Final exam multiple choice
Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ________ and ________. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have ________.
chloroplasts; cell walls; centrioles
During metaphase, ________.
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?
citric acid cycle
In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and ________.
combine the hydrogen with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide
Homology is evidence of ________.
common ancestry
The similarity of the embryos of chickens and humans is evidence of ________.
common ancestry
Over a span of two decades in the 1900s, scientists measured changes in the beak size of a population of Galápagos ground finches. These data could provide ________.
evidence of natural selection in action.
A change in the genetic makeup of a species over time is called
evolution
Crossing over during prophase I results in ________.
genetic recombination
While on the Beagle, Darwin's observations suggested that ________ is (are) a better predictor of relationships among organisms than ________.
geographic proximity; similarity of environment
Which trait is polygenic in humans?
height
To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ________.
is homozygous recessive for that trait
A cell that neither gains nor loses a net amount of water at equilibrium when it is immersed in a solution is ________.
isotonic to its environment
Linked genes are usually ________.
located close together on a chromosome
What is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
locus
Digestion of organic matter inside the cell takes place in what organelle?
lysosome
Transcription is the ________.
manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA
The above figure shows that ________.
meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells
The main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the production of
membrane and proteins secreted by the cell.
The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________.
metabolism
Mendel's laws are based on the behavior of chromosomes during ________.
metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
Electron transport takes place in the ________.
mitochondria
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
mitochondrion
Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which sequence correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?
molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ________ monomers.
nucleotide
What are the two main processes upon which ecosystems depend?
nutrient recycling and energy flow
A fat that is completed hydrogenated would be ________.
saturated and solid at room temperature
________ is a steroid.
Estrogen
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Which of these molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth?
phospholipids
A discrete packet of light is called a ________.
photon
If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?
relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
What does evolutionary fitness measure?
relative reproductive success
A base ________.
removes H+ from a solution
What type of protein binds to silencers to prevent gene expression from occurring?
repressors
Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely ________.
result in cell death
Natural selection ________.
results in evolutionary adaptation
What cellular structure facilitates the process of translation?
ribosomes
Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells?
ribosomes
Plants obtain most of their water through their ________.
roots
Which of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
What happens during interphase?
Chromosome duplication occurs.
Relative to a pH of 7, a pH of 4 has a ________.
1,000 times higher H+ concentration
Which characteristic seen in prophase I does NOT occur in prophase II?
Crossing over occurs.
What are genes composed of?
DNA
In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?
Dd
In meiosis, how does prophase I differ from prophase II?
During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells.
Examine the pH scale below. How does grapefruit juice compare to lemon juice?
Lemon juice has 10 times higher H+ concentration than grapefruit juice.
Which level in the hierarchy shown is a community?
Level C. (All organisms in the savannah)
________ introduced a system for grouping species into a hierarchy of categories.
Linnaeus
An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ________.
Mendel's law of independent assortment
The common house mouse species, Mus musculus, has the following taxonomic classification: Mus, Muridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, Chordata, Animalia, Eukarya. Which part of the name is the Family?
Muridae
The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ________.
NAD+
________ is an example of an element.
Nitrogen
Which molecule is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
O2
Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. What can you tell about oleic acid just by looking at its structure?
Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid.
Which situation is an example of sexual selection?
Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the brightest tails.
________ occurs when a white blood cell engulfs a bacterium.
Phagocytosis
Which function is NOT a property of life?
Populations of organisms rarely change over time.
How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.
Repressors act by blocking the binding of ________ to the operator.
RNA polymerase
Translation converts the information stored in ________ to ________.
RNA; a polypeptide
How do radioactive isotopes differ from isotopes?
Radioactive isotopes are unstable; isotopes are stable.
Examine the two sugars in the figure. They are called isomers. How do these two sugars compare?
They have the same formula but different structures.
What is the function of a repressor protein?
To turn off transcription by binding to the operator.
In a eukaryotic cell an abnormal protein is binding to the promoter for a gene. Which process will likely occur in this scenario?
Transcription factors will bind to enhancers.
A DNA molecule has the sequence TCAACTTGA. The equivalent RNA molecule would have the sequence ________.
UCAACUUGA
What is a gene?
a unit of inheritance
Resolution is the
ability of an optical instrument to show two close objects as separate.
What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site.
active
Which type of tissue stores fat in the body?
adipose tissue
The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ________.
all life shares a common ancestry
Cell theory states that
all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.
