Final Exam-Nutrition
Which of the following T-scores indicates osteoporosis?
-3
Evan is a well-nourished adult who weighs 70 kg (about 154 lb). How much energy reserve would his body typically store in the form of glycogen?
.2 kg
A realistic weight-loss goal is
0.5 to 2 pounds a week.
Which of the following contains the greatest amount of bioavailable beta-carotene?
1 cup lightly cooked carrots
Which of the following foods is MOST likely to have the greatest nutrient density?
1 cup of fresh strawberries (100 kcal)
Assuming each has the same number of Calories, which has the greatest nutrient density?
1 small baked potato
Molly is an 18-year-old college student who is 5' 7" tall and weighs 140 pounds. How many kilocalories does she expend each day for basal metabolism?
1,375 kcal
For dinner, Marcus consumes 255 grams of carbohydrate, 70 grams of protein, and 50 grams of fat. In addition, Marcus decides that he wants a glass of wine with his meal. If he drinks one glass of wine containing 8 grams of alcohol, how many total kilocalories (kcal) does he consume in this meal?
1,806
At its highest level, about what percentage of our daily energy expenditure is attributable to the thermic effect of food?
10
The AMDR for protein is
10-35 percent
A landmark report on body weight and obesity identified at least how many variables influencing energy balance?
100
On a food label, there is 140 Calories per serving. It contains 2 grams of saturated fat. What is the approximate percentage of Calories from saturated fat per serving of the food?
13%
In the United States, about how many adults aged 18 and older have an alcohol use disorder?
15 million
The RDA values were first published in
1941
What percentage of our entire body weight is calcium?
2%
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of calcium for all age groups?
2,500 mg
Grace would like to lose to pounds. Her current energy intake is 2,250 kcal a day. If she reduces her energy intake to 2,000 kcal a day, how long would it take for Grace to meet her goal of losing ten pounds?
20 weeks
What percentage of bone is made up of trabecular bone?
20%
The AMDR for fat is
20-35 percent
Jill is 5' 10" tall and weighs 167 pounds. What is her BMI (body mass index)?
24
Christopher's lunch contains 121 grams of carbohydrate, 40 grams of protein, and 25 grams of fat. What percent of kilocalories (kcal) in this meal come from fat?
26 percent
A BMI above what value is associated with increased risk for chronic disease?
30
The label on a ready-to-eat cereal box indicates that 1 cup contains 32 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of protein, and 2 grams of fat. How many kcal are there in two cups of this cereal?
324 kcal
Approximately what percentage of American college students are overweight or obese, and therefore at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes?
35%
The Nutrition Facts panel on a box of crackers indicates that one serving provides 140 Calories, with 55 Calories coming from fat. What is the percentage of Calories from fat in this product?
39%
Which of the following foods contains the same amount of calcium as 8 oz of nonfat milk?
4.9 oz plain, nonfat yogurt
By about what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?
40
The AMDR for carbohydrate is between
45 and 65 percent of total energy intake.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for linoleic acid is at least what percentage of daily energy intake?
5
The Daily Value (DV) of fiber is 25 grams. If a product label indicates that it provides 20% of the DV, how much fiber does a serving contain?
5 grams
What percentage of deaths in the United States can be attributed to unhealthful lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, alcohol misuse, physical inactivity, and a poor-quality diet?
50 to 60 percent
In the U.S., about what percentage of all food expenditures is now accounted for by meals eaten out?
50%
Maria is a reasonably healthy 19-year-old college student who is sedentary. She is 5' 8" tall and weighs 145 pounds. How many grams of protein would you recommend she consume each day?
53 grams
Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone?
65%
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is up to
65%
A meal contains 300 kilocalories from carbohydrates with a total kilocalorie of 561 in the meal. How many grams of carbohydrates is in the meal?
75 grams
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a continuous loop of how many metabolic reactions?
8
What percentage of the body's phosphorus is stored in bones?
85%
What is a free radical?
A free radical is an atom with an unpaired electron in it outmost shell.
What chemical changes does the body make to thiamin and B6 so that the vitamins can carry out their essential roles?
A phosphate group is added to the vitamins.
Which of the following is the largest organization of food and nutrition professionals in the United States and the world?
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Which type of white blood cell can become either a memory cell or a plasma cell to be used in a specific immune response?
B cell
Eric plays soccer and runs track. He relies on sports gels, candy, and soda for quick energy boosts after his games and track meets. Based on his activity level and snack preferences, he has an increased risk for
B-vitamin deficiency.
Which of the following is NOT a cofactor?
B-vitamins
Intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach, is necessary for absorption of which vitamin?
B12
Why are most types of fiber indigestible in the human GI tract?
Beta bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down.
The water-soluble vitamins include the family of B-vitamins and vitamin
C
Which federal agency conducts the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)?
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Which of the following is TRUE concerning calcium?
Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
Which statement BEST describes "nutrient density"?
Consume foods that have the most nutrients for their Calories.
An RDA is established based on the
EAR
The standard used to estimate the daily nutrient needs of half of all healthy individuals is the
EAR
Which of the following is MOST recommended for successful, healthful weight loss?
Exercise at least 30 minutes per day, five times per week.
How does folate function in maintaining blood health?
Folate is essential for synthesis of new red blood cells.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding free radicals?
Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism.
Javier just finished eating a large meal. Which of the following is TRUE?
Ghrelin levels plummet.
Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by the autoimmune disease called
Graves' disease
What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
H. pylori bacteria
The health promotion and disease prevention plan for the U.S. is called
Healthy People 2020.
To achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all population groups is a stated goal of
Healthy People 2020.
How does protein-energy malnutrition affect the immune system?
It diminishes immune response to antigens.
Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin C?
It is critical for normal fetal and early childhood development of nerves and muscles.
Which of the following statements about cholesterol is false?
It is found mostly in olive oil, coconut oil, and avocados.
Persephone is being treated for liver cancer with a series of injections that destroy the blood vessels supplying the tumor. Which of the following statements is true of Persephone's cancer?
It is in the third stage, known as progression.
Katia is a college student. Which of the following behaviors is LEAST likely to suggest that Katia has an alcohol problem?
Katia enjoys a glass of wine with dinner most nights of the week.
Which of the following statements is evidence for the set-point theory?
Many people maintain a certain weight over long periods despite changes in energy intake.
Which of the following statements about colorectal cancer is true?
Mortality from colorectal cancer has been declining in part because of increased screening.
Requirements for food labeling in the U.S. are identified in the
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act.
Which of the following decreases appetite?
Peptide YY
The information provided on a food label that identifies intake of nutrients based on 2,000 Calories a day is called the
Percent Daily Values
The average daily nutrient intake level that meets the nutrient requirements of 97 to 98 percent of healthy individuals is the
RDA
Which statement BEST explains why carbohydrate digestion ceases when food reaches the stomach?
Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.
Which of the following is NOT true of the fates of glucose in the liver?
The glucose in the liver can be used for cell growth and maintenance.
How do the liver and gallbladder function together in the process of digestion?
The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder stores and releases it for fat emulsification.
How do the pancreas and small intestine function together in the process of digestion?
The pancreas stores inactive digestive enzymes, and they are activated in the small intestine.
How does the shape of proteins in muscle fibers affect their function?
They are long, allowing muscle fibers to contract and relax.
Individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame. Why?
They cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine present in aspartame.
What is the MOST critical limitation of direct and indirect calorimetry methods?
They must be performed in a laboratory or special chamber.
What is a key limitation of most dietary assessment tools?
They rely on a person's ability to self-report.
Which of the following statements is true about trans fatty acids?
They result from the hydrogenation process.
Trevor's doctor screens him for type 2 diabetes and finds that Trevor has a fasting blood glucose of 130 mg/dL. What does this mean?
Trevor has diabetes
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans were developed by the USDA and which other agency?
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS)
The government agency that regulates food labeling in the United States is the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
MyPlate is the visual representation of the
USDA food patterns
Alcohol-related thiamin deficiency is called
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Why is white wheat flour a less nutritious choice than whole-wheat flour?
White wheat flour retains only a fraction of wheat's fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
Which disorder is closely associated with copper toxicity?
Wilson's disease
Which of the following is MOST likely to occur if you were to consume too much calcium via the diet?
Your absorption of other minerals would be reduced.
Which of the following individuals would be MOST at risk for a vitamin K deficiency?
a 30-year-old with Crohn's disease
Food that has been chewed and moistened in the mouth is referred to as
a bolus
During the production of various proteins involved in the coagulation of blood and in bone metabolism, vitamin K serves as
a coenzyme
Before Denise was sent home from the diabetes clinic with a dietary assessment tool, staff trained her how to use it and gave her explicit take-home instructions. What kind of tool was Denise probably given?
a diet record
What is a multifactorial disease?
a disease that has many different causes
The end products of deamination are ammonia and
a keto acid
what is chyme?
a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
Folate deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk for
a newborn with a neural tube defect
Who is at HIGHEST risk for vitamin D deficiency?
a nursing home resident living in Seattle
Which of the following individuals would be MOST resistant to weight gain and obesity?
a person with more uncoupling proteins
Which of the following is NOT required on food labels?
a photo or illustration of the food
Hunger is BEST described as
a physiological drive to consume food.
Which snack will have the highest satiety value, assuming the Calories are identical?
a piece of cheese
Which of the following terms describes a scientific consensus as to why a particular phenomenon occurs?
a theory
Planning meals that include eating a new vegetable each week is one practical approach to eating
a variety of foods
What is the term that describes the process in which nutrients pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?
absorption
The primary role of most of the B-vitamins is to
act as coenzymes
The type of nutrient absorption process that requires both energy and the use of a carrier protein is
active transport
What is the name of the molecule that results from the removal of two phosphates from ATP?
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Gabriel is a college athlete who requires 2,900 kcal a day to support his total energy needs. However, he only manages to consume approximately 1,800 kcal a day. Which of the four characteristics of a healthful diet is Gabriel not meeting?
adequacy
The small red blood cells that characterize microcytic anemia do not contain enough hemoglobin to transport adequate oxygen or allow
adequate transfer of electrons to produce energy.
About 90% of vitamin E is stored in
adipose tissue
You should limit the empty Calories you consume to a small number that fits your needs depending on your
age, gender, and physical activity level.
A majority of zinc is carried in the blood by
albumin
After absorption, which blood protein binds copper for transport to the liver?
albumin
Which of the following foods is not an example of legume?
almonds
Which of the following lipids plays an important role in reducing a person's risk for heart disease?
alpha-linolenic acid
The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is
alpha-tocopherol.
In proteins, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen assemble into small building blocks known as
amino acids
The building blocks of proteins are called
amino acids
A food's chemical score gives an estimate of its protein quality based on the
amount of its limiting amino acid compared to the amount of the same amino acid in a reference food.
