Final Exam CJ

Sworn personnel are usually referred to as ________.

peace officers

Detective Smith illegally tapped Johnny's phone and heard Johnny talk about a famous painting that he stole from the Museum of Modern Art. The detective used the information to obtain a warrant to search Johnny's home. In this scenario, the ________ would be suppressed as evidence under the exclusionary rule.

phone tapping and stolen painting

A Terry stop is permitted when police have ________ to believe that a person is engaged in criminal activity.

reasonable suspicion

The level of mens rea where the offender knows that there is a substantial risk of the consequences is referred to as:

recklessly

A(n) ________ in a criminal case is the money or services a defendant must provide as reparations to the victim for the cost and inconvenience suffered.

restitution

Which of the following statements is true about the influences on criminal justice?

In the United States, legislators can decide how much money the country will spend on prisons, policing, the court system, and victim services.

________ is a standard for insanity that asks whether the defendant had a mental disease or defect, as a result of which the defendant was unable to control his or her behavior.

The irresistible impulse test

When Michelle and her husband Dan went on a camping trip to a jungle in Florida, Dan was kidnapped by some tribal folks. A search party was launched, but Dan was never found. Believing her husband to be dead, Michelle married Hank. Dan suddenly reappeared two days after Michelle's second wedding. Which of the following defenses can Michelle use if Dan accuses her of bigamy?

The mistake of fact defense

Why are police most often dispatched after a call?

To maintain order in a community

Alan, Charlie, and Alex are neighbors. While rushing out of his house on a Sunday afternoon, Charlie trips over Alan's cat that is sitting on his porch and hurts himself. On seeing Charlie take a bad fall, Alex rushes to help Charlie to his feet. After recovering from his minor injury, Charlie decides to sue Alan. In this scenario, who is the plaintiff?

charlie

In the language of policing, nonsworn personnel are ________.

civilians

The ________ school of criminology viewed the criminal as having free will, the freedom of individual choice to choose a criminal path deliberately.

classical

The ________ of a crime is literally "the body of the offense."

corpus delicti

The systematic, organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offender's behavior is referred to as ________.

corrections

Detective Rivera worked as an undercover narcotics agent for many years. After several months of investigation, it was discovered that Detective Rivera was taking a lot of bribes from the individuals who smuggled narcotics. In this scenario, Rivera's action for personal gain is an example of ________.

corruption

Which model advocates the assembly-line justice?

crime control model

Dr. Jones works in the county medical examiner's office. She spends her days determining the cause and time of death of murder victims. Dr. Jones is a:

forensic pathologist.

An intoxicated man breaks into a house he thinks is his own and falls asleep on the couch. When the residents of the house find him, they call the police. The man is arrested for breaking and entering. The presiding judge sentences the man to commit himself to an in-house treatment center for 30 days. The man's behavior is an example of a violation of a:

formal norm

The ________ is when police reasonably believe that the warrant or law authorizing a search or seizure is legitimate, but it later turns out it is not.

good faith exception

According to the rule of law in the United States, the ________.

government can punish people only when there are written laws, created by established procedures, prohibiting specific activities

According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), racism motivates about ________ of all hate crime convictions.

half

In the context of policing, ________ refers to moral principles and professional standards that help officers resist the temptation to abuse their rights and privileges.

integrity

Police officers tend to dislike ________ calls, in part because they believe such incidents pose the greatest risk to their own safety.

intimate partner

Police use geographic information systems (GIS) to produce descriptions of crime occurrences and to analyze the relationships between variables such as:

location and time.

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi propose that individuals with ________ exhibit certain characteristics that make them more likely to engage in crime.

low self-control

An infraction is a(n):

minor violation of a local ordinance or a state law that brings a potential punishment of fines.

Drug use in minority neighborhoods is ________ than that in more affluent nonminority areas.

only slightly higher

Individuals may receive an early release from prison based on their compliance with certain standards when they are free. These individuals are under ________.

parole

________ are laws enacted by local governments such as cities and counties.

Ordinances

Johnny Smith shot and killed his wife. Johnny's act is an example of:

actus reus.