When a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon, in what form may that energy be released?
all of the above
In what way(s) is the science of biology related to our society?
all of the answers are correct
Which of these is required for natural selection to occur?
all of the answers are correct
Humans urinate, defecate, and breathe. Which process is accompanied by water loss?
all three are accompanied by water loss
The urinary system is responsible for the elimination of urea, the reabsorption of valuable solutes, and reabsorbing water. Which of those processes occur in the kidney?
all three processes occur in the kidney
Alleles are described as ________.
alternate versions of a gene
Proteins are polymers constructed from ________ monomers.
amino acid
Which technique is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing?
amniocentesis
Disruptive selection can lead to ________.
an increase in both large and small lobsters in comparison to medium-sized lobsters
A friend of yours appears to have put on a lot of muscle very quickly. At the same time, you notice that your friend seems to have a lot of mood swings and appears depressed. It is reasonable for you to suspect that your friend has begun to take ________.
anabolic steroids
Homeotic genes ________.
are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms
When looking at a pigmented object, the color we see is the wavelengths that ________.
are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object
Years ago, farmers determined that suppressing flower development in the wild mustard plant gave rise to the plant we know as broccoli. This is an example of ________.
artificial section
What process accounts for the different breeds of domesticated dogs?
artificial selection
Chromosomes that do NOT determine the sex of an individual are called ________.
autosomes
What name is given to substances that resist changes in pH?
buffers
An atom has 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 20 electrons. What atom is being described?
calcium (atomic number 20)
Skeletal muscle is different from both smooth and cardiac muscle because skeletal muscles ________.
can be contracted voluntarily
A typical skeletal muscle ________.
can be enlarged by exercise
Which are products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
What are the four most common elements found in living organisms?
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall?
carotenoids
An individual who is homozygous ________.
carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
Homologous chromosomes ________.
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
What kind of connective tissue has a matrix that is strong and flexible?
cartilage
A scanning electron microscope is used to study ________, whereas a transmission electron microscope is used to study ________.
cell surfaces; internal cell structures
What cellular structure do antibiotics typically target?
cell walls
Which structure can perform all the activities required for life?
cells
In plant cells, ________ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons.
central vacuoles
The structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ________.
centromere
Consider the following figure. It illustrates that a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin gene ________.
changes an amino acid in the hemoglobin protein
Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ________.
chemical energy into kinetic energy
What compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem?
chlorophyll a
The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called ________.
cohesion
Bone is a type of ________.
connective tissue
The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________.
conservation of energy
The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell
contains the cell's DNA.
In a person suffering from heat stroke, body temperature disrupts the ________.
control center of the brain
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms of a water molecule are held together by ________ bonds.
covalent
What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons?
covalent
A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is ________.
covering surfaces
The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life most likely arose in ________.
cultures that keep dairy herds
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
During metaphase I, ________.
homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
During anaphase I ________.
homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ________.
hybrid
Saturated fats are saturated with ________.
hydrogen
What name is given to the following reaction?sucrose + water → glucose + fructose
hydrolysis
Sometimes when I have my morning coffee, which I drink black with no cream or sugar, I notice a thin film floating on top of the coffee. Since I have just read Chapter 3 of the text, I now realize the nature of this substance, and so I run to my friend screaming, "Look at this ________ in my coffee!"
hydrophobic substance
The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ________.
in the thylakoid membrane
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?
incomplete dominance
A physiological response that takes place in many animals when they get too hot is ________.
increased blood flow to the skin
Which outcome is a health effect of a diet high in saturated fats?
increased risk of heart attack
Scientists are working to create a better biofuel factory through which processes?
increasing the genetic variation in groups of algae
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________.
influenced by both genes and the environment
Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are enzyme ________.
inhibitors
The CORRECT sequence of events that occurs during transcription is ________.
initiation, elongation, termination
Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that ________.
insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles
The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ________.
involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population
The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) ________ bond.
ionic
Which of the following elements is a trace element that is essential to life?
iron
An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________.
is a carrier
Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that ________.
its cells are sparsely scattered through an extracellular matrix
As water freezes, ________.
its molecules move farther apart
Excretion is the movement of substances from the ________ to the ________.
kidneys; outside
An object at rest has no ________ energy, but it may have ________ energy resulting from its location or structure.
kinetic; potential
What is the main sugar found in milk?
lactose
Genes that violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment are ________.
