic opportunities to better themselves.
In the Dred Scott decision, what was the primary reason given by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney for refusing to consider blacks American citizens?
Blacks had been granted an inferior role in society by God. X Blacks did not hold a meaningful economic stake in the success of the American project. X
The American Civil War began in April 1861, when
Confederate and Union cavalry clashed in disputed territory in Texas. X
Which was a result of the United States' victory in the Mexican War?
Control over valuable trading ports on the West Coast created a trading boom with the Far East.
The Republican Party founded in the 1850s strongly endorsed the same policy about slavery in the territories that ________ had begun advocating in 1846.
David Wilmot
Which was a result of the 1861 attack on Fort Sumter?
Davis gained control of the most essential fort in the South. X Support for the Confederacy collapsed in South Carolina. X The Union army lost more than 3,000 soldiers. X
Which statement is true about the effects and aftermath of the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford?
Dred Scott remained enslaved until his death. X Stephen Douglas praised the Court's affirmation of the doctrine of popular sovereignty. X President Buchanan declared that slavery was banned in all the territories. X All people born in the United States were declared citizens, regardless of race. X
The Wilmot Proviso, admission of California into the Union, and the Missouri Compromise revealed what?
Ex-slaves should be sent to another part of the world. X Popular sovereignty needed to be used. X
Abraham Lincoln's discussion of slavery as a "dying institution" was the catalyst for the first seven states seceding from the Union.
False
As it divided over the issue of slavery, the Catholic Church broke into northern and southern branches.
False
John Brown perpetuated violence over the slavery issue in only Virginia.
False
Kansas was admitted to the United States as a slave state in 1858.
False
Moderate Republicans like Abraham Lincoln supported the Dred Scott decision.
False
Nativism emerged as a major political movement in 1854 with the sudden appearance of the Liberty Party.
False
The Appeal of the Independent Democrats was not a very effective piece of political persuasion.
False
The Lincoln-Douglas debates, although considered significant in American political history, were sparsely attended.
False
The Ostend Manifesto suggested seizing all of Mexico, rather than just the Mexican Cession, during the Mexican War.
False
The revolutions of 1848 in Europe are indicative of a lasting democratic shift in western European societies.
False
Unlike most previous presidents, James Polk was not a slaveholder.
False
What key component of the 1860 Republican platform had never before been part of a major party's platform?
Federal money should be used to improve and extend transportation. X Slavery should be abolished in the Upper South. X
In the late 1850s, a white slaveholder living in Mississippi most likely voted for candidates from which political party?
Free Soil X Whig X
Which is true of James K. Polk?
He defeated Martin Van Buren in the election of 1844. X He was a "benevolent" slave owner, who taught his slaves how to read. X
Which two political figures agreed to keep the issue of annexing Texas out of the 1844 presidential campaign if possible?
Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren
President Martin Van Buren rejected adding Texas to the United States because
Henry Clay wanted to add it and, as the Whig leader, he was Van Buren's sworn enemy. X the Mexican army's resounding victory at the Alamo made him fearful of antagonizing a powerful government. X
Who wrote On Civil Disobedience as a response to the U.S. war with Mexico?
Henry David Thoreau
How did the Confederate Constitution differ from the federal Constitution?
It contained only two branches of government, the executive and the judicial. X It did not allow for a presidential cabinet. X
How did the California gold rush affect the California economy?
It created economic opportunities for women in special women-only mines. X
Which was true of the constitution of independent Texas?
It denied rights to people of color that they had enjoyed when Mexico controlled Texas.
What was the significance of the argument concerning the extension of slavery into territory acquired following the Mexican War?
It inspired a series of political compromises that resulted in the United States gaining more territory in the Caribbean. X It created an opportunity for the Democrats to consolidate their power. X
What do Taney's arguments regarding citizenship in the Dred Scott decision imply about the nature of citizenship?
It is a social construct defined by those whom it pertains to.
Which was the dominant group in the disputed territory in southern Texas until the 1870s?