One class of enzymes that breaks down carbohydrates is
amylase
Candace is receiving chemotherapy for cancer. She is visibly undernourished, and yet she has no appetite. The clinical term for what Candace is experiencing is
anorexia
Which of the following treatments would be appropriate for treating a peptic ulcer?
antibiotics
Taking vitamin E supplements along with which of the following can cause uncontrollable bleeding?
anticoagulants
The cells of the specific immune system attack which of the following targets?
antigens
Which of the following are required components of many antioxidant enzyme systems?
antioxidant minerals
Growing evidence of the past two decades indicates that which of the following behaviors does NOT reduce cancer risk?
antioxidant supplementation
Among other qualities, a healthful body weight is characterized as
appropriate for an individual's age, genes, and stage of development.
Alpha bonds
are easily digestible
Foods that use beta-carotene as a natural coloring agent
are not significant sources of beta-carotene.
A deficiency of riboflavin is referred to as
ariboflavinosis.
Vitamin B12 plays a role in the formation of red blood cells as a component of coenzymes that
assist with DNA synthesis
Which of the following is BEST characterized as a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids?
avocado
A sound strategy for eating out more healthfully would be to
avoid all-you-can-eat, buffet-style restaurants.
Yogurt is tolerated better than milk by many lactose-intolerant people because
bacteria in yogurt help digest the lactose.
Eating the proper proportion of foods is referred to as
balance
What are the three components of total energy expenditure?
basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food
Foods eaten DAILY on the Mediterranean diet include
beans and other legumes
Vitamin A is derived from what provitamin?
beta-carotene
Which of the following carotenoids can be converted to retinol in the body?
beta-carotene
Your skin can turn yellow or orange if you frequently consume foods that are high in
beta-carotene
Any factor that might prejudice or influence a researcher to favor certain results is referred to as
bias
Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to contract, thereby releasing a substance called
bile
Which of the following vitamins is a component of four carboxylase enzymes involved in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism?
biotin
In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining
blood calcium levels
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a true anthropometric test factor?
body composition
The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called
bone remodeling
Josie maintains a normal body weight, but a blood test reveals both vitamin D deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Josie's nutritional status is
both malnutrition and undernutrition.
Which part of a whole grain kernel contains most of the fiber as well as many vitamins and minerals?
bran
Which of the following reactions represents dephosphorylation?
breakdown of ATP
Which thyroid hormone is used to treat osteoporosis?
calcitonin
Which of the following is the active form of vitamin D?
calcitriol
Phytates and oxalates in certain plant-based foods can inhibit the absorption of
calcium
The level of which of the following must be specified in the list of nutrients on a food label?
calcium
Which of the following nutrients is classified as a major mineral?
calcium
Stimulants used in many weight-loss supplements
can cause a serious and even fatal increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
Which of the following diseases has been linked to free radical damage?
cancer
A significant shortcoming of the USDA Food Patterns and MyPlate is that they
cannot fully address the issue of serving sizes since no national standard exists.
The primary source of fuel for the nervous system is
carbohydrate.
The final stage of glucose oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, ultimately yields
carbon dioxide, ATP and water.
The essential components needed to build a complete amino acid are
carbon, hydrogen, an amine group, an acid group, and a side chain.
The specific term for agents that can cause cancer is
carcinogens
The leading cause of death for adults in the United States is
cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Which form of mechanical digestion begins in the mouth?
chewy
Consuming which of the following foods would assist zinc absorption?
chicken
Which of the following foods will have the LEAST amount of viable vitamin E?
chicken fried in vegetable oil
The primary enzyme for digesting cholesterol esters in the small intestine is called
cholesterol esterase.
What mineral do some athletes take in supplements in an effort to gain lean body mass and reduce body fat?
chromium
Which of the following is a trace mineral that enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose into the body's cells?
chromium
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) were established to refocus nutrient recommendations toward preventing and reducing the risk for
chronic diseases
In the process known as reverse cholesterol transport
circulating HDLs pick up cholesterol from dying cells and arterial plaques and transfer it to other lipoproteins, which return it to the liver.
Vitamin C assists in the formation of a structural protein called
collagen
Mass movement occurs in what part of the gastrointestinal tract?
colon
Empty Calories are those which
come from solid fats and/or added sugars and provide few or no nutrients.
The current alcohol consumption recommendation for pregnant women is
complete abstinence
One of the most important points to consider when assessing the reliability of a media report is the issue of
conflict of interest
Bones are living organs that contain several tissues, including two types of bone tissue, cartilage and
connective tissue
Dirk is a bodybuilder. His daily intakes of carbohydrate and fat meet his body needs, but his daily protein intake is about twice his body needs. Dirk's excess protein intake is
contributing to an increase in his body's synthesis of fatty acids.
The compact bone that makes up the outer surface of bone is called
cortical
The energy required to fight or to flee from an enemy is provided by catabolism of stored energy prompted by which of the following hormones?
cortisol
Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium?
cottage cheese
Which nutrient requires intrinsic factor for absorption?
cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12 is also called
cyanocobalamin.
Vitamin B6 is important for the conversion of homocysteine to
cysteine.
Which of the following is a nucleotide base in DNA?
cytosine
The glycolysis of glucose occurs in which cellular component?
cytosol
Which food group in the MyPlate contains the most foods that are high in saturated fat?
dairy
"Get your calcium-rich foods" defines which USDA Food Patterns group?
dairy foods
To use proteins for energy, the liver removes amine groups from amino acids in a process called
deamination.