linked
During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells?
mitochondria
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
In the following reaction, galactose is a ________.galactose + glucose → lactose + water
monomer
In order to have a positive charge, an atom must have ________.
more protons than electrons
Which is the most abundant kind of tissue in the bodies of vertebrates?
muscle
The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for evolution is ________.
mutation
What is the ultimate source of all diversity?
mutation
Which is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog?
mutation of homeotic genes
Nondisjunction might result in gametes with the chromosome numbers ________.
n + 1 or n − 1
In The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with modification was ________.
natural selection
Which concept was proposed by Darwin?
natural selection
Most homeostatic mechanisms depend on ________.
negative feedback
Which type of tissue forms an electrical communication system within the body?
nervous
The basic unit of nervous tissue is the ________.
neuron
An atom's ________ are found in its nucleus.
neutrons and protons
What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?
one
In an operon, the ________ acts as an on/off switch.
operator
In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences?
operon
The molecule CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 is best described as a(n) ________.
organic compound
A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.
oxygen
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ________.
oxygen
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ________.
passes on the next generation only those traits identical to the parent
Diffusion is an example of ________.
passive transport
What would you examine to determine whether a trait is sex linked?
pedigree
Which of the following cell structures are associated with the breakdown of harmful substances?
peroxisomes
The role of a control in an experiment is to
provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group.
Which of the following frequently imposes a limit on cell size?
ratios of surface area to volume
Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria when ________.
the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance
Where does protein synthesis take place?
on ribosomes
An enzyme's function is most dependent on its ________.
shape
If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7 in a population with two alleles at a particular locus, what is the frequency of the alternate allele?
0.30
Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ________ calories.
10,000
How many oxygen atoms are in the products of the following reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O
24
How many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrome have?
2n − 1
Humans convert approximately ________ of the energy stored in food to useful work.
34%
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross?
3:1
A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ________ covalent bond(s).
4
Beryllium's atomic mass is 9, and its atomic number is 4. How many protons are found in a beryllium atom?
4
If guanine makes up 60% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases is adenine?
40%
What is the chromosome composition of a normal human female?
44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes
What is the chromosome composition of a normal human male?
44 autosomes, 1 X chromosome, and 1 Y chromosome
A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?
50%
Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?
50%
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?
50%
Which equation best summarizes photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
The presence of freckles is due to a dominant allele. Four percent of the individuals in a particular population lack freckles. Use the Hardy-Weinberg formula to calculate the percentage of individuals in this population who are homozygous dominant for freckles.
64%
Human body cells are approximately ________ water.
70—95%
Which cross will produce only heterozygous offspring?
AA × aa
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?ATP
ATP
`What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
The Calvin cycle requires ________ and ________ from the light reactions in order to operate.
ATP; NADPH
Which statement about an enzyme is TRUE?
An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.
Which statement about organs is correct?
An organ performs functions that none of its components can carry out alone.
Which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support?
Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.
How can radiation be controlled and safely used in medicine?
Apply radiation to specific parts of the body at controlled doses.
________ believed that species are fixed forms that do not change over time while ________ believed that evolution is the refinement of traits that equip organisms to perform successfully in their environments.
Aristotle; Lamarck
When body temperature is too low, what occurs?
Blood vessels in the skin constrict.
What are the reactant(s) in the following chemical reaction?C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O
C6H12O6, H2O, and O2
The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________.
CO2, ATP, and NADPH; sugar
If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GACGTCA, what will be the sequence of the other strand?
CTGCAGT
Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Golgi apparatus
The endomembrane system includes ________.
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum
Which molecule is the source of electrons for the light reactions?
H2O
________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.
H2O
In photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ________ to ________.
H2O; CO2
Red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green colorblind?
No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).
Which statement is a valid scientific hypothesis?
Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.
Which result might be a consequence of stabilizing selection?
Infants born with weights between 3 and 4 kg have a higher survival than infants much lighter or heavier at birth.
In the figure below, how does the molecule labeled A affect enzyme function?
It is an inhibitor that changes the enzyme's active site.
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?
Lactose is present in the cell.
The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to ________.
Lamarck
Which activity will help prevent cancer and increase survival?
Seek early detection of tumors.
Which event occurs during anaphase?
Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.
If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence ATCCGA, what is the sequence of the other strand?
TAGGCT
Consider the accompanying figure, which outlines cloning by nuclear transplantation. Why does the clone NOT resemble the surrogate mother?