Mexico X
What effect did the establishment of an extensive railway system have on the American economy?
It made Chicago America's financial and commercial center during the nineteenth century. X It created an economic bubble that led to a depression beginning in 1843. X It encouraged rapid urbanization, so that by 1850 the majority of Americans in the North lived in cities. X
Why did Mississippi politician Jefferson Davis object in the 1850s to the original design of the Statue of Freedom that now adorns the U.S. Capitol dome?
It portrayed "Freedom" as a nude woman, which he saw as inappropriate. X He believed using "freedom" in the statue's name was a subtle attack on slave states, so he preferred using "justice" instead. X
Which is true of the Texas revolt?
It resulted in the creation of the independent Republic of Texas.
Which statement is true about the Mexican War of 1846-1848?
It was opposed by a significant minority in the North.
The opening of Japan to U.S. trade led to what?
Japan creating its own minstrel shows. X Other nations wanting to carve up Japanese territory. X
During the secession winter of 1860-1861, who offered the most widely supported compromise plan in Congress, which allowed the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line?
Jefferson Davis X
Who led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859?
John Brown
Which of the following was a critic of the Mexican War?
John C. Calhoun X John C. Frémont X
The Republican presidential candidate in 1856 was
John Frémont.
Which event sparked Abraham Lincoln's reentry into politics?
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Which statement is true regarding the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858?
Lincoln believed that blacks as well as whites were entitled to the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence.
The term "Californios" referred in the 1830s and 1840s to ________ in California.
Mexican cattle ranchers
What economic trend occurred in the South in the 1850s?
More people became slave owners, while the average number of slaves owned by a single master decreased. X Many poor whites lost their land and were forced to serve as tenant farmers alongside slaves. X
Which American naval officer negotiated a treaty that opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships in 1854?
Oliver H. Perry X Alfred Mahan X
What role did attitudes toward race have in the territory acquired from the Mexican War?
Only people classified as whites gained full rights.
What was ironic about the Fugitive Slave Act?
Only ten slaves were returned to the South. X
"Fifty-four forty or fight" referred to demands for American control of
Oregon.
Why did President James K. Polk initiate military action against Mexico in April 1846?
Polk wanted to purchase California, but Mexico refused to negotiate.
Which is true of Texas during its time as an independent nation?
Relations between Anglos and Tejanos deteriorated.
Which is true of the Wilmot Proviso?
Response to the measure was determined by geography, with the North supporting it and the South opposing it.
The California gold rush turned ________ into perhaps the world's most diverse city.
Sacramento X
Which position was taken by Stephen Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
Slavery needed to be extended to the West Coast to ensure the freedom of southerners. X Slavery was a moral wrong, but the government had no right to outlaw it. X
In 1860, which state became the first to pass an ordinance of secession and declare itself separated from the Union?
South Carolina
In the 1860 election, who was the presidential candidate to have significant support in all parts of the country?
Stephen Douglas
Why did slavery become more central to American politics in the 1840s?
Territorial expansion raised the question of whether new lands should be free or slave.
Which states did the Constitutional Unionist candidate John Bell win in the 1860 election?
Texas and Louisiana X four states of the Lower South X
Which statement is true about the Confederacy?
The Constitution of the Confederate States of America explicitly guaranteed slave property in the states and in any newly acquired territories.
What was a key provision of the Compromise of 1850?
The New Mexico and Utah Territories would use popular sovereignty to decide on slavery.
What argument was made by critics of the Dred Scott decision such as James McCune Smith and John McLean?
The Republican platform of restricting slavery's expansion was unconstitutional. X The nation's founders had never intended for black people to have the rights of citizens. X
Which of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party.
Which statement is true about the concept of race in the United States in the nineteenth century?
The concept of race did not yet exist in the nineteenth century. X
Which statement is true about the Confederacy?
The cornerstone of the Confederacy was the racist belief that whites were racially superior and blacks' natural condition was to be enslaved.