How does fluoride protect against dental caries (cavities)?
decreases and reverses tooth demineralization
An anabolic reaction in which water is released as a by-product is called
dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides are formed from monosaccharides by what type of reaction?
dehydration synthesis
Fluoride deficiency has been shown to result in
dental caries
Three nutrition-related diseases that are among the top ten causes of death in the U.S. are heart disease, stroke and
diabetes
According to the National Weight Control Registry, a majority of people who were able to maintain their weight loss reported changes in
diet and exercise
In malnutrition, a primary deficiency is one in which a person
does not have an adequate intake of a nutrient
Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by
donating an electron to them
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of someone at risk of alcohol use disorder?
drinks a glass of wine daily in the evening
All of the following are indicators of someone who has alcohol use disorder except
drinks a glass of wine every day.
Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract?
duodenum
The first section of the small intestine is called the
duodenum.
When does bone growth and modeling start?
during fetal development
Which of the following factors is not associated with a lower peak bone density?
early onset of menstruation in girls
A person with reactive hypoglycemia can control the condition by
eating smaller, more frequent meals.
Which of the following foods would be the BEST dietary source of pre-formed vitamin A?
egg
Which of the following foods is high in phosphorus?
eggs
The final stage of glucose oxidation, which is carried out in the inner membranes of the mitochondria, involves which series of reactions?
electron transport chain
In oxidation-reduction reactions, what is exchanged?
electrons
Which of the following health problems has been associated with high intakes of animal-based proteins?
elevated blood chlosterol
Bile breaks up lipid globules into smaller droplets and then disperses them. This process is called
emulsification
The energy balance equation states that energy balance occurs when
energy consumed equals energy expended.
Which component of energy expenditure is the most variable from one person to another?
energy cost of physical activity
The primary sources of folate in the American diet are
enriched ready-to-eat cereals and breads.
The ingredients on a packaged cookie dough is as follows: enriched wheat flour, sugar, semi-sweet chocolate morsels, water, egg, molasses, salt, baking soda, vanilla extract. Which of the listed ingredient is the most predominant ingredient?
enriched wheat flour
The division of the nervous system that is located in the walls of the GI tract and helps control digestion, absorption, and elimination is the
enteric nervous system.
Proteins that act to speed up body processes, but are NOT changed in the process, are called
enzymes
During exercise, which hormone stimulates the breakdown of stored energy?
epinephrine
Which of the following triggers the breakdown of stored fat?
epinephrine
What is the primary cause of malabsorption in people with celiac disease?
erosion of the villi of the small intestine
A bolus travels from the mouth to the stomach via the
esophagus
All of the following are characteristics of vitamin C except
excess intake of vitamin c is stored in the body for later use.
Which type of absorption requires the use of a carrier protein but not energy?
facilitated diffusion
Vitamin D deficiency can develop in individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of
fat
When blood glucose levels drop, all of the following may occur except
fatty acids are used to make glucose.
Feelings of hunger are triggered by stimulation of cells in the
feeding center
Insufficient intake of iron will FIRST affect the body's levels of
ferritin
Which of the following is caused by alcohol exposure by a fetus during pregnancy?
fetal alcohol syndrome
On a Mediterranean diet, the following foods are eaten daily except:
fish
Which of the following is a good source of heme iron?
fish
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are updated every
five years
The passing of intestinal gas is referred to as
flatuence
Which of the following provides both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids?
flaxseed oil
Which of the following minerals do we need to consume in amounts of less than 100 mg a day?
flouride
What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity?
flushing
To reduce the chances of having a baby with neural tube defects, all women of childbearing age should ensure they maintain an adequate intake of which vitamin?
folate
Which of the B-vitamins primarily functions in cell regeneration and the synthesis of red blood cells?
folate
Which of the following is an example of an organic micronutrient?
folate
Which of the following nutrients is crucial in maintaining blood health?
folate
Stage II folate deficiency is called
folate depletion
A good weight loss strategy includes all of the following except
follow a low-Calorie, low-fat diet.
Which of the following is used to determine a person's typical dietary pattern over a predefined period of time?
food-frequency questionnaire
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the American diet?
fortified foods, such as milk
A highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron is a(n)
free radical
The absorption of which monosaccharide does NOT require energy?
fructose
Bile is stored in the ________. It is released into the ________ for lipid digestion.
gallbladder; duodenum
Which of the following is a surgical procedure in which much of the stomach and all of the duodenum are removed and the remaining small pouch of stomach is connected to the jejunum?
gastric bypass
Which hormone is involved in slowing down the production of gastric acid and stimulating the release of insulin?
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Which hormone, released after the ingestion of a meal, triggers the stomach to release gastric juice?
gastrin
A disruption in the protective mucus barrier of the stomach is called
gastritis
Red blood cells and the brain rely on which of the following for energy?
glucose
Which of the following carbohydrates is the end product of photosynthesis?
glucose
Which antioxidant enzyme system helps remove hydrogen peroxide from the body by reducing it to water?
glutathione peroxidase
Which protein will trigger an immune response in a person with celiac disease?
gluten
Glucose is stored in the body as
glycogen
Which of the following metabolic pathways occurs in the cytosol of the cell?
glycolysis
For the USDA Food Patterns, the term "ounce-equivalent" refers to a serving size that is 1 ounce or its equivalent for
grains and protein foods
Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C?
green and red peppers
Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?
green, leafy vegetables
Nine-year-old Avery's dentist attributes her fluorosis to her
habit of swallowing her bubble-gum flavored toothpaste.
A recent meta-analysis of studies evaluating vitamin K's role in maintaining bone health has shown that vitamin K
has a modest impact on bone density.