The DNA for the clone comes from the genetic donor, not the surrogate.
Which information flow is disrupted when diabetes destroys insulin-producing cells?
The body is unable to respond to signals that indicate the amount of glucose in the blood.
What is the key to the recognition of codominance?
The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge.
Which is a characteristic of a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
The population is not evolving.
Which phenomenon (or lack of) will prevent significant genetic drift?
The population size is large.
Some tiny insects are able to walk on water. Why?
The surface tension that is a result of water's cohesive properties makes this possible.
Which outcome could help you identify a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)?
The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
Which results should occur if climate change leads to increased warming global temperatures?
The tree line (at which it is too cold for trees to grow) moves toward the north and south poles.
A balloon contains a 10% glucose solution. The balloon is permeable to water but not to glucose. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. What will happen when the balloon is submerged in the beaker?
The volume of water in the beaker will decrease.
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why?
The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
Which is a phenomenon that can result from directional selection?
There is an increase in the number of giraffes with long necks in areas of Africa where low-growing trees have died.
What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes?
a cap and tail
A horse eating some hay is an example of ________.
a consumer eating a producer
What is the outcome of evaporative cooling in the form of sweating?
a decrease in body temperature
For most people, blood sugar levels rise to over 7 mmol/L after ingesting a meal. What is most likely responsible for the return of blood sugar levels to 5 mmol/L?
a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
Natural selection generally results in ________.
a population that is adapted to its current environment
Natural selection can be defined as ________.
a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits
A hypothesis is a(n) ________.
a proposed explanation for a set of observations
Which substance is lowest in unsaturated fats?
beef
A correct comparison between a benign and a malignant tumor is that ________.
benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do
Secretion is the movement of substances from the ________ to the ________.
blood; filtrate
What wavelength of light is reflected by a plant that appears blue to us?
blue
Which is a type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression?
breakdown of proteins
A shade-tolerant plant that is provided its preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, would likely experience ________.
decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________.
decreasing activation energy
What name is given to this reaction: galactose + glucose → lactose + water?
dehydration
When a base is added to a buffered solution, the buffer will ________.
donate H+ ions
Which process is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
electron transport chain
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved ________.
endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
Which substance is NOT recycled but rather is lost from ecosystems?
energy
Which of the following is a measure of randomness in a system?
entropy
What molecules are scientists currently trying to use to generate power for nanotechnology devices, such as microscopic robots?
enzymes
What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
ethyl alcohol
When electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration ________.
oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water
When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state.
excited
When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ________.
exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration
The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ________.
exons
Examine the cells below. Cells with a higher concentration of ions than the surrounding medium tend to ________.
expand
A theory is a(n)
explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.
Which sequence shows the steps of the process of science in an order in which they might occur?
exploration, hypothesis, prediction, experiment
A karyotype (a display of the chromosomes in a cell) is often used to look for genetic disorders. Karyotype results would not be useful to determine ________.
eye color
Science cannot answer certain faith-based questions because
faith-based beliefs are impossible to either prove or disprove.
Reabsorption is the movement of substances from the ________ to the ________.
filtrate; blood
Which process describes the forcing of water and other small molecules from the blood into a kidney tubule?
filtration
Which explanation is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole?
founder effect
In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does 2pq represent?
frequency of heterozygotes
In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?
frequency of the homozygotes for one allele
A physiologist is a biologist who studies the ________.
function of body parts
Mendel's law of segregation indicates that
gametes have one allele copy for each gene.
What is the function of stomata?
gas exchange
The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ________.
gene expression
The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's ________.
gene pool
ATP synthase plays a role in ________.
generating ATP
A change in the gene pool due to chance results in ________.
genetic drift
This figure shows the branching tree of life for bears. Which bear species is most distantly related to the sun bear?
giant panda
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
The only stage of cell respiration that is not dependent on the other stages of cell respiration is ________.
glycolysis
Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
glycolysis
The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ________.
greater the energy
The energy of wavelengths that appear ________ is LEAST useful to photosynthesis.
green
In sexual reproduction in humans ________.
haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg cell
Plant cells ________.
have chloroplasts and mitochondria
When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ________.
have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water
A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ________.
have two nuclei
Humans are both ________.
heterotrophs and consumers
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is ________.
heterozygotes; dominant
A ________ is an autotroph
pine tree
During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ________.
plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents
Which of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls?
plasmodesmata
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Marfan syndrome is an example of ________.
pleiotropy
Cellulose is an example of a ________.
polysaccharide
For good health, it is important to include ________ in our diets.
polysaccharides
A boulder at the top of a hill contains ________ energy.
potential
Contractile vacuoles
prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water.