Which did Southern leaders hope to gain by making the Texas territory part of the United States?
The territory could potentially be turned into several slave states.
Which statement is true regarding the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
The treaty ceded California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the United States.
Between 1840 and 1845, how did most emigrants travel to new lands in Oregon?
They traveled entirely on foot. X They traveled on horseback. X
Why did the southern states secede from the Union and form the Confederacy?
They wanted to preserve slavery.
Which is true of California in the 1850s?
Thousands of Indian children were bought and sold as slaves.
How did the California gold rush affect the California population?
Treasure seekers from around the world created a population with remarkable ethnic diversity.
Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election without a single vote in ten southern states.
True
Actions taken by the Mexican government were significant factors in the creation of the Texas independence movement.
True
After Texas independence, the Tejanos lost rights and access to land.
True
By the time Lincoln actually took the oath of office, seven states had already seceded from the Union.
True
The Californios controlled the labor of Indian tribes.
True
The Free Soil idea in the West appealed to racist northerners who worried about competing against black laborers.
True
The Fugitive Slave Act provided for the return of runaway slaves to their owners.
True
The Mexican War was the first American conflict to be fought primarily on foreign soil.
True
The Wilmot Proviso never passed as a law.
True
The development of railroads and the economic integration of the Northeast and Northwest created the groundwork for the political unification of the Republican Party.
True
The issue of Texas annexation was hotly linked to slavery and affected the nominations of presidential candidates in the 1840s.
True
The slave states of the Upper South reacted more favorably to Lincoln's election than did the slave states of the Lower South.
True
One aspect of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 provided for what?
U.S. control of all of the Oregon Country X payment of $15 million to the Mexican citizenry in the United States X Mexicans to still govern themselves in Texas and New Mexico X the transfer of Montana to the United States X protection of large Mexican landowners in california
The famous Lincoln-Douglas debates took place during the campaign for
U.S. senator from Illinois in 1858.
During the secession winter of 1860-1861, who offered the most widely supported compromise plan in Congress, which allowed the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line?
Zachary Taylor X
Which was a factor in the rise of the Republican Party?
a decline in immigration from Europe X
The Democratic Party split in 1860 over the question of whether to
protect slavery in the territories or allow popular sovereignty in them.
The caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks
actually helped the new Republican Party.
Which was a component of the Know-Nothing Party?
anti-Catholicism
The Lecompton Constitution was the
antislavery constitution adopted in Nebraska. X
The Free Soil Party
appealed to opponents of protective tariffs and government aid for internal improvements. X appealed to Americans who resented the northern domination of the federal government. X
The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court
declared that Congress could not ban slavery from territories.
The Free Soil Party
demonstrated that antislavery sentiment had spread far beyond the abolitionist ranks.
During the Mexican War
for the first time, U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital.
On matters related to citizenship, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Dred Scott that
freeborn blacks were U.S. citizens, but those born into slavery and later freed could not be citizens. X anyone that a state considered to be a citizen was a U.S. citizen. X free African-Americans could vote. X
What two meanings did the term "free soil" have, in regard to the Free Soil Party?
freedom from the existence of slavery in the new territories and government-provided free homesteads for white settlers in these territories
In the 1850s, Tennessee-born William Walker became famous for
his proslavery novels that heightened sectionalism. X
When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821,
it was nearly as large as the United States with only two-thirds of the population.
American settlement in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s
led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials.
By what means did the first Americans establish landholdings in Texas?
legal purchase of land, as long as they became Mexican citizens
What do the authors of the 1850 "Letter to the Middletown Sentinel and Witness" claim to be more important than the Union?
local rights and local cultural values X
Which political faction was most upset when the United States and Britain split territory in Oregon at the forty-ninth parallel?
northern Democrats
Who is identified as an "enemy" in Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession?
northern politicians X abolitionists X Abraham Lincoln X
The Know-Nothing Party
prevented foreign-born people from voting after 1860. X opposed the temperance movement. X
In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed to
prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.