The small intestine is well equipped to carry out the majority of nutrient absorption in the GI tract because it
has an extensive surface area with specialized absorptive cells.
The Mediterranean diet
has been associated with a decreased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Bariatric surgery is advised for people who
have a BMI greater than or equal to 40.
As compared to people who eat meat, people who consume a balanced vegetarian diet
have a reduced risk for heart disease
Apple-shaped fat patterning increases a person's risk for
heart disease
The oxygen-carrying protein found in our red blood cells is called
hemoglobin
Long-term use of vitamin E supplement may lead to
hemorrhagic stroke.
Which large vessel transports absorbed nutrients to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
Paula's waist measurement is 38 inches and her hip measurement is 36 inches. Based on her waist-to-hip ratio, how would you classify Paula's health risk?
high because her waist-to-hip ratio is over 0.80
Low intakes of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 are linked to
high blood levels of homocysteine.
Which of the following health problems is associated with sodium?
high blood pressure
Which of the following characteristics BEST describe the majority of meals offered at fast-food restaurants?
high in Calories, high in total fat, high in sodium
During stage II of folate deficiency, the lack of folate results in
high levels of homocysteine.
Which of the following has the most Calories in one tablespoon?
honey
In addition to being a nutrient, vitamin D is also considered a(n)
hormone
Which of the following enzymes facilitates the release of fatty acids into the blood?
hormone-sensitive lipase
Which of the following is a digestive fluid with a pH of 1?
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
The process of adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid is called
hydrogenation
Food is digested through chemical reactions involving the addition of water molecules. This process is known as
hydrolysis
A condition of abnormally high concentration of magnesium in blood is referred to as
hypermagnesemia
Special cells in which of the following organs are responsible for the drive to eat?
hypothalamus
In the scientific method, the possible explanation or research question is called the
hypothesis
Diabetes is essentially a condition of
impaired glucose regulation.
Where in the body is selenium contained?
in amino acids
Deficiency of folate is most likely to result in birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect if it occurs
in the mother, in the first few weeks after conception.
Where is beta-carotene converted to retinol?
in the small intestine
What are provitamins?
inactive forms of vitamins that the body cannot use until they're converted to their active form
After eating, you experience a feeling of satiation as a result of the
increase in blood glucose levels.
Over the past 30 years, most food portion sizes have
increased
Diets high in trans fatty acids are MOST associated with
increased blood cholesterol levels.
Research studies have demonstrated an association between a reduced risk for cancer and
increased consumption of fruits and vegetables.
What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase?
increased longevity of the population
Excessive alcohol intake
increases the risk for serious health and social problems.
What effect does the consumption of trans fatty acids have on a person's health?
increases total blood cholesterol
Infectious disease can promote malnutrition by
increasing the loss of nutrients through diarrhea and/or vomiting.
At which of the following stages of the life cycle is calcium absorption the most efficient?
infancy
Dave, a two-pack a day smoker, does not smoke in the home, but he does allow himself to smoke in his car, including when his toddler is in the back seat. What process in the development of cancer is Dave's smoking prompting in his toddler?
initiation
Which hormone works to lower blood glucose?
insulin
Which of the following is not a catabolic hormone that triggers the breakdown of stored triglycerides, glycogen, and body proteins for energy?
insulin
Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?
insulin and glucagon
What is the major dietary source of iodine?
iodized salt
As part of the antioxidant enzyme catalase, which of the following helps promote the elimination of hydrogen peroxide from the body?
iron
Excessive amounts of which trace mineral can act as a potent pro-oxidant that damages the membranes of immune cells?
iron
In the United States, accidental overdose of which micronutrient is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children under age six?
iron
The most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide is
iron
Stage I of iron deficiency is also called
iron depletion
The second stage of iron deficiency, in which the body experiences a decrease in the transport of iron, is called
iron-deficiency erythropoiesis.
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause dizziness and lightheadedness due to fluid and electrolyte imbalances because alcohol
is a diuretic
Jenna wants to lose 30 pounds in the nine weeks remaining before her sister's wedding. She has just started a diet she tells you is based on a new discovery about human metabolism and is guaranteed to enable her to lose "up to 5 pounds a week." Today her food choices are eggs, cauliflower, citrus fruits, and pumpkin seeds. Which of the following statements about Jenna's diet is TRUE?
it is a fad diet
Which of the following is not a characteristic of vitamin E?
it is used to make collagen
A potentially life-threatening consequence of low-carbohydrate intake is
ketoacidosis.
In the absence of carbohydrate, the body breaks down stored fat in a process called
ketosis.
Hector, who has type 2 diabetes, is looking through the pantry for a snack. Using the glycemic index as a guide, identify which of the following is the BEST choice to help Hector maintain a more stable glucose level. (Glycemic index values are listed in parentheses.)
kidney beans (28)
Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of blood magnesium levels?
kidneys
Which of the following organs converts the inactive form of vitamin D into the active form calcitriol, which the body can use?
kidneys
The measurement unit for the energy derived from food is called a(n)
kilocalorie
The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by sufficient intake of Calories but a lack of protein in the diet is called
kwashiorkor.