Which of the following factors helps in determining whether the use of force by the police is reasonable in a situation?

all answers correct

Sergeant Thomas is responsible for recruiting new police officers for his police department. His first step is:

attracting a sufficient number of applicants.

Statistically, which officer is reported to experience the least amount of stress?

A White male officer

Which of the following offenses can be punished by probation, fines, and/or up to a year in a local jail?

A misdemeanor

David works as one of the support personnel in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Which of the following is a position within the FBI that David is NOT likely to hold?

A special agent

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the Miranda warnings?

A suspect cannot consult a lawyer once the questioning begins.

Which of the following is a complaint on aggressive order maintenance policing?

Aggressive order maintenance results in targeted policing in poor neighborhoods.

What affects the solvability of a crime?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a form of elder abuse?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is an inchoate crime?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true of the history of lawmaking?

American colonists borrowed their laws from the English system.

Special Agent Collins is a new agent with the Drug Enforcement Agency. While investigating a multitiered heroin trafficking ring, the agent arrests Todd, a low-level street dealer, based on satisfactory evidence. However, he forgets to read Todd his Miranda rights. While transporting Todd to the detention center, the agent questions him about the drug operation. Which of the following statements is true?

Any information that Special Agent Collins obtains during the transport to the detention center cannot be used against Todd in court.

Which of the following statements is a FALSE statement about the background investigations of police applicants?

Background checks have always been reliable indicators of which individuals will become good officers.

What was the suspect, who was the reason for the search of Dollree Mapp's boarding house, accused of in the case of Mapp v. Ohio?

Bombing

Who is known as the father of modern criminology?

Cesare Lombroso

Which of the following is a difference between civil law and criminal law?

Civil defendants are found liable, and criminal defendants are found guilty.

Which of the following emphasizes crime prevention and the development of positive relationships between the police and the public?

Community policing

Mark usually shoplifts small household items and sells them on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because he is not hurting anyone with his actions. Which of the following neutralization techniques is Mark using to support his actions?

Denial of injury

The violation of a norm is called

Deviance

The ________ is a standard for insanity that asks whether the defendant's conduct was the product of a mental disease or defect.

Durham Rule

________ is/are the second leading cause of wrongful convictions.

False confessions

Which of the following is true of the sociological factors that affect crime?

Feminist criminology argues that women's inequality is partly explained by the power differences between men and women and by social expectations of both.

While interrogating a suspect for murder, the police beat and whipped the suspect in the interview room. This is a violation of the ________ Amendment.

Fifth

Kim is a criminology student. During a classroom lecture, Kim's phone starts ringing out loud. When she answers the call instead of disconnecting it, the professor stops the lecture and glares at her till she hangs up. Kim gets embarrassed and sinks into her seat. In this scenario, Kim has received a(n) ________ type of sanction.

Informal

________ handle real and reported police misconduct.

Internal affairs units

In the heat of an argument, a young woman accidentally throws a pot of flowers from a window in her office, which is located on the second floor. The pot falls on a passerby's head, and he dies immediately. Which of the following crimes did the woman commit?

Involuntary manslaughter

What is police occupational subculture?

It is a set of norms and beliefs embraced by most officers in a given country.

What is privatization?

It is the transfer of government programs and functions to the private sector.

Which of the following members of the legal system sets precedent for common law?

Judges

Which famous case, introduced in 1966, made it a requirement for the police to notify suspects of their rights?

Miranda vs Arizona

Which of the following lists the policing eras from the oldest to the most recent in the correct order?

Slave patrols, the English model, the political era, and the professional era

________ is the extent of an individual's authority, or the number of individuals that one person is responsible for overseeing.

Span of control

________ are police department employees entrusted with arrest powers.

Sworn personnel

Which Metropolitan Police Department created a Gay and Lesbian Liaison Unit in June 2000?