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________.
produce ATP without O2
Photosynthetic organisms are ________.
producers that make their own organic matter from inorganic molecules
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis ________.
produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
The type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.
production of sperm and eggs
Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ________.
promoter
The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ________.
promoter
A diuretic is a substance that ________.
promotes urinary water loss
The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is ________.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What type of cancer is treated with radioactive iodine seeds?
prostate
Enzymes are ________.
proteins
All atoms of an element have the same number of ________.
protons
Isotopes of an element have the same number of ________ and different numbers of ________.
protons; neutrons
A protein's function is dependent on environmental factors such as pH and temperature. What property of the protein itself dictates a protein's function?
shape
Cells communicate with one another via ________.
signal transduction pathways
If a strand of DNA has the sequence GACTTA, transcription will result in a(n) ________.
single RNA strand with the sequence CUGAAU
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ________.
sister chromatids
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Oxytocin controls the involuntary contractions of the uterus. The uterus is composed of ________.
smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle includes ________.
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Sugar dissolves when stirred into coffee. The coffee is the ________, the sugar is the ________, and the sweetened coffee is the ________.
solvent; solute; solution
What are grana?
stacks of membranous sacs in chloroplasts
Plants use which molecule as an energy-storing carbohydrate?
starch
Which molecule is an example of a polysaccharide?
starch
The female hormone progesterone (shown below) is involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Based on its structure, what type of macromolecule is progesterone?
steroid
Plants use photosynthesis to ________.
store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules
The Golgi apparatus
stores, modifies, and packages proteins.
The combination of sucrose, sucrase, and water produces sucrase, glucose, and fructose. Which component of the reaction is the enzyme?
sucrase
The combination of sucrose, sucrase, and water produces sucrase, glucose, and fructose. Which component of the reaction is the substrate?
sucrose
Table sugar is ________.
sucrose, a disaccharide
Heat exchange with the environment will be most efficient in a structure that has large ________.
surface area
Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ________.
taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)
Cytokinesis typically begins during the ________ stage of mitosis.
telophase
To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be
testable and falsifiable.
What does "adaptation" mean in an evolutionary context?
the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time
Energy can be defined as ________.
the capacity to cause change
Glycolysis results in ________.
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
Radiometric dating is based on ________.
the decay of radioactive isotopes
Osmosis can be defined as ________.
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Choose the EXCEPTION.
the events of meiosis II
Which anatomical features are homologous?
the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat
Science is ________.
the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature
Homeostasis is ________.
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ________.
the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen
In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________.
the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
A physician is examining a patient who fatigues easily after walking only a short distance. Tissue examination reveals that certain skeletal muscle cells are missing mitochondria. Laboratory tests are likely also to find ________.
the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise
What is biology?
the scientific study of life
The ultimate source of energy in food is ________.
the sun
In humans, goosebumps are a vestige of a mammalian adaptation related to ________.
thermoregulation
A fat contains which molecular components?
three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the ________.
thylakoid membrane
Plant photosystems are located in ________.
thylakoid membranes
What are the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast?
thylakoids
Interconnected sacs of membranes inside the chloroplasts called ________ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ________.
thylakoids; stroma
DNA nucleotides include ________.
thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine
In animals, individual cells are grouped into ________.
tissues
One reason plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids, is ________.
to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot
What is the major function of chloroplasts?
to allow for photosynthesis to occur
The function of the nucleolus is
to manufacture ribosomal RNA.
Use the accompanying figure to answer this question. The initiation of transcription requires that enhancers bind to ________.
transcription factors
Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient.
transport proteins; down
The cells that result from the mitotic cell cycle can be described as ________.
two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
Upon completion of telophase I and cytokinesis in meiosis, there is(are) ________ cell(s).
two haploid
A scientist performs a controlled experiment. This means that
two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable.
In an ecosystem, energy
typically flows from producers to a series of consumers.
The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.
water and carbon dioxide
The ________ is most commonly found in nature.
wild-type trait
A(n) ________ is an example of an organism that can sometimes reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis.
zebra shark