A respected medical researcher reviewed the results of three clinical trials provided by Drug Maker X to the FDA to support their claim that their medication had proven clinical effectiveness in improving symptoms of depression. The review found that the drug maker had failed to report findings that their medication was not effective, and faulted the drug maker for
lack of transparency
Which of the following is called milk sugar?
lactose
Which of the following types of vegetarian diet eat cheese, but do not eat eggs?
lactovegetarian
In which organ does the majority of the GI flora reside?
large intestine
The body's supply of vitamin K comes from dietary sources and is also produced in the
large intestine
The primary determinant of basal metabolic rate is an individual's
lean tissue mass
Which type(s) of phospholipids act as an emulsifier?
lecithins
Which of the following cells are key to our immune function?
leukocytes
Which of the following accurately describes ghrelin?
levels increase after weight loss
Which of the following is an insoluble fiber that is not actually a carbohydrate?
lignins
Which of the following nutrients yields the most energy per gram?
lipid
Which process does lingual lipase initiate?
lipid digestion
Which of the following statements is false?
lipids are soluble in water
Carbohydrates, ketogenic amino acids, and alcohol can be converted to body fat through the process of
lipogenesis
About 90% of the vitamin A we absorb is stored in the
liver
Alcohol is primarily metabolized by the
liver
Which of the following foods is MOST likely to have the highest concentration of selenium?
liver
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
liver
During protein catabolism, the body is protected against ammonia toxicity because the
liver combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to form urea.
Prolonged excessive niacin intake can cause
liver damage
Which of the following will impair nonheme iron absorption?
low amounts of stomach acid
Sarah's doctor screens her for reactive hypoglycemia by having her consume a beverage very high in carbohydrate. If Sarah does have reactive hypoglycemia, what would you expect her blood glucose concentration to be approximately TWO HOURS after she drinks the beverage?
low as compared to a healthy individual
A food with 140 mg or less of sodium per serving could make the claim of
low sodium
Immediately after absorption, what body system carries most of the fat-soluble nutrients?
lymphatic
Pernicious anemia is classified as a type of
macrocytic anemia
During the fourth and final stage of folate deficiency, the body can experience
macrocytic anemia.
Which trace mineral is a cofactor involved in the formation of urea and assists in the formation of bone and cartilage?
maganese
When two glucose molecules are joined together, they form
maltose
A sugar-free chocolate cookie
may have just as many Calories as a regular chocolate cookie.
When using diet-planning tools such as the USDA Food Patterns, you should learn the definition of a serving size for the tool you're using, and then
measure your food intake to determine if you are meeting the guidelines.
Which dietary source of niacin has the highest availability for absorption?
meat
Antigen-sensitized cells that remain in circulation for long periods of time are called
memory cells
Which of the following is the animal form of vitamin K, produced by bacteria in the large intestine?
menaquinone
During which phase of a woman's life cycle is bone loss the greatest?
menopause
Sharon has high triglycerides, low HDL levels, and high blood pressure. With which condition is this cluster of risk factors associated?
metabolic syndrome
________ is the sum of all the chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules.
metabolism
Most lipid digestion products are transported to the mucosal lining of the small intestine in spherical compounds called
micelles
The digestive enzymes that break disaccharides into monosaccharides are located in the
microvilli
Which of the following are examples of inorganic nutrients?
minerals
Which of the following are inorganic nutrients that are NOT broken down by the human body or destroyed by heat?
minerals
Which cellular organelle is the primary site of ATP production?
mitochondrion
Including fiber in your diet is beneficial to your GI tract, but consuming excess amounts of fiber can result in the loss of nutrients. This statement is an example of which of the factors to consider in planning diets?
moderation
During triglyceride digestion, two fatty acids are removed and the resulting molecule is called a
monoacylglyceride.
What type of fatty acid chain contains one double carbon bond?
monounsaturated
A person with a body weight that exceeds 100% of the normal standard for a given height is considered
morbidly obese
Digestion begins in the
mouth
After Michael eats breakfast, his GI tract begins the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from his meal. What is the sequence in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process?
mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine
Which of the following describes the main symptom(s) of beriberi?
muscle wasting and nerve damage
The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called
mutual supplementation
The oxygen-carrying protein used to transport oxygen in muscle is called
myoglobin
Which of the following symptoms is associated with consuming a megadose of vitamin C?
nausea and diarrhea
Bicarbonate is released into the duodenum during the process of digestion. There, it
neutralizes the acidic chyme.
Newborns receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because
newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid are two forms of
niacin
People who are vitamin A deficient may suffer from a condition known as
night blindness
How many amino acids are considered to be essential?
nine
Which element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?
nitrogen
Nutrient-dense foods and beverages supply the highest level of nutrients for the lowest number of Calories. Which of the following is an example of a nutrient-dense food?
nonfat milk
Vitamin E is critical for
normal fetal and early childhood development
One theory researchers propose to explain why people who live in poor neighborhoods have higher obesity rates is that they might
not engage in walking and other forms of physical activity because of perceived pollution and safety risks in their neighborhood.
Alcohol is not considered a ________ because it does not support the regulation of body functions or tissue repair or rebuilding.
nutrient
What are the two types of claims on food labels that are regulated by the FDA?
nutrient and health claims
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were originally adopted to prevent
nutrient-deficiency diseases.