The District of Columbia

Detective Villanueva reads the Miranda rights to the suspect in a rape case, who waives his rights. During the interrogation of the suspect, Detective Villanueva becomes enraged over the horrific details that the suspect provides. The detective hits the suspect to coerce more details of the crime out of him. In this scenario, which amendment has Detective Villanueva violated?

The Fifth Amendment

Which of the following correctly arranges the federal agencies in the decreasing order of their number of employees?

The U.S Customs and Border Protection, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Which of the following acts gave the government wide authority to engage in various kinds of electronic surveillance?

The USA PATRIOT Act

From the following, pick the list that follows the chronological order of the development of law from the oldest to the most recent.

The development of the Code of King Ur-Nammu, the development of Hammurabi's Code, the development of the Mosaic Law, the development of common law, and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution

The nation's oldest federal law enforcement agency is the:

U.S. Marshals Service.

________ refers to a killing in which an offender is provoked and loses control, slaying his or her victim in the heat of passion.

Voluntary manslaughter

A new nonprofit organization to help juvenile delinquents consists of employees, including the president, working as volunteers. All the employees work for free. However, the president takes money from the organization's account to cover the costs of transportation and day care services she avails while at the agency. She classifies these expenses under the "various other organizational expenses" category and never takes more than what is required to cover her costs. Which of the following crimes did the president commit?

White-collar crime

Which of the following statements is FALSE about female police officers?

Women are less proficient in defusing potentially violent confrontations than are men.

Who among the following is responsible for issuing an arrest warrant?

a judge

Kate just had her first child. Although Kate does not have a history of mental illness, she begins to feel very depressed after having the baby. As the depression worsens, she gets paranoid and starts believing that the devil has possessed her baby. She begins to believe that she must do something drastic to stop the devil from taking her baby's soul to hell. In this scenario, Kate is suffering from ________.

postpartum psychosis

A detective prepares the case for presentation to the ________, who reviews its worthiness for a court's scrutiny.

prosecutor

In New York City, the entire subway system shut down because of a massive power outage. People who usually took the subway were stranded and had to find alternate transportation. The police provided assistance and directions to the stranded people. The assistance by the police here is an example of:

providing a service.

________ is the suffering of crime victims caused by their subsequent treatment by the police, the courts, or personal acquaintances.

secondary victimization

Informing suspects of their rights was seen as the only effective way to safeguard their privilege against:

self-incrimination.

A ________ is the killing of three or more people over an extended period.

serial murder

When Alex turned 14, he started hanging out with a new group of kids. These kids were on drugs most of the time and stole money from the stores in the neighborhood. Alex noticed that they never seemed to get caught or face any negative consequences for these actions. After gaining enough confidence, Alex shoplifted some items from a store. Which of the following theories best explains Alex's behavior?

social learning theory

On illegally entering Matthew's house to search for drugs, the police find evidence that Kristina is involved in a money-laundering scheme. Kristina does not live in Matthew's house. The evidence can be used against Kristina because she does not have:

standing

On September 6, 2009, the Florida Department of Education adopted the Florida Educational Leadership Examination Rule 6A-4.00821. This rule deals with the testing and certification of teachers. The rule specified in the scenario is a ________.

state statute

Fred gets arrested for an aggravated assault he commits in a fit of anger. He is first considered a defendant, found guilty by a jury, and then labeled a criminal in the system. After this, Fred accepts his act as being wrong and begins to think of himself as an evil person. In this scenario, Fred has experienced a phenomenon called:

tagging

Criminologists recognize two major schools of thought or belief systems as among the first attempts to organize a view of crime causation ________ schools of criminology.

the classical and the positivist

Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory argues that there is a relationship between higher crime rates and:

the level of deterioration of a neighborhood.

Overall, ________ of the people who experienced use of force believed that the force used against them was excessive.

three-fourths

While walking down the street, John is robbed and beaten. He is traumatized by the incident and with the court proceedings that follow. Whom would you recommend as the best and most qualified person for John to speak with about his trauma?

victim advocate