Final Exam Geog

Crater

A circular depression caused by an eruption and found at or near the summit of a volcanic mountain is a(n) _____________.

catastrophism

A principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly

Plate tectonics

A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move.

moisture and temperature

Air masses are classified according to their_____.

Rock

An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a

Mineral

An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic, natural compound is called a

pyroclastic deposits

Cinder cones are made of________.

Which type of force causes folding?

Compressional Force

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation?

Compressional Force

Reverse Fault

Compressional stress along a fault resulting in rocks moving upward along the fault plane is an example of a

at; finer

Extrusive igneous cooled and hardened ________ Earth's surface, resulting in ________ grained rocks.

Anticline

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest (i.e. the upward fold) form

Calderas form when the summit of a volcano collapses.

How do calderas form?

beneath; coarser

Intrusive igneous cooled and hardened ________ Earth's surface, resulting in ________ grained rocks.

indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves.

Knowledge of Earth's interior is mostly derived from

Lava

Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called

Oxygen

Of the elements in Earth's crusts, ________ makes up the most of Earth's crust by weight

225 to 200 million years ago.

Pangaea is currently dated at

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation?

Shear Force

Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it?

Strike-Slip Fault

Epochs

Subdivisions of the periods of the geologic time scale.

False

T OR F: Convergent plate boundaries occur in areas of seafloor spreading.

False

T OR F: Earthquake and volcanic occurrences do not correlate well with crustal plate boundaries.

False

T OR F: Evidence of reversals in Earth's magnetic field is found along areas of seafloor spreading.

True

T OR F: The crust is thickest under mountains and thinnest under the oceans.

False

T OR F: The geological time scale uses equal intervals for dividing Earth's long history in a series of eons, eras, periods, and epochs.

True

T OR F: The principle of isostasy refers to the vertical movement of Earth's crust in response to loading and unloading of weight, such as ice or sediment.

True

T or F: Folding occurs when rocks are deformed as a result of compressional stress and shortening.

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation?

Tensional Force

a rising plume of magma from the mantle

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of

plastic

The asthenosphere can best be described as

Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)

The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is a discontinuity known as the

both solar energy and Earth's internal heat.

The geologic cycle is fueled by

igneous

The majority of Earth's crust is composed of ________ rock.

450 meters

The maximum height of a cinder cone volcano is usually around _________ ?

Bedrock

The solid layer of rock beneath the soil

sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.

The three basic rock types are

oxygen, silicon, and aluminum.

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

Pyroclastic deposits & Basalt flows

What are composite volcanoes made of?

Basalt flows

What are shield volcanoes generally made of?

Seafloor spreading Formation of mid-ocean ridges Upwelling magma

What causes continental drift?

Volcanism

What geologic process is related to caldera formation?

Shape and type of deposits

What information do geologists use to classify volcanoes?

300 to 10,000 meters

What is the range of shield volcano height?

igneous

What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material?

Shield volcanoes

What type of volcanoes are the tallest?

Strike-Slip (transcurrent) Fault

When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, the resulting fault is called a

The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.

Why are shield volcanoes wider than composite volcanoes?

What is a syncline?

a fold shaped like a right-side-up U

What is an anticline?

a fold shaped like an upside-down U

Uniformitarianism

assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time

Fault

fractures along which rocks move

Oceanic crust

is denser than continental crust and is composed primarily of basalt.

What are rocks below and above a fault called?

the footwall below and the hanging wall above

Continental Crust

the relatively thick part of the earth's crust that forms the large landmasses. It is generally older and more complex than the oceanic crust.

An earthquake is best described as

the sharp release of energy in Earth's crust that creates seismic waves

asthenosphere

the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.