An important strategy for balancing your Calories is to consistently choose
nutrient-dense foods
Which of the following is not one of the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process?
nutrition-focused medical test
The term complex carbohydrates refers to
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Which type of lipid is MOST abundantly found in fatty fish or fish oils?
omega-3 fatty acid
The Dietary Guidelines recommend keeping your daily sodium intake below
one teaspoon of table salt
Which of the following is a weight-loss medication that inhibits the absorption of dietary fat?
orlistat
Bone cells that are responsible for eroding the bone surface during resorption are called
osteoclasts
A vitamin D deficiency in adults can lead to
osteomalacia
Kyphosis, or dowager's hump, can develop in a person with
osteoporosis
Which of the following refers to a nutritional status in which a person consumes too much energy or too much of a given nutrient over time?
overnutrition
Hemoglobin and myoglobin are to proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of
oxygen
Which of the following is NOT an organ of the of the gastrointestinal tract?
pancreas
Which of the following organs produces a variety of proteases?
pancreas
Which of the following vitamins is metabolized into acyl carrier protein, which is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids?
pantothenic acid
Which of the following hormones is released when blood calcium levels fall?
parathyroid hormone
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by which cells in the stomach?
parietal cells
Driven by a concentration gradient, lipids are absorbed through the process of
passive diffusion
A T-score compares a person's assessed bone density to the average
peak bone density of a healthy 30-year-old.
The "three Ds"—dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia—are symptoms of the advanced progression of which deficiency disease?
pellagra
What is the name of the protein-digesting enzyme in the stomach?
pepsin
The rhythmic contractions responsible for propelling food through the digestive tract are called
peristalsis.
Inadequate intrinsic factor is associated with
pernicious anemia
Which of the following is/are a critical structural component of a cell's membrane?
phospholipids
Chylomicrons are soluble in water. Which component of their outer surface gives them this characteristic?
phospholipids and proteins
Foods that contain protein have a high amount of
phosphorus
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be synthesized from adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) through the process of
phosphorylation
Which vitamin is categorized as a member of the K-vitamin "umbrella"?
phylloquinone
Seth took part in a clinical trial in which he was given a month's supply of medication to treat his headaches. At the end of the month, he reported to his doctor that the pills had reduced both the frequency and intensity of his pain. Unknown to Seth or to his doctor was the fact that Seth had been given pills with no active ingredient. The phenomenon of improved symptoms that Seth experienced is commonly known as the
placebo effect
The cell fragments found in blood that help form clots and stop bleeding are called
platelets
More than one-third of all American adults are obese. This statistic provides data about what kind of information?
prevalence
The sequential order of the amino acids is called the
primary structure
Beneficial bacteria found in the large intestine are known as
probiotics
The longest stage in cancer development, during which mutated cells repeatedly divide, is known as
promotion
A primary function of the mucus in the stomach is to
protect the stomach lining
Which of the following is a function of vitamin E?
protecting fatty components of cell membranes from oxidation
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are so named because of their high proportion of
protein
Which macronutrient has the highest satiety value?
protein
Which of the following enhances the absorption and retention of dietary magnesium?
protein
Which of the following nutrients is organic?
protein
For people with type 2 diabetes, the cells' ineffective response to insulin triggers
protein catabolism.
The process in which the body makes new proteins and breaks down existing proteins is known as
protein turnover
Which of the following nutrients contains the element nitrogen?
proteins
Prothrombin and factor VII are
proteins that are involved in the coagulation of blood.
The process of breaking down protein into single amino acids is called
proteolysis
The Nutrient Database for Standard Reference
provides information on caffeine and phytochemicals as well as nutrients in foods.
Appetite is defined as a(n)
psychological desire to consume a specific food.
What is the chemical name for vitamin B6?
pyridoxine
The quick, portable procedure that calculates bone density by using sound waves to scan the heel, shin, and kneecap is known as
quantitative ultrasound
Which of the following grains is a complete protein?
quinoa
When an oxygen molecule becomes a free radical, it is referred to as a(n)
reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Which of the following cells rely on anaerobic metabolism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production?
red blood cells
Vitamin C is added to cured and processed meats in order to
reduce the formation of nitrosamines.
The gaining of electrons by an atom during metabolism is called
reduction
Glycogenolysis is the
release of stored glycogen from the liver into the blood.
Which of the following is a chemical found in red wine and grapes that may have health benefits?
resveratrol
Vitamin A is transported from the liver through the bloodstream to target tissues and cells with the assistance of
retinol-binding protein.
A vitamin involved in oxidation-reduction reactions is
riboflavin
Which B-vitamin is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN that aid in carbohydrate and fat metabolism?
riboflavin
Which of the following is a five-carbon monosaccharide?
ribose
Insufficient vitamin D during childhood is associated with
rickets
Which artificial sweetener was once linked to cancer but later removed from the list of potential cancer-causing substances?
saccharin
Which of the following enzymes is found in the mouth?
salivary amylase
A fatty acid containing the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms bound to it is called
saturated
Which of the following fatty acids is typically solid at room temperature?
saturated
Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release acid-neutralizing bicarbonate?
secretin
Which of the following hormones decreases gastric motility?
secretin
The small intestine has a unique pattern of movement called
segmentation
Keshan disease is a deficiency of which nutrient?
selenium
The set-point theory suggests that when a person is on a restrictive diet, the body responds by initiating physiological changes that
slow down the basal metabolic rate.
Copper is absorbed from the
small intestine
The absorption of amino acids occurs in the
small intestine
Which of the following is the longest section of the gastrointestinal tract?
small intestine
Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C?
smoking cigarettes
In the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the nutrients to limit include
sodium
The MOST common source of added sugar in the U.S. diet is
soft drinks/sodas.
Which of the following is not an antioxidant but has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
soluble fiber
Which of the following are NOT required to follow the FDA labeling guidelines?
spices, coffee, and fresh produce
Victor is heading out to an off-campus party where he anticipates there will be heavy drinking. He has decided to "pace and space" his drinks. This means he will
start with a non-alcoholic beverage, follow it with an alcoholic beverage, and rotate this pattern, drinking no more than one alcoholic beverage per hour and no more than three the entire night.
Which type of lipid has a ring structure?
sterols
Protein digestion begins in the
stomach
The type of food label claim that can be made without FDA approval is called a
structure-function claim.
When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form
sucrose
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
sucrose
Which of the following is a mineral involved in energy metabolism?
sulfur
Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of which antioxidant enzyme system?
superoxide dismutase
Which of the following is a function of carotenoids?
supports the immune system
A majority of prescription weight-loss drugs currently on the market work by
suppressing appetite and increasing satiety.
Which of the following types of fish s most likely to be contaminated with mercury?
swordfish
Alcohol consumption, even at a moderate level, increases the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding if the drinker is
taking aspirin or ibuprofen.
What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body?
the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell
The Dietary Guidelines offer several flexible templates to follow to build a healthy eating pattern, including the USDA Food Patterns and
the Mediterranean diet.
Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in
the bones
What is the cephalic phase of digestion?
the earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food
The glycemic load is
the glycemic index multiplied by the grams of carbohydrate.
Which of the following is contributing to the increase in type 2 diabetes?
the increase in obesity rate
Triglycerides can be classified by which of the following characteristics?
the length of the fatty acids
Most vitamin K is stored in
the liver
You are reading a food label which indicates that the product contains 25% of the DV for calcium, 5% of the DV for iron and 30% of the DV from fat. Based on this information which of the following statements is correct?
the product is high in calcium
Which of the following statements about children with Kwashiorkor is false
their fat stores are completely depleted
A scientific consensus as to why a particular phenomenon occurs is a(n)
theory
Which of the following is true about vitamins A, D, E, and K?
they are soluble in fat
Beriberi was identified in the 20th century as a deficiency of which vitamin?
thiamin
The coenzyme TPP plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy. Which water-soluble vitamin is part of the TPP complex?
thiamin
Which of the following vitamins is involved in breaking glucose down into a smaller molecule that can be taken up by the TCA cycle?
thiamin
The specific function of a protein is determined by its
three-dimensional shape
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of
thyroid hormones
Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?
thyroxine
What is the purpose of the Healthy Eating Plate?
to assist people with designing and following a healthful eating pattern
Because vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, what problem can readily occur?
toxicity
Which type of fatty acid has hydrogen atoms attached on diagonally opposite sides of a double carbon bond?
trans
In which of the following functions does vitamin B6 play a key role?
transamination
The process of mRNA copying the genetic information from the DNA's base sequence is called
transcription
A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of
two monosaccharides.
Which of the following is the most prevalent form of diabetes?
type 2
Which of the following is not a genetic factor that influence body weight in different ways?
uncoupling proteins
Moderate alcohol consumption is BEST defined as
up to one drink per day for women and two per day for men.
The process of deamination produce ammonia which is a toxic compound. Ammonia is quickly converted into what waste product?
urea
Excess vitamin K is excreted in
urine
The ingredients on a packaged cookie dough is as follows: enriched wheat flour, sugar, semi-sweet chocolate morsels, water, egg, molasses, salt, baking soda, vanilla extract. Which of the listed ingredient is the least predominant ingredient?
vanilla extract
Eve is a stay-at-home mom who generally prepares most of the meals for her household. Even though she always prepares meals that offer enough Calories and nutrients for her family of four, she often tends to make the same meals. Which characteristic of a healthy diet is Eve not incorporating into her meal planning?
variety
The four characteristics of a healthful diet are adequacy, balance, moderation, and
variety
Vitamin supplements may be harmful. Which supplement, when taken in high doses, may increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures in older adults?
vitamin A
Which of the following supplements would you MOST recommend a vegan add to his/her diet?
vitamin B12
Which water-soluble vitamin can be stored by the body?
vitamin B12
Chronic deficiency of which of the following vitamins can impair heme synthesis and lead to the formation of small red blood cells with inadequate hemoglobin?
vitamin B6
When you exercise, your body uses glycogen to maintain blood glucose levels. Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme during this process?
vitamin B6
Which B-vitamin is needed for protein synthesis?
vitamin B6
Mary is 60 years old and concerned about her risk for osteoporosis. In addition to calcium, which of the following nutrients should Mary consume in adequate amounts in her diet to minimize bone loss?
vitamin D
The liver's ability to activate which of the following micronutrients may be impaired by chronic excessive alcohol consumption?
vitamin D
Which of the following nutrients is necessary for the absorption of calcium?
vitamin D
An individual with a gastrointestinal disorder that reduces his absorption of dietary fat is MOST likely to become deficient in which of the following micronutrients?
vitamin E
Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of
vitamin E
Which of the following micronutrients may be especially important for people with diabetes to consume in adequate amounts?
vitamin E and chromium
Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?
vitamins
Which of the following is classified as a micronutrient?
vitamins
Which of the following is not one of the energy-containing nutrients that the cells use to release energy?
vitamins
Which of the following assessment techniques can be used to evaluate an individual's fat distribution pattern?
waist circumference measurement
Which of the following is the only inorganic macronutrient?
water
Vitamin C and the B-vitamins are examples of
water-soluble vitamins.
Which of the following might be an appropriate treatment approach for someone suffering from GERD?
weight loss and smoking cessation
The most effective exercise programs recommended for osteoporosis treatment emphasize
weight-bearing activities
Which of the following are examples of carbohydrate-rich foods?
wheat and lentils
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures bone density in a person's
whole body
Which of the following is the BEST source of thiamin?
whole grains
Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?
xylitol
Which of the following is a positively-charged trace mineral?
zinc